Jamison, Kay Redfield, Night Falls Fast: Understanding Suicide. New York: Random House, 1999.
Lester, David P. Making Sense of Suicide: An In-Depth Look at Why People Kill Themselves. Philadelphia: The Charles Press, Publishers, 1997.
Shneidman, Edwin S. The Suicidal Mind. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Suicide: Helping Patients and Their Families in the Aftermath of an Attempt. National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, Arlington, Virginia, 2005. Available online at www.nami.org or by calling the NAMI Helpline at 1-800-950-6264.
Suicide: Taking Care of Yourself and Your Family After an Attempt: Family Guide for Your Relative in the Emergency Department. National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, Arlington, Virginia, 2005.
The Truth About Suicide: Real Stories of Depression in College, a film from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, produced by Ant Hill Marketing, Portland, Oregon, 2003. Available through the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, www.afsp.org. To order call 1-888-333-AFSP.
ENDNOTES
Chapter 1
1 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Teen Suicide Fact Sheet, 1998.
2 Harold S. Koplewicz, More Than Moody: Recognizing and Treating Adolescent Depression, (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2002), 248.
2 Ibid, 16.
Chapter 2
1 American Psychiatric Association Web site, “Let’s Talk Facts…Teen Suicide,” http://www.psych.org.
2 William Styron, Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness (New York: Random House, 1990), 33.
3 The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (www.nami.org) has recently created an Emergency Department Resource Toolkit of educational brochures around suicide prevention describing what patients and families should expect in the aftermath of a suicide attempt. The Toolkit offers three brochures: one each for individuals who have attempted suicide, for their families, and for medical professionals who work in emergency departments.
4 Kay Redfield Jamison, Touched with Fire, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).
5 Thomas Insel, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, quoted in WAMU’s The Diane Rehm Show, NPR, August 18, 2004.
6 Ibid.
7 Kay Redfield Jamison, Night Falls Fast: Understanding Suicide (New York: Random House, 1999), 50.
8 Kay S. Hymowitz, Liberation’s Children: Parents and Kids in a Postmodern Age (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2003), 97.
9 Rebecca L. Collins et al., “Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation of Sexual Behavior,” electronic abstract, Pediatrics, 114, no. 3 (September 2004); e280–89.
10 Ibid.
11 February 2003 survey conducted on behalf of Columbia University; findings posted on Positive Action for Teen Health (PATH) Web site, http://www.pathnow.org.
12 See Positive Action for Teen Health (PATH) Web site, http://www.pathnow.org.
13 National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Surveys and Data, 2000.
14 Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, no. 7 (supplement) (July 2001).
15 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site, http://www.cdc.gov/ncipe/factsheets/suifacts.htm.
16 Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, no. 7 (supplement) (July 2001).
17 John L. McIntosh, “1999 Official Final Statistics USA Suicide,” prepared for the American Association of Suicidology, at http://www.suicidology.org.
18 Columbia University’s Teen Suicide Fact Sheet, 2002.
19 National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Statistics 48, no. 11 (1998).
20 Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, no. 7 (supplement) (July 2001).
21 Koplewicz, More Than Moody, 246.
22 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action,” 2001, http://www.mentalhealth.org/suicideprevention.
23 “Suicide’s Young Victims: A Chat with Teen Suicide Expert Dr. David Shaffer,” ABCNews.com. online chat, March 29, 2000.
24 Jamison, Night Falls Fast, 90.
25 M. S. Gould, F. A. Marrocco, M. Kleinman, J. G. Thomas, K. Mostkoff, J. Cote, and M. Davies, “Evaluating iatrogenic risk of youth suicide screening programs: a randomized controlled trial,” Journal of American Medical Association, April 2005; 293(13): 1635-43.
26 David D. Shaffer, V. Vieland, M. M. Underwood, and C. Busner, “The Impact of Curriculum-based Suicide Prevention Programs for Teenagers,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30 (1991): 588–96.
27 Shaffer et al., “Adolescent Suicide Attempters: Response to Suicide Prevention Programs,” Journal of the American Medical Association 264 (1990): 3151–55.
28 Recognizing that they are on the front line of child and adolescent mental health treatment, the American Academy of Pediatrics created a task force in 2005 to get its member practitioners up-to-speed in the diagnosis and treatment of child and adolescent mental health. Likewise, Columbia University’s Center for the Advancement of Children’s Mental Health has undertaken to establish “Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLADPC).”
Chapter 3
1 “Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study [TADS],” sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health, June 2004.
2 Cecilia Capuzzi Simon, “On Beyond Worry,” Washington Post, December 3, 2003.
3 C. Russell Baker, “Adolescent Depression: Signs, Symptoms and Treatments—A DRADA Meeting Review,” reported in Smooth Sailing, the newsletter of the Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association (DRADA), spring 2004.
4 Shankar Vedantam, “Variation in One Gene Linked to Depression,” Washington Post, July 18, 2003.
5 Caspi Avshalom et al., “Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene,” Science, 301, no. 5631 (July 2003): 386–89.
6 Peter D. Kramer, “Tapping the Mood Gene,” New York Times, July 26, 2003 (electronic version).
7 Ibid.
8 Joan Kaufman, Bao-Zhu Yang, Heather Douglas-Palumberi, Shadi Houshyar, Deborah Lipschitz, John H. Krystal, and Joel Gelernter, “Social supports and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, PNAS, December 7, 2004, vol. 101, no. 49, pp. 17316–17321.
9 Kramer.
Chapter 4
1 Judith S. Wallerstein and Joan B. Kelly, Surviving the Breakup: How Children and Parents Cope with Divorce (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 35.
2 William Styron, Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness (New York: Random House, 1990).
3 Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 198 (1964).
4 Boglarka Szabo, (paper delivered at Mood Disorders Research/Education Symposium, sponsored by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association [DRADA], citing 1995 Center for Disease Control survey of college students over eighteen years old, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, April 15, 2004).
5 Anita Manning, “Writing the ABCs of Murder,” USA TODAY, July 2, 1992, D4.
6 Kimberly Goldapple et al., “Modulation of Cortical-Limbic Pathways in Major Depression: Treatment—Specific Effects of Cognitive Behavior Therapy,” Archives of General Psychiatry 61, no. 1 (January 2004): 34–41.
7 John O’Neill, “Mental Health: Double-Teaming Depression,” New York Times, January 6, 2004 (electronic version).
8 John S. March et al., “Fluoxetine, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, and Their Combination for Adolescents With Depression,” Journal of the American Medical Association 292, no. 7 (August 18, 2004): 807–20. This combination treatment of medication and therapy ranked superior to either talk therapy alone, medication alone, or placebo.
9 The Infinite Mind: Depression in the Brain, radio broadcast, NPR, hosted by Dr.
Peter Kramer and produced by Lichtenstein Creative Media, New York, March 31, 2004.
10 Samuel H. Barondes, Better Than Prozac: Creating the Next Generation of Psychiatric Drugs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), xiv.
11 Ibid., 134.
12 J. Raymond DePaulo Jr., Understanding Depression: What We Know and What You Can Do About It (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002), 182–89.
13 Barondes, Better Than Prozac, 44.
14 Ibid., 45.
15 Peter Kramer, quoted in The Infinite Mind: Depression in the Brain, March 31, 2004.
16 J. Douglas Bremner et al., “Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Major Depression,” American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (January 2000): 115–17.
17 Yvette I. Sheline, Mokhtar H. Gado, and Helena C. Kraemer, “Untreated Depression and Hippocampal Volume Loss,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (August, 2003): 1516–18.
18 Phillip W. Gold and Dennis S. Charney, “Depression: A Disease of the Mind, Brain, and Body,” American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (November 2002): 11.
19 Carol Ezzell, “Why? The Neuroscience of Suicide,” scientificamerican.com, January 13, 2003.
20 Max Fink, Electroshock: Restoring the Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), ix.
21 Ibid., 44.
Chapter 6
1 DePaulo, Understanding Depression, 146.
2 David Fassler and Lynne Dumas, “Help Me, I’m Sad”: Recognizing, Treating and Preventing Childhood and Adolescent Depression (New York: Viking Penguin, 1997), 111.
3 Redfield Jamison, Night Falls Fast, 73.
Chapter 7:
1 Kathleen Kennedy Manzo, “Schoolhouse on the Lost Prairie,” Education Week, August 4, 1999, cited on Montana Academy Web site, http://www.montanaacademy.com.
2 National Association of Therapeutic Schools and Programs Web site, http://www.natsap.org.
3 Ibid.
4 Manzo, “Schoolhouse on the Lost Prairie.”
5 Montana Academy Web site, www.montanaacademy.com.
Chapter 8:
1 Max Fink, Electroshock: Restoring the Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 44.
2 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA talk paper, FDA Issues Public Health Advisory Entitled: Reports of Suicidality in Pediatric Patients Being Treated with Antidepressant Medications for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD),” October 27, 2003, at http://www.fda.gov.
3 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Mission Statement, http://www.fda.gov.
4 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Issues Public Health Advisory,” October 27, 2003.
5 Gail Griffith, “The Fear of No Right Answer,” Washington Post, November 9, 2003.
6 World Health Organization Mortality Database, “Suicide Rates and Absolute Numbers of Suicide by Country (2003), http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/country_reports.
7 IMS Health, National Disease and Therapeutic Index,® Years 1988 to 2002.
8 Rich McManus, “Abolitionist Angell Calls for Clinical Trial Reform,” NIH Record, July 24, 2001.
9 Marcia Angell, online interview, “The Other Drug War,” FRONTLINE, WGBH, posted June 19, 2003.
10 Shankar Vedantam, “Antidepressant Makers Withhold Data on Children,” Washington Post, January 29, 2004.
11 Andrew Solomon, “A Bitter Pill,” New York Times, March 29, 2004.
12 Carol Paris, “Kids, Depression and Elusive Answers,” Washington Post, letter to the editor, November 22, 2003.
13 Ibid.
14 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Public Health Advisory, “Worsening Depression and Suicidality in Patients Being Treated with Antidepressant Medications,” March 22, 2004, http://www.fda.gov.
15 Dr. Jay Giedd interview by Sarah Spinks, “The Teenage Brain,” FRONTLINE, WGBH, January 31, 2002.
16 “Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study [TADS],” sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health, June 2004.
17 Thomas P. Laughren, Team Leader, Psychiatric Drug Products, DNDP, U.S. Food and Drug Administraton, “Background Comments for February 2, 2004, Meeting of Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee and Pediatric Subcommittee of the Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee,” memorandum, January 5, 2004.
18 Richard M. Glass, “Treatment of Adolescents with Major Depression: Contributions of a Major Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 292, no. 7 (August 18, 2004).
19 Gardener Harris, “Merck Says It Will Post the Results of All Drug Trials,” New York Times, September 6, 2004 (electronic version).
20 Ibid.
21 Marcia Angell, The Truth About Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About It (New York: Random House, 2004), 237.
22 Thomas P. Laughren, Team Leader, Psychiatric Drug Products, DNDP, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Overview for September 13 & 14, 2004 Meeting of Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee and Pediatric Drugs Advisory Committee,” memorandum, August 16, 2004.
23 Marcia Newman, “U.S. Orders New Warnings on Antidepressant Use in Children,” New York Times, electronic version, October 15, 2004.
24 David Shaffer, “Problems Ascertaining ‘Suicidogenic’ Properties of Antidepressants,” paper delivered at the 2005 annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Washington, D.C., October 2004.
25 Gardiner Harris, “FDA’s Drug and Safety System Will Get Outside Review,” New York Times, electronic version, November 6, 2004.
Chapter 10
1 David Shaffer et al., “Psychiatric Diagnosis in Child and Adolescent Suicide,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, no. 4 (1996): 339–48.
2 Andrew Solomon, The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 438.
3 President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, July 2003, http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.
4 Ibid.
5 Larke Nahme Huang, American Institute for Research (presentation made at the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill 2004 Annual Convention, Washington, D.C., September 10, 2004).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the course of writing this book I was often overwhelmed by the kindness of strangers and by the generosity, time, and talent of my friends:
My hyperliterate friend and co-conspirator, author Mark Perry, urged this idea on and conned our most excellent book agent, Gail Ross, into giving me a chance. Gail and her skilled editor, Jenna Land, guided me through the terrain of seeking a publisher. During the process of writing the manuscript, I mercilessly foisted various incarnations onto friends to read and critique; I honor the magnanimity and goodwill of Susan Bachurski, Monica Baker, Bob Boorstin, Helena DeMoura, Put Ebinger, Pat and Abbey Griffin, Peter Madigan, Kevin Quigley, Peter Krogh, Patrick and Marcelle Leahy, Janice Ryan, Tim Rieser, Ricki Seidman, John Shore, Ginny Sloan, Gordon and Sharon Smith, Nancy Spielberg, Rachel Synder, Jan Stabile, David Thorpe, Henry Togna, Julia Trotter, and Loung Ung for tolerating the imposition. Thanks also to Charlotte Baldwin (mother of my stepchildren Jane and John Brady), who is not just an uncommonly good friend, but served as my technological backup, safeguarding each new draft of the book on her computer and finding me an empty office in which to write. Thanks to the folks at TSD who made me feel welcome in their midst.
I also owe a debt to the many teachers, clinicians, and doctors who helped provide a road map as we tried to find our way through the tangle of Will’s illness: Vaune Ainsworth, Trish Bickford Petty, Ann Marie Crowley, Susan Dranitzke, Frank James, Rosemary and John McKinnon, Dennis Malinak, Alen Salerian, Carol and John Santa, and Bill Wilson. Will asked that I pay tribute also to Charles Reavis and Greg Windham of Montana Academy.
Megan Mathews deserves a wellspring of good fortune for having the courage to give us a window into the world of cutting and depression as seen from the perspective of an adolescent girl. I thank her parents for their goodwill in support of her participation in this effort.
To Will’s vast loving constellation of relative
s, including uncles Kevin, Bill, Ken Miller, and especially Uncle Joe; aunts Mary, Chris, Michelle, and Deborah Green; Great Auntie Gail Boone and Robin; Will’s paternal grandparents, Pat and Bill; my late mother-in-law, Esther Brady, and Will’s cousins, Stephanie and Kate, Ben, Alice, Erica, and Patrick Maloney, we thank you for playing such a large role in our lives.
I thank my dear friends who over the years have witnessed my lowly depressions and never held it against me, in particular Margaret Cerrato, Joan Firestone, Sara and Arne Paulson, George Scharffenberger, Hattie Smith, Barbara Stone, and Mark Vermilion; and hats off to my musically gifted friends, who graciously consented to let their inspired lyrics find their way into the book; their contributions would not have been possible without the enduring friendship and many kindnesses I have received over the years from my supremely graceful and talented friend Emmylou Harris and her jewel of a mother, Eugenia.
The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) and Paul Murray made it possible for me to anchor funds needed to pursue this project and I am grateful for the personal attention of Darcy Gruttadaro, director of NAMI’s National Action Center for Children and Adolescents. I received underwriting from longtime friends Nancy and David Donovan and through the generosity of the Shaffer Foundation. I am indebted to Wendy and Michael Appel and Ted Vecchio for their encouragement and support. Activist street-fighting hero and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Bobby Muller gave me vision and friendship beyond measure. My irrepressible little sister, Suzy Miller, made me laugh whenever writing a book about depression became too depressing, and my dear father, Clayton Griffith (who wasn’t so sure about this venture initially), helped me with a small infusion of cash in the nick of time, so I could keep writing.
Because I had never before tackled a project of this magnitude, my agent and editor pushed me to find someone in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry who could lend the book a bit of weight and legitimacy. I couldn’t have enlisted anyone better than the eminent authority on teenage suicide, Dr. David Shaffer, who consented to write the foreword. I owe legions to my insightful editor at HarperCollins, Gail Winston, who took our fragile bird of a book and gave it wings.
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