The Story of Lewis Carroll. Isa Bowman. 1899; reprint, 1972. Recollections of Carroll by one of the actresses who played Alice in Savile Clarke’s stage musical and who became one of Carroll’s leading child-friends.
Lewis Carroll. Walter de la Mare. 1932.
The Life of Lewis Carroll. Langford Reed. 1932.
Carroll’s Alice. Harry Morgan Ayres. 1936.
Victoria through the Looking-Glass. Florence Becker Lennon. 1945; reprint, 1972.
Lewis Carroll: Photographer. Helmut Gernsheim. 1949; revised 1969. Includes excellent reproductions of sixty-four photographs by Carroll.
The Story of Lewis Carroll. Roger Lancelyn Green. 1949.
Lewis Carroll. Derek Hudson. 1954; revised 1977.
Lewis Carroll. Roger Lancelyn Green. 1960.
The Snark Was a Boojum. James Plasted Wood. 1966.
Lewis Carroll. Jean Gattégno. 1974.
Lewis Carroll. Richard Kelly. 1977; revised 1990.
Lewis Carroll. Anne Clarke. 1979.
Lewis Carroll. Graham Ovenden. 1984.
Lewis Carroll: Interviews and Reflections. Edited by Morton N. Cohen. 1989.
Lewis Carroll in Russia. Fan Parker. 1994.
Lewis Carroll. Morton N. Cohen. 1995.
Lewis Carroll. Michael Bakewell. 1996.
Lewis Carroll in Wonderland. Stephanie Stoffel. 1996.
Lewis Carroll. Donald Thomas. 1998.
Reflections in a Looking Glass. Morton N. Cohen. 1998. Beautiful reproductions of Carroll’s photographs, including the four surviving nude portraits of little girls.
Carroll Criticism
Carroll’s Alice. Harry Morgan Ayres. 1936.
The White Knight. Alexander L. Taylor. 1952.
Charles Dodgson, Semiotician. Daniel F. Kirk. 1963.
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Edited by Donald Rackin. 1969.
Language and Lewis Carroll, Robert D. Sutherland. 1970.
Aspects of Alice. Edited by Robert Phillips. 1971.
Play, Games, and Sports: The Literary Works of Lewis Carroll. Kathleen Blake. 1974.
The Raven and the Writing Desk. Francis Huxley. 1976.
Lewis Carroll Observed. Edited by Edward Guiliano. 1976.
Soaring With the Dodo. Edited by Edward Guiliano and James R. Kincaid. 1982.
Lewis Carroll: A Celebration. Edited by Edward Guiliano. 1982.
Modern Critical Reviews: Lewis Carroll. Edited by Harold Bloom. 1987.
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Donald Rackin. 1991.
Semiotics and Linguistics in Alice’s World. R. L. F. Fordyce and Carla Marcello. 1994.
The Literary Products of the Lewis Carroll–George MacDonald Friendship. John Docherty. 1995.
The Making of the Alice Books: Lewis Carroll’s Use of Earlier Children’s Literature. Ronald Reichertz. 1997.
Lewis Carroll: The Alice Companion. Jo Elwyn Jones and J. Francis Gladstone. 1998.
The Art of Alice in Wonderland. Stephanie Lovett Steffel. 1998.
Psychoanalytic Interpretations of Carroll
“Alice in Wonderland Psycho-Analyzed.” A. M. E. Goldschmidt. New Oxford Outlook (May 1933).
“Alice in Wonderland: the Child as Swain.” William Empson. In Some Versions of Pastoral. 1935. The U.S. edition is titled English Pastoral Poetry. Reprinted in Art and Psychoanalysis. Edited by William Phillips. 1957.
“Psychoanalyzing Alice.” Joseph Wood Krutch. The Nation 144 (Jan. 30, 1937): 129–30.
“Psychoanalytic Remarks on Alice in Wonderland and Lewis Carroll.” Paul Schilder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 87 (1938): 159–68.
“About the Symbolization of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.” Martin Grotjahn. American Imago 4 (1947): 32–41.
“Lewis Carroll’s Adventures in Wonderland.” John Skinner. American Imago 4 (1947): 3–31.
Swift and Carroll. Phyllis Greenacre. 1955.
“All on a Golden Afternoon.” Robert Bloch. Fantasy and Science Fiction (June 1956). A short story burlesquing the analytic approach to Alice.
On Carroll as Logician and Mathematician
“Lewis Carroll as Logician.” R. B. Braithwaite. The Mathematical Gazette 16 (July 1932): 174–78.
“Lewis Carroll, Mathematician.” D. B. Eperson. The Mathematical Gazette 17 (May 1933): 92–100.
“Lewis Carroll and a Geometrical Paradox.” Warren Weaver. The American Mathematical Monthly 45 (April 1938): 234–36.
“The Mathematical Manuscripts of Lewis Carroll.” Warren Weaver. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 98 (October 15, 1954): 377–81.
“Lewis Carroll: Mathematician.” Warren Weaver. Scientific American 194 (April 1956): 116–28.
“Mathematical Games.” Martin Gardner. Scientific American (March 1960): 172–76. A discussion of Carroll’s games and puzzles.
The Magic of Lewis Carroll. Edited by John Fisher. 1973.
Lewis Carroll: Symbolic Logic. William Warren Bartley, III. 1977; revised 1986.
Lewis Carroll’s Games and Puzzles. Edited by Edward Wakeling. 1982.
The Mathematical Pamphlets of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and Related Pieces. Edited by Francine Abeles. 1994.
Rediscovered Lewis Carroll Puzzles. Edited by Edward Wakeling. 1995.
The Universe in a Handkerchief. Edited by Martin Gardner. 1996.
On Alice Liddell
The Real Alice. Anne Clark. 1981.
Lewis Carroll and Alice: 1832–1982. Morton N. Cohen. 1982.
Beyond the Looking Glass: Reflections of Alice and Her Family. Colin Gordon. 1982.
The Other Alice. Christina Bjork. 1993.
Bibliographies
The Lewis Carroll Handbook. Sidney Herbert Williams and Falconer Madan. 1931. Revised by Roger Lancelyn Green, 1962; further revised by Dennis Crutch, 1979.
Alice in Many Tongues. Warren Weaver. 1964. On translations of the Alice books.
Lewis Carroll: An Annotated International Bibliography, 1960–77. Edward Guiliano. 1980.
Lewis Carroll: A Sesquicentennial Guide to Research. Edward Guiliano. 1982.
Lewis Carroll’s Alice: An Annotated Checklist of the Lovett Collection. Charles and Stephanie Lovett. 1984.
Lewis Carroll: A Reference Guide. Rachel Fordyce. 1988.
On Nonsense
“A Defence of Nonsense,” Gilbert Chesterton. In The Defendant. 1901.
“Lewis Carroll” and “How Pleasant to Know Mr. Lear.” Gilbert Chesterton. In A Handful of Authors. 1953.
The Poetry of Nonsense. Emile Cammaerts. 1925.
“Nonsense Poetry.” George Orwell. In Shooting an Elephant. 1945.
The Field of Nonsense. Elizabeth Sewell. 1952.
Nonsense. Susan Stewart. 1980.
On Tenniel and Other Illustrators
Enchanting Alice! Black-and-white
Has made your charm perennial;
And nought save “Chaos and old Night”
Can part you now from Tenniel.
—from a poem by Austin Dobson
Creators of Wonderland. Marguerite Mespoulet. 1934. The book argues that Tenniel was influenced by the French artist J. J. Grandville.
Sir John Tenniel. Frances Sarzano. 1948.
“The Life and Works of Sir John Tenniel.” W. C. Monkhouse. Art Journal (Easter Number, 1901).
The Illustrators of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Graham Ovenden. 1973; revised 1979.
The Tenniel Illustrations to the “Alice” Books. Michael Hancher. 1985.
“Peter Newell.” Michael Patrick Hearn. In More Annotated Alice. Edited by Martin Gardner. 1990. This book reproduces Newell’s eighty illustrations for the two Alice books.
Sir John Tenniel: Alice’s White Knight. Rodney Engen. 1991.
Sir John Tenniel: Aspects of His Work. Roger Simpson. 1994.
SIR JOHN TENNIEL. A SELF-PORTRAIT, 1889
Alice on the Screen
David Schaefer, a Carroll scholar who lives in Si
lver Spring, Maryland, owns a great collection of Alice-related films. He has kindly provided the following listings.
Newsreel
1932 Alice in U.S. Land. Paramount News. Newsreel of Mrs. Alice Liddell Hargreaves, eighty, arriving for the hundredth-anniversary celebration of Carroll’s birth. Talks of her trip down the river with “Mr. Dodgson.” Her son, Caryl Hargreaves, and her sister Rhoda Liddell, are identifiable. Filmed aboard the Cunard Line’s Berengeria in New York Harbor, April 29, 1932. Running time: seventy-five seconds.
Feature Films
1903 Alice in Wonderland. Produced and directed by Cecil Hepworth. Filmed in Great Britain. Alice is played by May Clark. The very first Alice film. Alice shrinks and grows. The film has sixteen scenes, all from Alice’s Adventures. Running time: ten minutes.
1910 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (A Fairy Comedy). Produced by the Edison Manufacturing Company, Orange, New Jersey. Alice is played by Gladys Hulette. The film has fourteen scenes, all from Alice’s Adventures. Running time: ten minutes (one reel). The film was made in the Bronx. Gladys Hulette later became a Pathé star.
1915 Alice in Wonderland. Produced by Nonpareil Feature Film Company, directed by W. W. Young, “picturized” by Dewitt C. Wheeler. Alice is played by Viola Savoy. Most of the scenes were filmed on an estate on Long Island. The film as originally made contained scenes from Alice’s Adventures and Through the Looking-Glass. Running time: fifty minutes (five reels).
1931 Alice in Wonderland. Commonwealth Pictures Corporation. Screen adaptation by John F. Godson and Ashley Miller. Produced at the Metropolitan Studios, Fort Lee, New Jersey. Directed by “Bud” Pollard. Alice played by Ruth Gilbert. All scenes are from Alice’s Adventures. The first sound Alice. The thump of the camera can often be heard.
1933 Alice in Wonderland. Paramount Productions. Produced by Louis D. Leighton, directed by Norman McLeod, screenplay by Joseph J. Mankiewicz and William Cameron Menzies. Music by Dimitri Tiomkin. Alice played by Charlotte Henry. An all-star cast of forty-six includes: W. C. Fields as Humpty Dumpty, Edward Everett Horton as the Mad Hatter, Cary Grant as the Mock Turtle, Gary Cooper as the White Knight, Edna May Oliver as the Red Queen, May Robson as the Queen of Hearts, and Baby LeRoy as the Deuce of Hearts. Scenes from Alice’s Adventures and Looking-Glass. Running time: ninety minutes. In looking-glass fashion Charlotte Henry started her movie career as the star of this film and worked her way down to lesser roles.
1948 Alice au pays des merveilles (Alice in Wonderland). Produced in France at Victorine Studios by Lou Bunin. Directed by Marc Maurette and Dallas Bowers; script by Henry Myers, Edward Flisen, and Albert Cervin. Marionette animation by Lou Bunin. Alice played by Carol Marsh. Voices for puppets by Joyce Grenfell, Peter Bull, and Jack Train. The prologue, which shows Lewis Carroll’s life at Christ Church, has Pamela Brown as Queen Victoria and Stanley Baker as Prince Albert. Color. Produced in French and English versions. Exclusive of the prologue, all the characters are puppets except Alice, who is a live adult. Disney tried to stop production, distribution, and display of the film.
1951 Alice in Wonderland. Walt Disney Productions. Production Supervisor, Ben Sharpsteen. Alice’s voice by Kathryn Beaumont. Animation. Color. Sequences from Alice’s Adventures and Looking-Glass. Running time: seventy-five minutes. Poorly received when produced, but has made a great deal of money for Disney since.
1972 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Executive Producer, Joseph Shaftel. Producer, Derek Home. Director, William Sterling. Musical Director, John Barry. Lyricist, Don Black. Alice played by Fiona Fullerton. Peter Sellers is the March Hare, Dame Flora Robson is the Queen of Hearts, Dennis Price is the King of Hearts, and Sir Ralph Richardson is the Caterpillar. Color. Wide screen. A lavish production, visually beautiful, slow moving. The Tenniel illustrations were faithfully followed. Sequences from Alice’s Adventures and Looking-Glass. Running time: ninety minutes.
1985 Dreamchild. The 80-year old Alice (Alice Hargreaves) is played by Coral Browne. Her young paid companion by Nicola Cowper. The young Alice by Amelia Shankley and Lewis Carroll by Ian Holm. A fictional story inspired by Alice’s visit to the United States in 1932.
1976 Alice in Wonderland, an X-Rated Musical Comedy. Alice is played by Kristine DeBell.
1988 Neco z Alenky. Directed and written by Jan Svankmajer of Czechoslovakia.
Alice Sequences in Other Feature Films
1930 Puttin’ on the Ritz. Produced by John W. Considine, Jr., directed by Edward H. Sloman. Music and lyrics by Irving Berlin. Joan Bennett is in a six-minute Alice in Wonderland dance sequence from this film.
1938 My Lucky Star. 20th Century Fox. Sonja Henie is an Alice on skates along with many other characters from the book, all on the ice. Approximately ten-minute sequence.
Cartoons
1933 Betty in Blunderland. Cartoon directed by Dave Fleischer. Animation by Roland Crandall and Thomas Johnson. Betty Boop follows Wonderland and Looking-Glass characters from a jigsaw puzzle via subway station down the rabbit hole. Running time: ten minutes.
1936 Thru the Mirror. Walt Disney Productions. A brilliant Mickey Mouse cartoon based on Through the Looking-Glass.
1955 Sweapea Thru the Looking Glass. King Features Syndicate cartoon. Executive Producer, Al Brodax. Directed by Jack Kinney. Color. Sweapea goes through a looking glass and falls down a golf hole into the “Wunnerland Golf Club.”
1971 Zvahlar aneb Saticky Slameného Huberta. Produced by Katky Film, Prague. Screenplay, design, and direction by Jan Svankmajer. This animation begins with a reading of “Jabberwocky.” “Sequence of images composed of seemingly nonsense activities.” Color. Running time: fourteen minutes.
Made for Television
1950 Alice in Wonderland. Television production staged at the Ford Theatre in December 1950. Alice is played by Iris Mann and the White Rabbit by Dorothy Jarnac.
1965 Curly in Wonderland. The Three Stooges in animation.
1966 Alice in Wonderland, or What’s a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This? Hanna-Barbera Productions. Book by Bill Dana. Music and lyrics by Lee Adams and Charles Strauss. Color. Animation. Alice’s voice by Janet Waldo, Cheshire Cat by Sammy Davis, Jr., White Knight by Bill Dana, Queen by Zsa Zsa Gabor. Running time: fifty minutes. Alice follows her dog through a television tube.
1966 Alice Through the Looking Glass. Shown November 1966. Script by Albert Simmons, lyrics by Elsie Simmons, music by Moose Charlap. Its cast includes Judi Rolin as Alice, Jimmy Durante as Humpty Dumpty, Nanette Fabray as the White Queen, Agnes Moorehead as the Red Queen, Jack Palance as the Jabberwock, The Smothers Brothers as Tweedledum and Tweedledee, Ricardo Montalban as the White King. Running time: ninety minutes.
1967 Alice in Wonderland. BBC television production. Directed by Jonathan Miller. Presentation of Wonderland as a Victorian social commentary. Grand production with a star cast: Sir John Gielgud as the Mock Turtle, Sir Michael Redgrave as the Caterpillar, Peter Sellers as the King, Peter Cook as the Hatter, Sir Malcolm Muggeridge as the Gryphon, Anne-Marie Mallik, a young schoolgirl, as Alice.
1967 Abbott and Costello in Blunderland. Hanna-Barbera Productions. An animation.
1970 Alice in Wonderland. O.R.T.F. (French television) production. Directed by Jean-Christophe Averty. Burlesque with stunning visual and auditory overlay. Alice Sapritch and Francis Blanche as the King and Queen.
1973 Through the Looking-Glass. BBC television production. Produced by Rosemary Hill, adapted and directed by James MacTaggart. Twelve-year-old Sarah Sutton as Alice, Brenda Bruce as the White Queen, Freddie Jones as Humpty Dumpty, Judy Parfitt as the Red Queen, and Richard Pearson as the White King.
1985 Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. Produced by Irwin Allen. Songs by Steve Allen. Natalie Gregory as Alice, with a cast of stars including Jayne Meadows, Robert Morley, Red Buttons, and Sammy Davis, Jr.
1999 Alice in Wonderland. Three-hour production directed by Nick Willing. There were 875 postproduction digital effects. Robert Halmi
, Sr., and Robert Halmi, Jr., were the executive producers, and Peter Barnes wrote the script. Tina Majorino is Alice; Whoopi Goldberg, the Cheshire Cat; Martin Short, the Mad Hatter; Ben Kingsley, the Caterpillar; Christopher Lloyd, the White Knight; Peter Ustinov, the Walrus; Miranda Richardson, the Queen of Hearts; and Gene Wilder, the Mock Turtle. Robbie Coltrane and George Wendt are Tweedledum and Tweedledee. The first Alice with extensive computer enhancement.
Educational
1972 Curious Alice. Written, designed, and produced by Design Center, Inc., Washington, D.C. Made for the National Institute of Mental Health. Color. Part of a drug course for elementary school children. A live Alice has a journey among animated characters. The Caterpillar smokes marijuana, the Mad Hatter takes LSD, the Dormouse uses barbiturates, and the March Hare pops amphetamines. The White Rabbit is a leader already into drugs. The Cheshire Cat is Alice’s conscience. Running time: approximately fifteen minutes.
1978 Alice in Wonderland: A Lesson in Appreciating Differences. Walt Disney Productions. Live action at beginning and end with the lesson in appreciating differences brought home by a showing of the flower sequence from the Disney feature and a discussion about how badly the flowers treated Alice simply because she was different.
Copyright© 2000, 1990, 1988, 1960 by Martin Gardner
Previous editions published as The Annotated Alice (1960) and More Annotated Alice (1990)
All rights reserved
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to
Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
Book design by Antonina Krass
Page makeup by Carole Desnoes
Frontispiece: Posthumous painting of Lewis Carroll by Sir Hubert von Herkomer.
Courtesy Christ Church Picture Gallery, Oxford.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carroll, Lewis, 1832–1898.
[Alice’s adventures in Wonderland]
The annotated Alice : Alice’s adventures in Wonderland & Through the looking-glass / by Lewis Carroll ; with illustrations by John Tenniel ; updated, with an introduction and notes by Martin Gardner. — Definitive ed.
The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition (The Annotated Books) Page 39