Richard Dietrich, "Design of 'stealth' plane kit a model of intelligence work," San Diego Tribune, September 12, 1986, A-l.
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454
Ron Labrecque, "Alone and without Stealth, John Andrews Makes Child's Play of the Pentagon's Most Secret Weapon," People (no date on clipping), 127, 128; and Cunningham, "Cracks in the Black Dike," 20, 24, 25.
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455
Washington Roundup, Aviation Week and Space Technology (September 14, 1987), 21.
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456
Cunningham, "Cracks in the Black Dike," 25. The document control problem occurred because of standard Skunk Works practice. When a document was no longer needed, it was destroyed. When the air force showed up to conduct a classified document audit, they discovered there were no records of their destruction. As there was no record, the documents were ruled "lost." Later, a desk-by-desk audit system was established.
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457
Weekly World News, August 2, 1986.
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458
Cunningham, "Cracks in the Black Dike," 25.
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459
"Triangle over California," TheAPRO Bulletin (vol. 33, no. 6, 1986), 6.
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460
William B. Scott, "F-117A Crash Reports Cite Pilot Fatigue, Disorientation," Aviation Week and Space Technology (May 15, 1989), 22; and Sweetman and Goodall, Lockheed F-117A, 81, 82.
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461
"Pentagon seals plane crash site," San Diego Union, July 12, 1986, sec. A.
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462
"Triangle over California," 6.
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463
Eric Malnic and Ralph Vartabedian, " 'Stealth' jet said to crash in California," Boston Globe, July 12, 1986.
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464
"Stealth jet fighter fleet is put at 50," San Diego Union, August 22, 1986, sec. A; and Cunningham, "Cracks in the Black Dike," 26. It has been claimed that the air force dug up a large area around the impact point to recover every scrap of debris, then scattered parts from an F-101 to deceive anyone entering the site. This is incorrect.
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465
Scott, "F-117A Crash Reports Cite Pilot Fatigue, Disorientation," 22, 23.
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466
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 47–49, 51–53.
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467
Scott, "F-117A Crash Reports Cite Pilot Fatigue, Disorientation," 22, 23.
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468
"AF pilot killed in Nevada crash said to be flying Stealth fighter," San Diego Union, October 16, 1987, sec. A.
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469
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 50, 51; and Scott, "F-117A Crash Reports Cite Pilot Fatigue, Disorientation," 22.
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470
"A-7D Crash Accents Different USAF, Navy Emergency Rules," Aviation Week and Space Technology (November 2, 1987), 31; and Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 51.
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471
Benjamin F. Schemmer, "Is Lockheed Building a Super-Stealth Replacement for USAF's Mach 3 SR-71?" Armed Forces Journal (January 1988).
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472
Al Frickey [pseud.], "Stealth — and Beyond," Gung-Ho (February 1988), 38.
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473
"Do It Your Stealth," Aviation Week and Space Technology (September 14, 1987), 21.
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474
Doug Richardson, Stealth (New York: Orion, 1989), 122.
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475
Edwards AFB Air Show, October 23, 1988. The invisible "F-19" was not the only stealth prank at the show. Around noon, the announcer came on the public address system and said that the B-2 had just taken off from Palmdale and would soon be arriving at Edwards. A few minutes later, it was announced that the B-2 would be making a flyby. One heard the engine noise, but, again, one did not actually "see" it. The punchline came at the 1993 Edwards Air Show— three B-2s (two in flight, one on the ground), an F-117A formation flyby, and the HALSOL-Pathfinder.
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476
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 60, 61.
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477
John D. Morrocco, "USAF Unveils Stealth Fighter; Black Weapons Probe Likely," Aviation Week and Space Technology, (November 14, 1988), 28.
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478
"Air Force lifts veil on Stealth fighter squadron," San Diego Union, November 11, 1988, sec. A.
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479
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 60.
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480
San Diego Union, November 11, 1988, sec. A.
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481
Cunningham, "Cracks in the Black Dike," 27.
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482
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 62. A later report said the whine was no longer being "heard."
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483
Mary Enges-Maas, "Stalking the Stealth Fighter," Times-Advocate, Decembers, 1989, sec. C.
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484
"We Own the Night," 24, 25; and Sweetman and Goodall, Lockheed F-117A, 89, 90.
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485
Sky Soldiers (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1991), 128.
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486
David F. Bond, "Six F-117As Flown in Panama Invasion; Air Force Broadens Daytime Operations," Aviation Week and Space Technology (March 5, 1990), 30.
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487
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 65.
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488
"Stealth error kept under wraps," San Diego Union, April 7, 1990, sec. A. In all the adverse comments following the Panama mission, one aspect has been overlooked. The PDF had three hours warning that an attack was about to begin. Even had the bombs fallen where planned, the United States had already lost the element of surprise.
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489
"General didn't report Stealth flaws in Panama," San Diego Tribune, July 2, 1990, sec. A.
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490
John D. Morrocco, "F-117A Fighter Used in Combat for First Time in Panama, "Aviation Week and Space Technology (January 1, 1990), 32.
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491
Letters, Newsweek (July 16, 1990), 12.
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492
Kenneth Freed, "Panama Tries to Bury Rumors of Mass Graves," Los Angeles Times, October 27, 1990, sec. A.
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493
"Bombing Run on Congress," Time (January 8, 1990), 43. F-117A pilots have spent considerable time denying the plane was ever called the "Wobbly Goblin." Many have called it the best-handling plane they have ever flown. The fact that the press continued to use the term into 1992 says more about their "accuracy" than that of the plane.
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494
"Stealth error kept under wraps," San Diego Union, April 7, 1990, sec. A; and "General didn't report Stealth flaws in Panama," San Diego Tribune, July 2, 1990, sec. A. The final word on the F-117A's first combat mission came from a Newsweek press pool member. The reporter told a Department of Defense public relations officer that he did not think the F-117A attack was that significant, as no one could hear it coming. The officer laughed in the reporter's face.
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495
Charles Krauthammer, "Don't Cash the Peace Dividend," Time (March 26, 1990), 88.
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496
Bruce Van Voorst, "Who Needs the Marines? From the Halls of Mon-tezuma to the Shores of Redundancy," Time (May 21, 1990), 28; and Bill Turque and Douglas Waller, "Warriors without War," Newsweek (March 19, 19
90), 18–21.
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497
"Three early Iraqi incursions are revealed," San Diego Union, October 7, 1990, sec. A.
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498
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 66–73.
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499
Macy, Destination Baghdad, 19, 20; and Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 86.
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500
Jolly and Shelton, Team Stealth F-117, 52, 54, 56.
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501
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 82–84.
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502
Hallion, Storm over Iraq, 2, 159, 162. Such press criticism sometimes backfired— a "leading journalist" on a Washington, D.C., news show announced the B-2 would be used in the Gulf, while another commented that it would have to "do better than it did in Panama"!
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503
Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II, part I (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1993), 113.
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504
Hallion, Storm over Iraq, 2, 3.
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505
Joe Hughes, "500 protest war threat at Balboa Park," San Diego Tribune, December 24, 1990, sec. B.
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506
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 87.
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507
Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II, part I, 50, 51, 77–79.
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508
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 91.
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509
Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. IV, 126, 127; and vol. II, part I, 36.
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510
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 87–91.
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511
Thomas B. Allen, F. Clifton Berry, and Norman Polmar, CNN War in the Gulf (Atlanta: Turner Publishing, 1991), 119.
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512
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 90–96.
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513
Hallion, Storm over Iraq, 170.
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514
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 96, 97.
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515
Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II, part I, 124, 126-33.
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516
Macy, Destination Baghdad, 11, 12.
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517
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 98, 99.
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518
Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II, part I, 134.
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519
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 100.
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520
Martin Middlebrook, The Berlin Raids (New York: Viking, 1988).
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521
Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II, part I, 137, 147, 337, 338. Saddam Hussein responded in the usual manner of dictators to the night of thunder. He claimed over a hundred Coalition aircraft had been shot down, and he had Iraqi Air Force General Muzahim Saab Hassan arrested and executed.
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522
Macy, Destination Baghdad, 17.
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523
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 100, 101; and Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II, part I, 147, 148.
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524
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 100, 101; and Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II. part I, 152.
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525
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 101.
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526
Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II, part I, 157, 225.
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527
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 18, 101. Even if the Package Q strike had used LGB, the F-16 force would only have been cut to sixteen aircraft, and the tankers to eleven.
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528
132. Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II, part I, 201, 207, 223.
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529
Ibid., 177.
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530
Hallion, Storm over Iraq, 194.
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531
Private source.
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532
Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. II, part I, 339.
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533
Giangreco, Stealth Fighter Pilot, 102-4.
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534
Jolly and Shelton, Team Stealth F-117, 62, 67.
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535
Stan Morse, Gulf Air War Debrief (London: Aerospace Publishing, 1991), 84, 85, 106.
Dark Eagles: A History of the Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Page 48