by John Pilger
74 The New York Times, cited by the Guardian, January 16, 1992.
75 I am indebted to Noam Chomsky for this observation. In the Guardian of July 22, 1985 he wrote, ‘The weaker the country, the greater the threat [to US policy], because the greater the adversity under which success is rendered, the more significant the result’.
76 Cited by Paul Rogers, the Observer, June 28, 1992.
77 Ibid.
78 The Guardian, March 23, 1991.
79 Commission of Inquiry for the International War Crimes Tribunal, New York hearing, May 11, 1991.
80 The Guardian, March 23, 1991.
81 The Observer, May 3, 1991.
82 The Guardian, May 18, 1991.
83 The Independent, May 9, 1991.
84 Letter from M. V. Cooligan, Head of Export Control and Embargo, Department of Trade and Industry, to R. Turner, Oxfam, September 1990. This letter was sent again in March 1991.
85 Report to UN Secretary-General by Nicholas Hunton, Director-General, Save the Children Fund and Frank Judd, Director, Oxfam, 1991.
86 Report by Dr Eric Hoskins, Gulf Peace Team, received May 21, 1991.
87 Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation Gulf Digest, May 1991.
88 The Economic Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Third World Countries. Memorandum to The Foreign Affairs Select Committee, March 1991.
89 Private communication.
90 Comparisons from ‘The War Dividend’, Guardian, January 25, 1991.
91 Ibid.
92 Ian Lee, Continuing Health Cost of the Gulf War, The Medical Educational Trust, London, 1991.
93 The Economic Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Third World Countries, see Note 88.
94 The New York Times, December 2, 1990; Covert Action, No. 37, summer 1991.
95 US News and World Report, December 10, 1990.
96 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary, November 1991.
97 Middle East International, October 12, 1990; also, as told to Richard McKerrow by Steve Sherman.
98 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary and Middle East International; Turkish press review, July 22, 1991.
99 World Bank and OECD figures from Nexus.
100 US News and World Report, December 19, 1990; the Nation, December 7, 1990.
101 The Nation, December 24, 1990; also Geoffrey Aronson, Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, Background Paper, October 1991.
102 The Times, September 19, 1990; also War by Other Means, Central Television, 1992.
103 Middle East Report, November and December 1991.
104 The New York Times, December 2, 1990; Carl Zaisser, US Bribery and Arm-twisting of Security Council Members during the November 29 Vote on the resolution allowing the use of force in ousting Iraq from Kuwait, 1991.
105 Carl Zaisser.
106 Phyllis Bennis, Covert Action, No. 37, summer 1991.
107 World Bank statement, Nexus.
108 Carl Zaisser.
109 Phyllis Bennis; BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary; Village Voice, February 26, 1991.
110 The New York Times, December 2, 1990; also Phyllis Bennis.
111 Phyllis Bennis; also Nexus.
112 Private communication of source material.
113 The Guardian, February 21, 1991.
114 BBC Television Gulf War coverage, January 18, 1991.
115 Richard Norton-Taylor and David Pallister, the Guardian, March 7, 1992; Paul Foot, Daily Mirror, March 6, 1992; David Hellier and Rosie Waterhouse, the Independent, March 14, 1992.
116 The Guardian, May 3, 1992.
117 Scotland on Sunday, November 17, 1991; also BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary.
118 Statement by Iraq Trade Minister, Mehdi Saleh, New York, March 12, 1991.
119 The Guardian (letters), April 4, 1992.
120 Lies of Our Times, ‘Down the memory hole’, June 1991.
121 TV Guide, June 12, 1986.
122 See Note 101.
123 The Times, September 19, 1990.
124 New Statesman and Society, April 24, 1992.
125 Socialist, March 11–24, 1992.
126 The Daily Mirror, April 17, 1992.
127 Ibid.
128 The Observer, May 10, 1992.
129 Ibid.
130 Ibid.
131 Ibid.
V WAR BY OTHER MEANS
1 The Guardian, September 3, 1991.
2 War by Other Means, Central Television, 1992.
3 Socialist Economic Bulletin, no. 3, December 1990.
4 BBC Radio 4 News and Nine O’Clock Television News bulletins, October 1–5, 1993.
5 The Green Left Weekly, September 29, 1993.
6 Ibid.
7 The New York Times, published in the International Herald Tribune, September 9, 1993.
8 CNN News (South East Asia), September 22, 1993.
9 The Wall Street Journal, January 12, 1993.
10 Cited in Economic Intelligence, New York, March 1993.
11 Aida Fullers Santos and Lynn E Lee, The Debt Crisis: A Treadmill of Poverty for Filipino Women, Kalayaan, Manila, 1989, p. 22, cited by Dale Hildebrand in To Pay is to Die, The Philippine Foreign Debt Crisis, Philippine International Forum, 1991.
12 Susan George, The Debt Boomerang, Pluto Press, London, 1992.
13 As told to the author.
14 UNICEF, State of the World’s Children, 1989, p. 1.
15 Official statistics cited in ‘Red Noses buy only 8 hours of debt relief’, Socialist, April 11, 1991.
16 In a written answer in the House of Commons, the Government stated that tax relief to banks on ‘doubtful sovereign debt’ amounted to ‘about £70 million in 1987–8, over £0.5 billion for 1988–89 and about £0.33 billion for 1989–90’. Hansard, December 19, 1990, p. 180.
17 Anti-Slavery Reporter, published by the Anti-Slavery Society for the Protection of Human Rights, Series VII, Vol. 13, no. 5, 1988, p. 19.
18 The Guardian, June 7, 1990.
19 Walden Bello, Band Kinley and Elaine Elinson, Development Debacle: The World Bank and the Philippines, Institute for Food and Development Policy, Philippine Solidarity Network, San Francisco, 1982, p. 23.
20 Ibid., p. 25.
21 Statistic supplied to the author by Walden Bello.
22 Poverty statistics from IBON Databank study, Manila; cited in the Daily Globe, November 11, 1991.
23 Walden Bello, Development Debacle, p. 1.
24 Dale Hildebrand, To Pay is to Die: The Philippine Foreign Debt Crisis, Philippine International Forum, 1991, p. 9.
25 James B. Goodno, The Philippines: Land of Broken Promises, Zed Books, London, 1991, jacket quotation.
26 Hildebrand, p. 15.
27 Ibid., p. 3.
28 Cited in an internal report for Save the Children Fund, Manila and London.
29 Ibid.
30 See UNICEF, State of the World’s Children, 1989, p. 1.
31 Asian Wall Street Journal, special advertising feature, October 1991.
32 Annual Meeting News, Bangkok, 1991, October 14, 1991.
33 John Clark, For Richer for Poorer, Oxfam, Oxford, 1986, p. 91.
34 The Bangkok Post, October 17, 1991.
35 A total of $12 billion taken by Marcos was estimated by, among others, Morgan Guaranty Trust, Business Week, April 21, 1986.
36 The Nation (Bangkok), October 14, 1991.
37 The Nation (Bangkok), October 16, 1991.
38 Press conference, Bangkok, October 17, 1991.
39 Documentation received. See the Observer, April 22, 1990 and New Internationalist, December 1990.
40 The Bangkok Post, Observer 15 and 17, 1991.
41 Ibid., October 15, 1991.
42 UNICEF, State of the World’s Children, 1989, p. 1.
43 The Bangkok Post, October 15, 1991.
44 The Washington Post, February 16, 1992.
45 The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, summer 1992, citing an article by Djilas.
46 Chronology of the Yugoslav Crisis, January 1990–May 1992,
Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 1992, p. 1.
47 European Community and the Yugoslav Crisis, Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 1992, p. 8.
48 Facts on File, May 9, 1991, p. 342, cited by Sean Gervasi in Covert Action, No. 43, winter 1992–3. (I am grateful to Sean Gervasi for his enquiry and analysis.)
49 European Community and the Yugoslav Crisis, p. 10.
50 The New Yorker, August 24, 1992.
51 Covert Action, No. 43.
52 The New York Times, October 14, 1989.
53 Facts on File, December 31, 1989, p. 985, cited by Gervasi.
54 Covert Action, No. 43.
55 I am grateful to Misha Gavrilovic for this reminder, and other insights, in a letter to the author.
56 Covert Action, No. 43.
57 Time, December 28, 1992.
58 The Guardian, December 14, 1992
59 Covert Action, No. 43.
60 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts, August, 1992.
61 The New Statesman, December 18, 1992.
62 Private correspondence collection of J. E. Walsh.
63 The Guardian, December 5, 1992.
64 Ibid.
65 The Guardian magazine, January 9, 1993.
66 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts, December, 1992.
67 The Observer, June 20, 1993.
68 The Guardian, June 19, 1993.
69 Covert Action, No. 43.
70 See Victoria Brittain, ‘West must act or the losers take all’, the Guardian, March 3, 1993.
71 ‘Reforming the United Nations’, speech at Pax Christi conference, London, January 23,f 1993,
72 BBC Shortwave Broadcasts, December, 1992.
73 The Guardian, December 29, 1992.
74 Ibid., December 16, 1992.
75 The Observer, January 10, 1993.
VI EAST TIMOR
1 Interview with the author, Canberra, August 1993, for Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy, Central Television, broadcast on the ITV network, February 22, 1994.
2 The Irish Times, September 8, 1983. See also James Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed, Jacaranda Press, Australia, 1983, p. 320.
3 Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia’s Relations with Indonesia, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1993, p. 96.
4 Interview with the author, Washington, November 1993, for Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy. In March 1994, Dr George Aditjondro, a leading Indonesian academic with twenty years’ research on East Timor, said in an interview that the figure of 200,000 deaths was a ‘moderate’ estimate. On April 14 1994, the Sydney Morning Herald published an admission by Abilio Soares, the Jakarta installed ‘governor’ of East Timor. ‘I think it is true’, he said. ‘Maybe around 200,000 people have died in East Timor since 1975.’
5 The 7.30 Report, ABC Television, November 26, 1991.
6 The Age, Melbourne, December 8, 1975.
7 Dunn, pp. 282–341.
8 Ibid., p. 313.
9 Ibid.
10 Correspondence with Amnesty International, December 1993.
11 Max Stahl’s film was shown in In Cold Blood, produced for Yorkshire Television by Peter Gordon, January 7, 1992. For latest figures of the dead and ‘disappeared’, see report by ‘Peace is Possible in East Timor’, Lisbon. Tapol Bulletin, No. 113, October 1992.
12 Mark Aarons and Robert Domm, East Timor, A Western Made Tragedy, Left Book Club, Sydney, 1992, p. 66.
13 Tapol Bulletin, No. 108, December 1991. Indonesian armed forces Commander-in-Chief (later vice-president), Try Sutrisno, said, ‘These delinquent people have to be shot. And we shall shoot them.’
14 Michele Turner, Telling East Timor: Personal testimonies 1942–1992, New South Wales University Press, Sydney, 1992, pp. 13–18.
15 Garfield Barwick, Minister in the Menzies government, said this in 1963, cited in the Sydney Morning Herald, January 1, 1984.
16 I am grateful to Michele Turner for this detail of Celestino’s death. See Telling, pp. 174–6.
17 Ibid., p. 14.
18 Peter Carey, The Forging of a Nation: East Timor, 1974–93, paper for the Conference on ‘Nationalism and Ethnicity in South East Asia’, Berlin, October 1993, pp. 11–12.
19 Letter to UN Secretary-General Perez de Cuellar, February 6, 1989.
20 José Ramos Horta, Funu, The Unfinished Saga of East Timor, Red Sea Press, New Jersey, 1987, pp. 38, 39.
21 Ibid., p. 43.
22 For an explanation of the overthrow of Gough Whitlam in November, 1975, see ‘The Coup’ in John Pilger, A Secret Country, Vintage, London, 1992.
23 Dunn, pp. 132–5.
24 Dunn, p. 135.
25 J. A. C. Mackie, ‘Australia’s Relations with Indonesia: Principles and Policies’, part 2, Australian Outlook 28, 1974.
26 Max Lane, New Internationalist, March 1994.
27 Cited by Noam Chomsky in his preface to José Ramos Horta’s Funu, The Unfinished Saga of East Timor, Red Sea Press, New Jersey, 1987.
28 Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, The War against East Timor, Zed Books, London, 1984, p. 49.
29 Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World, Pantheon, New York, 1988 p. 178.
30 Chomsky, 1987.
31 ‘US Agents “drew up Indonesian hit list”’, the Guardian, May 22, 1990.
32 Gabriel Kolko, pp. 180–1. I am indebted to Mark Curtis for the basis of this analysis.
33 Chomsky, 1987.
34 Michael Stewart, Life and Labour: An Autobiography, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1980, p. 149.
35 The Melbourne Age, September 13, 1974.
36 The Sydney Morning Herald, September 16, 1974.
37 Ibid., November 19, 1974.
38 Dunn, p. ix.
39 The Sydney Morning Herald, December 10, 1991.
40 Dunn, p. 210.
41 The National Times, Sydney, May 30 and June 5, 1982.
42 Richard Walsh and George Munster, Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy 1968–1975, published by J. R. Walsh and G. J. Munster, Sydney, 1980, p. 216.
43 Mark Hertsgaard, ‘The Secret Life of Henry Kissinger’, The Nation, New York, November 29, 1990. Copy of minutes acquired and authenticated by Victor Navasky, editor of The Nation.
44 The monitoring reports of the CIA – to become known as ‘The Timor Papers’ – were published in the National Times, Sydney, May 30 and June 6, 1982. See also ‘The Timor Papers’ section in The Book of Leaks, by Brian Toohey and Marian Wilkinson, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, pp. 143–95.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 The Canberra Times, December 3, 1975.
48 John G. Taylor, Indonesia’s Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor, Zed Books, London, 1991, p. 64.
49 Ibid., p. 68.
50 Tapol Bulletin, No. 59, September 1983.
51 Taylor (citing Dunn), p. 68.
52 Ibid., p. 69.
53 Amnesty International testimony, 1985, cited by Taylor, p. 69.
54 Ibid., p. 70.
55 Correspondence with the author. See also Taylor.
56 Taylor, p. 70.
57 The Boston Globe, November 8, 1975.
58 Hertsgaard, The Nation.
59 Ibid.
60 See Carmel Budiardjo, the New Internationalist, March 1994.
61 Cited by Taylor, p. 73. The document was originally published in Timor Link, London, No. 12/13, April 1988.
62 The Timor Papers.
63 Taylor, pp. 169–70.
64 Daniel Patrick Moynihan, A Dangerous Place, Little Brown, New York, 1978, p. 247.
65 Cited by Chomsky. Lopez de Cruz said that 60,000 had died ‘in six months of civil war’ (which had lasted two weeks from August 11, 1974). He was forced to retract by the Indonesians and claimed he had really meant ‘casualties’, not all of which were deaths. A close associate of de Cruz told James Dunn that, in his original statement, de Cruz had actually said ‘massacred’
. See Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, The War against East Timor, Zed Books, London, 1984, p. 49.
66 Chomsky, 1987.
67 The Melbourne Age, August 3, 1976.
68 Taylor, p. 74.
69 The Times, October 12, 1976.
70 Taylor, p. 75.
71 The Timor Papers.
72 Chomsky, 1987.
73 Letter from David Owen to Lord Avebury, June 19, 1978.
74 Taylor, pp. 86–7.
75 Chomsky, 1987.
76 Soekanto, ed. Integrasi, Jakarta, 1976, cited by Dunn p. 84.
77 Ibid.
78 Jill Jolliffe, ‘Lisbon “connived” at Timor annexation’, the Guardian, October 17, 1981.
79 The official has since left the AFFC.
80 See the Sydney Morning Herald, December 1, 1992 and the Australian, March 3, 1993.
81 The Sydney Morning Herald, August 20, 1992.
82 The Australian, January 1, 1993.
83 The Sydney Morning Herald, December 1, 1992.
84 As told to the author.
85 Filmed interview with the author, August 1993, for Death of a Nation, Central Television, broadcast February 22, 1994.
86 Ibid.
87 Ibid.
88 Channel 7 Melbourne, October 1975.
89 The Courier-Mail, Brisbane, April 27, 1983.
90 Interview with the author.
91 Dunn, p. 237.
92 Ibid., p. 239.
93 Jill Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism, University of Queensland Press, 1978, p. 233.
94 Australian Hansard, House of Representatives, October 30, 1975.
95 Ibid., October 21, 1975.
96 Ibid., October 30, 1975.
97 Dunn, p. 245.
98 Ibid., p. 247.
99 Ibid., pp. 247–8.
100 Ibid., p. 246.
101 American journalist Rod Nordland reported the famine. See the Philadelphia Inquirer, May 28, 1982.
102 Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, pp. 103–5.
103 Ibid., p. 98.
104 Angkatan Bersenyata (Indonesian armed forces newspaper), October 24, 1985, cited by Taylor.
105 New Journalist, Sydney, May 1979.
106 Ibid.
107 Dunn, p. 286.
108 Letter from the head of the Indonesia Country Programme Department, East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, World Bank, to Carmel Budiardjo, Tapol Bulletin, September 12, 1985.
109 Cited by Taylor, p. 159.
110 The New York Times, April 24, 1993.
111 Interview with Christiano Costa by Carmel Budiardjo, Geneva, March 1988.