by Simon Baatz
11. Ibid., fol. 3327.
12. "Experts Exaggerate, State Doctor Avers," Chicago Daily News, 13 August 1924; Genevieve Forbes, " 'Slayers Not Mentally Ill,' " Chicago Daily Tribune, 13 August 1924; John Herrick, "State's Alienists Ridicule 'Dream Defense,'" Chicago Daily Tribune, 14 August 1924; Charles V. Slattery, "Attempt to Buy State's Alienist Is Crowe Hint," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 14 August 1924. 13. Trial Transcript, fol. 2731.
14 . Ibid., fol. 2732.
15. Ibid., fols. 2736-2738, 2744-2750.
16. Ibid., fols. 2650-2657.
17. Ibid., fols. 2711, 2712-2713.
18. Ibid., fol. 2716.
19. Editorial, "They Only Confuse the Problem," New York Times, 15 August 1924.
20. Trial Transcript, fols. 2873-2875.
21. Ibid., fols. 2877-2878.
22. Russell N. DeJong, A History of American Neurology (New York: Raven, 1982), 75-77.
23. Trial Transcript, fols. 2902-2903.
24. Ibid., fols. 2906, 2907.
25. Ibid., fol. 2906.
26. Ibid., fols. 2822-2823
27. "Charges Crowe Had No Right to Quiz Youths," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 17 August 1924; "Calls Slayers as Normal as Average Youth," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 16 August 1924; Adolf Meyer, "H. Douglas Singer, M.D., 1875 -1940," Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 45 (1941): 162-163; "H. D. Singer Dead; Noted Alienist, 65," New York Times, 30 August 1940. 28. Trial Transcript, fols. 3032-3041.
29. Ibid., fols. 3060, 3063, 3066, 3074.
30. Ibid., fols. 3189-3190.
31. Ibid., fol. 3193.CH A P T ER 15 : CLOSI NG STAT E M EN TS
1. Trial Transcript, fols. 3463-3464.
2. Ibid., fols. 3766, 3768.
3. "State Demands Quick Death for Two Boy Killers," Chicago Daily Tribune, 21 December 1922; Genevieve Forbes, "Where Bullet Struck," Chicago Daily Tribune, 21 December 1922.
4. Trial Transcript, fols. 3582-3583.
5. "State Demands."
6. "Caverly Verdict Brings Hope to Condemned Boy," Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 September 1924; "Franks Decision Brings Hope to Condemned Boys," Chicago Daily Tribune, 13 September 1924.
7. Trial Transcript, fol. 3585.
8. Ibid., fols. 3585-3586.
9. Ibid., fols. 3591-3593.
10 . "Turns on Cardinella at Trial for Murder," Chicago Daily News, 29 June 1920; "Gallows for Cardinella," Chicago Daily News, 30 June 1920; Trial Transcript, fols. 3603-3608.
11. Trial Transcript, fols. 3598-3602.
12. Ibid., fol. 3482.
13. Ibid., fols. 3465, 3467-3468.
14 . Ibid., fols. 3663-3664, 3665-3666.
15. "Leopold Weeps under State's Attack," Chicago Daily News, 21 August 1924; Orville Dwyer, "Darrow Opens His Plea for Slayers Today," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 22 August 1924.
16. Trial Transcript, fols. 3775-3776.
17. Ibid., fols. 3777-3780.
18. Ibid., fols. 3777-3780.
19. Ibid., fols. 3822, 3824, 3825, 3826.
20. Ibid., fol. 3830.
21. Ibid., fols. 3830-3831.
22. Ibid., fols. 3835, 3836, 3840, 3841.
23. Ibid., fol. 3869.
24. "Darrow, Master Pleader, Begs for Mercy; Women Faint as Crowds Mob Court," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 23 August 1924.
25. Ibid.
26. John Ashenhurst, "Darrow's Plea!" Chicago American, 22 August 1924; "Darrow Pleads for Mercy; Mobs Riot," Chicago Daily News, 22 August 1924; "4 Women to 1 Man Make Courtroom Like Sardine Can," Chicago American, 25 August 1924; "Relief from Heat Promised Chicago," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 23 August 1924.
27. "Darrow Pleads."
28. Trial Transcript, fol. 3887.
29. Ibid., fol. 3893; "Text of Darrow's Closing Appeal to Save Two Slayers," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 26 August 1924.
30. Trial Transcript, fol. 3893; "Offers 'Pact' of Slayers as Product of Diseased Minds," Chicago American, 25 August 1924.
31. Trial Transcript, fols. 3907-3908.
32. Ibid., fols. 3905-3907, 3910-3911.
33. " 'Cry of the Dark Ages' Is Assailed by Darrow in Plea," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 24 August 1924.
34. "Text of Darrow's Closing Appeal."
35. " 'Cry of the Dark Ages.' "
36. "Text of Darrow's Closing Appeal."
37. Ibid.
38. John Herrick, "Darrow Pleads for Parents," Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 August 1924; "Text of Darrow's Closing Appeal."
39. Charles V. Slattery, "Darrow Pleads for 'Boys of Future,' " Chicago Herald and Examiner, 26 August 1924; Herrick, "Darrow Pleads."
40. Trial Transcript, fols. 4157-4158, 4167-4168.
41. Ibid., fols. 4178-4180.
42. Ibid., fols. 4184-4185, 4201-4202, 4215.
43. "Row Stops Crowe's Attack on Slayers," Chicago Daily News, 26 August 1924.
44. Betty Walker, "Girl Reporter Causes Exodus," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 27 August 1924; "Women Insist on Listening to 'Unfit Matter,' " Chicago Daily Tribune, 27 August 1924.
45. "Women Insist"; Trial Transcript, fol. 4216.
46. Trial Transcript, fol. 4216.
47. Ibid., fol. 4219.
48. Ibid., fols. 4221-4222.
49. Ibid., fol. 4222.
50. Ibid., fols. 4259-4260, 4299.
51. Ibid., fols. 4299-4300, 4300-4301.
52. Ibid., fol. 4275.
53. Ibid., fols. 4244, 4274.
54. Ibid., fols. 4262-4263.
55. Ibid., fols. 4272-4273.
56. Ibid., fols. 4331-4332, 4334.
57. Ibid., fols. 4335-4336
58. Ibid., fols. 4337, 4341.
59. Ibid., fol. 4341.
60. Ibid., fol. 4364.
61. Ibid., fols. 4402-4404.
62. Ibid., fols. 4404-4405.
63. Ibid., fols. 4405-4406
64. "Caverly Decides Sept. 10; Jabs Crowe," Chicago Daily News, 28 August 1924; John Ashenhurst, "Trial Ends in Rebuke to Crowe; Sentence Sept. 10," Chicago American, 28 August 1924.CH A P T ER 16 : SEN T ENCI NG
1. "Text of Judge Caverly's Decision of 1,000 Words," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 September 1924.
2. "Crank Phoned Wife Caverly Was Shot," Chicago American, 2 September 1924; "Leopold Hopes, If Hanged, to Test Hereafter," Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 September 1924.
3. "Mumbler Looking for Caverly Held," Chicago American, 5 September 1924.
4. Charles V. Slattery, "Caverly Sifts Murder Evidence," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 30 August 1924; "Moving Day in Court Building Delays Caverly," Chicago Daily Tribune, 30 August 1924.
5. Edward L. Corey, " 'Mind Not Made Up'--Caverly," Chicago American, 5 September 1924.
6. "Franks Sell Their Home of Cruel Memory," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 31 August 1924.
7. "Reminders of 'Bobby's' Fate Cause Sale of Franks House," New York Times, 1 September 1924; "Franks Sell."
8. "Loebs to Sell Home to Escape Haunting Memories, Is Report," Chicago American, 9 September 1924.
9. "Loeb Recalls Last Time He Danced to Tune He Hears Visitor Whistle," Chicago American, 4 September 1924.
10 . Betty Walker, "Girl, Society Matron, See Two Slayers," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 30 August 1924.
11. "Memoirs Planned by Franks Slayer," New York Times, 4 September 1924. 12. "Leopold to Write Story of His Life," Chicago American, 3 September 1924. 13. "Leopold Wants to Bet That He Will Be Hanged," The Sun (New York), 9 September 1924; "Betting 3 to 1 Leopold, Loeb Will Not Hang," Detroit Free Press, 10 September 1924.
14 . "Leopold Hopes," Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 September 1924; "Leopold Prepares for Death by Writing His Will in Prison," The Sun (New York), 3 September 1924.
15. "Gene Geary to Guide Loeb and Pal," Chicago American, 2 September 1924.
16. Corey, " 'Mind Not Made Up' "; "Rope Penalty for Slayers Means Fight," Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 September 1924.
17. "Gene Geary," Chicago American, 2 September 1924; "4 Alienists Are Ready to Testify Leopold Jr. and Loeb Are In
sane," Chicago American, 4 September 1924; "Darrow Plans New Moves to Aid Boys," The Sun (New York), 4 September 1924.
18. "Last Plea May Save Slayers from the Gallows," Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 September 1924; "Dooms Young Slayer to Gallows; Relents," Chicago Daily News, 14 June 1924; "Russell Scott, Loop Slayer, Gets Chance for Life," Chicago Evening Post, 11 July 1924.
19. "Call Rif lemen as Escort for Caverly after Threats," Chicago American, 9 September 1924.
20. "Guards Arm for Loeb Sentence," Chicago American, 8 September 1924; "Call Rif lemen."
21. "Killer's Alienist Afraid, Is Given Bluecoat Guard," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 September 1924.
22. "Life or Death Ruling Today," Chicago Daily Tribune, 10 September 1924. 23. "Loeb's Father Stricken," New York Times, 7 September 1924; "Slayers of Franks Boy Get Life Terms," The Sun (New York), 10 September 1924. 24. "Today's Radio Programs," Chicago Daily Tribune, 10 September 1924. 25. "Text," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 September 1924.
26. "Life for Slayers of Franks," Chicago Daily News, 10 September 1924. 27. "Text"; "Slayers of Franks, Too Young to Hang, Get Life Sentence," New York Evening Post, 10 September 1924.
28. Robert M. Lee, "Joliet Gets Slayers Today," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 September 1924.
29. "Darrow Elated at Caverly's Decision," Chicago Daily News, 10 September 1924.
30. "Never Set Boys Free, Crowe Warns Board," Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 September 1924.
31. "Franks' Mother Glad It's Over," San Francisco Chronicle, 11 September 1924.
32. "Never Set Boys Free."
33. "Slayers' Trip from Jail to Prison," Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 September 1924. 34. Harry C. Read, "How Joliet Would Treat Boy Slayers," Chicago American, 2 September 1924.
35. "Chair Factory Benches Await Killers at Pen," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 September 1924; Read, "How Joliet"; Tyrrell Krum, "Killers in 'Solitary' Cells," Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 September 1924.CH A P T ER 17: T H E A F T ER M AT H
1. Clarence Darrow to Adolph Germer, December 1924, Folder 1, Box 4, Adolph Germer Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society.
2. Ruby Darrow to Lincoln Steffens, n.d. (1925), Series II, Lincoln Steffens Papers, Columbia University.
3. Editorial, "Franks Slayers' Sentence Helps to Explain Herrin," Newark Evening News, 10 September 1924.
4. Editorial, "Judge Caverly's Sentence," The Bulletin (San Francisco), 10 September 1924; Editorial, "The Franks Case Decision," Kansas City Post, 10 September 1924.
5. Editorial, "The Mercy of the Court," New York Times, 11 September 1924.
6. Editorial, "The Life Sentence," St. Paul Dispatch, 10 September 1924.
7. Editorial, "The Mind of the Judge," The Sun (New York), 16 September 1924.
8. Editorial, "Perfectly Comprehensible," Detroit Free Press, 15 September 1924; Editorial, "Consistency," Cleveland Plain Dealer, 14 September 1924.
9. "Pleads to Save Son from Gallows," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 14 September 1924; Editorial, "Grant's Sentence Should Now Be Commuted," Chicago Daily Tribune, 13 September 1924.
10 . "Bernard Grant Wins Reprieve of Three Months," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 21 September 1924.
11. "Says Leopold and Loeb Can Be Paroled in 1935," New York Times, 1 September 1926.
12. "Power to Pardon Loeb and Leopold Held by Governor," Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 11 September 1924.
13. Editorial, "Judge Caverly's Decision," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 September 1924.
14 . Robert T. Small, "Press of Nation Condemns Leopold-Loeb Sentence as Proof of Two-Law System," Atlanta Journal, 11 September 1924; Editorial, "The Loeb-Leopold Case," Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 11 September 1924.
15. Editorial, "The Chicago Verdict," Birmingham Age-Herald, 11 September 1924; Editorial, "Life Imprisonment," Charleston Gazette, 11 September 1924.
16. Editorial, "A Victory for Murder," The Courier-Journal (Louisville), 11 September 1924.
17. Editorial, "Disintegrating Society," Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 September 1924.
18. "Girl Confesses Murder," Chicago Daily News, 30 August 1924; "Girl Confesses Slaying Woman," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 31 August 1924; "Vote to Indict Two Girls as Slayers," Chicago American, 3 September 1924. 19. "Young Slayers, 2 Pretty Girls, Ask for Darrow," Chicago Daily Tribune, 2 September 1924.
20. "Comments on Decision in the Franks Case," Boston Daily Globe, 11 September 1924.
21. "Franks Decision Divides Public," The Sun (New York), 11 September 1924 ; "Poor Boy of 19 Seeks a Pardon in Illinois to Escape Hanging," The Sun (New York), 15 September 1924.
22. I. L. Bril, Editorial, "Our Civilization to Blame," Jewish Daily News, 11 September 1924.
23. "Comments," Boston Daily Globe, 11 September 1924.
24. Editorial, "We Must Make a Change," San Francisco Chronicle, 12 September 1924; Editorial, "Alienists in Criminal Trials," Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 12 September 1924.
25. "Blanton Will Air New Charges Soon," Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 1 April 1926.
26. [J. R. McCarl], Investigation of St. Elizabeths Hospital (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), 126-127; "Condemns Hospital for Federal Insane," New York Times, 17 December 1926.
27. "Dr. William White, Psychiatrist, Dies," New York Times, 8 March 1937. 28. "Only Poor Hang, Darrow Says in Gotham Debate," New York Times, 27 October 1924; Debate, Resolved: That Capital Punishment Is a Wise Public Policy. Clarence Darrow, Negative; Judge Alfred J. Talley, Affirmative (New York: League for Public Discussion, 1924), 41.
29. "New Hospital Organized to Check Mental Diseases," New York Times, 11 May 1924; "Darrow Likes Plan for 'Crime Hospital,' " New York Times, 22 September 1924.
30. Edward Larson, Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion (New York: Basic Books, 1997). 31. John Kobler, Capone: The Life and World of Al Capone (New York: Putnam, 1971), 176 -179 ; Laurence Bergren, Capone: The Man and the Era (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 162-165.
32. "Emmerson Wins by 400,000," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 April 1928. 33. Nathan F. Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 87-88.
34. Ibid., 132.
35. Gladys Erickson, Warden Ragen of Joliet (New York: Dutton, 1957), 42-47; James B. Jacobs, Stateville: The Penitentiary in Mass Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 20-25.
36. Jacobs, Stateville, 22; Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years, 173, 175, 177, 180 -181, 193, 216, 223 -235.
37. Nathan F. Leopold Jr. [William F. Lanne, pseud.], "Parole Prediction as Science," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 26 (1935-1936): 377-400; Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years, 251-264.
38. "New Evidence of Loeb Prison Rule Revealed," Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 February 1936; Erickson, Warden Ragen, 80.
39. "Horner Yields to Demand for Prison Inquiry," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 2 February 1936; "Prison a Homey Club with Dues, Felons Declare," Chicago Daily Tribune, 21 February 1936; "Two Convicts Tell Favors to Loeb in Prison," Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 June 1936.
40. "Kills Loeb; Prison Scandal," Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 January 1936; Seymour Korman, "Seek Death Jury to Try Convict Slayer of Loeb," Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 May 1936.
41. Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years, 266-270.
42. In 1929 Illinois changed its method of execution to the electric chair. 43. Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years, 284.
44. Ibid., 281-283.
45. "Prison Malaria," Life 15 (June 1945): 43-46, 48; Charles Remsberg, "The Convict & Medical Research," Kiwanis Magazine 46 (April 1961): 38-40, 49-50; Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years, 306.
46. George Wright, "Heirens Tells More Crime Details--Talks Five Hours," Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 July 1946; "Heirens Tells How He Strangled Suzanne Degnan, 6, and Carried Her Body from Home Down Ladder," Chicago Daily Tribune, 7 August 1946.
47. Genevieve Scott, "Heirens Just an 'Ordinary Guy' to Classmates," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 30 June 1946.
48. "Leopold Term Cut 14 Years; Parole
Possible in 1953," Chicago Daily Sun Times, 23 September 1949.
49. Clayton Kirkpatrick, "Model Prisoner Leopold Numb at Idea of Freedom," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 August 1952.
50. Marcia Winn, "Is 33 Years Enough to Pay? Asks Leopold," Chicago Sunday Tr ibune, 10 March 1957; Marcia Winn, "Should Leopold Be Paroled?" Chicago Sunday Tribune, 2 June 1957.
51. James Doherty, "How Leopold Asked Parole," Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 January 1953; John Bartlow Martin, "Murder on His Conscience," Saturday Evening Post 2 (23 April 1955): 135.
52. Martin, "Murder," 135.
53. Elmer Gertz, A Handful of Clients (Chicago: Follett, 1965), 97. 54. Doherty, "How Leopold."
55. "Leopold Parole Bid Denied," Chicago Daily Tribune, 15 May 1953; Martin, "Murder," 135.
56. "Florida Says No to a Job for Leopold," Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 March 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients, 38-39; Roy Brown, "Leopold's Life Ahead," Chicago Daily Tribune, 13 March 1958.
57. Gertz, Handful of Clients, 54-55.
58. Ibid., 62-63.
59. Joseph Egelhof, "Misled by Loeb: Leopold," Chicago Daily Tribune, 6 February 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients, 61.
60. Gertz, Handful of Clients, 100.
61. Ibid., 102.
62. "JACK EIGEN speaking," Chicago Daily Tribune, 8 March 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients, 103.
63. Tom Littlewood, "Leopold Wins Freedom after 33 Years in Cell; Touhy Also Gets Parole," Chicago Daily Sun-Times, 21 February 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients, 115 -116.
64. Gertz, Handful of Clients, 116.
65. Joseph Egelhof, "Illness Mars Leopold's First Day on Parole," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 14 March 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients, 117.
66. "Leopold Due on Job Today in Puerto Rico," Chicago Daily Tribune, 15 March 1958; Leopold Lands in Puerto Rico; Happy, He Says," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 16 March 1958. Leopold's graduate thesis was published as Nathan Freudenthal Leopold, "Caracteristicas Sicosociales de un Grupo de Miembros Pertenecientes a la Socieda de Alcoholicos Anonimos en la Penitencieria Estatal" (MA thesis, University of Puerto Rico, 1961). 67. Brown, "Leopold's Life Ahead"; "Leopold Will Study Year at Puerto Rico U.," Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 August 1959.
68. "Leopold Sues Levin, Zanuck over Novel," Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 October 1959.
69. Meyer Levin, The Obsession (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 225, 227.