Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-1956

Page 76

by Anne Applebaum

reconstruction and Soviet industrialization after Second World War, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2

and religious institutions, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 17.1

revolutions in, 1.1, 13.1, 18.1

Soviet violence in, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1

see also Budapest

Hungary’s Provisional National Assembly

Hungary’s Provisional National Government, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 8.1

Hungary’s State Protection Authority (AVH)

Hunnia (Hungarian film studio, later Mafilm), 14.1, 14.2

State Department Store (film)

Strange Marriage, A (film)

Underground Colony (film)

see also Mafilm

Ibarruri, Amaya

Ibarruri, Dolores (La Passionaria)

Independent Poland: see Polska Niezawisła

International Red Aid society

“Iron Curtain” (also Churchill’s “Fulton speech”), 9.1, 11.1

Isakowicz-Zaleski, Father Tadeusz

Israel, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1

Italy, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 9.1, 18.1

Jáchymov

Jackowski, Alexander, 14.1, 16.1

Jakeš, Miloš

“jampecek movement”

Jancsó, Miklós: Bright Winds (film), 7.1, 7.2

Jaworzno

Jędrychowski, Stefan

Jews

emigration after Second World War; see also Israel

evictions and persecutions after Second World War, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1

in wake of Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2

see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust

Jodl, Alfred

Juchnowicz, Stanisław, 15.1, 15.2

Junge Gemeinde (German Protestant Youth Movement)

Justus, Pal

Kádár, János, 11.1, 12.1, 18.1

Kaiser, Jakob, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1

Kaliningrad (Konigsberg), 1.1, 2.1, 2.2

Kalisz

Kalot (National Organization of Catholic Agricultural Youth Clubs, Hungary), 7.1, 11.1, 18.1

Kaluga (concentration camp)

Kamenovic: see Kremnov, Lieutenant

Kapuściński, Ryszard

Karaganda

Kardos, Lászlo

Karig, Sára

Karlsbad

Karlshorst (Soviet headquarters in Berlin), 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1, 18.1, 18.2

Kasman, Leon, 3.1, 6.1, 9.1

Katowice, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 11.1

Katyń Forest massacre, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 13.1

Katz, Otto

Kedim (Hungary’s Christian youth group)

Kenar, Antoni

Kennan, George, 1.1, 2.1, 9.1

Kenney, Padraic

Keresztes, Sándor

Kerkai, Father Janos, 7.1, 7.2

Kersten, Krystyna, 1.1, 9.1

Ketschendorf

KGB: see NKVD

Khrushchev, Nikita, 6.1, 12.1, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4

Kielce, 6.1, 6.2

Kisielewski, Stefan

Kiss, Father Szaléz, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1

Kiszczak, Czesław, 4.1, 4.2

Kiszlinger, Jószef

Kizmann, Otto

Klein, Manfred, 7.1, 9.1

Klein, Matthaus

Koestler, Arthur, 3.1, 12.1

Kolbasov

Kolbuszowa

Kollár, Júlia, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

Kolyma

Komar, General Wacław

Komarno

Komsomol (Soviet communist party’s youth wing), 3.1, 13.1

König, Hans

Konstancin (Warsaw suburb)

Konsum (German cooperative), 10.1, 11.1

Konwicki, Tadeusz

At the Building Site (novel)

Kopácsi, Sándor

Kopelev, Lev

Köpenick

Korczak, Janusz

“Kościuszko Division” (Polish-speaking division of the Red Army), 3.1, 4.1, 5.1

Kossuth Prize

Kossuth Radio (Hungarian radio station), 3.1, 18.1

Kovács, Alajos

Kovács, Béla, 9.1, 18.1

Kovács, János

Kovaly, Heda, 1.1, 6.1

Kovel

Krakow

communists and partisans in, 2.1, 5.1, 7.1

economic and cultural activities in, 10.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2

liberation of

political and ethnic violence in, 1.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 13.1

religious institutions in, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 15.1

Krasnogorsk

Kremnov, Lieutenant (also Kamenovic)

Krenz, Egon

Krotoszyn, 7.1, 11.1

Krupa, Michał

Krynica

Krzyzanowski, General Alexander (also Wilk), 5.1, 12.1, 16.1

Kuhrig, Herta, 6.1, 17.1

“Kuibyshev gang” (Kujbyszewiacy, Kuibyshev-trained secret police), 4.1, 4.2, 9.1

Kulturbund (German Cultural Union), 7.1, 14.1, 16.1, 17.1

Sonntag (weekly publication)

Kun, Bela, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 10.1

Kundera, Milan

The Joke (novel)

Kunkel, Bruno (alias Max Kunz)

Kunmadaras

Kuroń, Jacek, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1

Kursk, battle of

Kuznetsov, General F. I.

L’viv: see Lwow

Ład (Polish artistic group)

Ladan, Sándor

Lakatos, István

Langer, Jo (Oskar Langer’s wife), 10.1, 12.1

Langer, Oskar

Łapanów

League of German Girls

League of Hungarian University and College Associations (Mefesz), 7.1, 18.1

Lebed, Mykola

Lehmann, Wolfgang, 5.1, 5.2, 16.1

Leipzig, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2, 18.1, 18.2

Leipzig Fair

Lend-Lease program

Lenin, Vladimir, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1

Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky, The (pamphlet)

What Is to Be Done (book)

Leonhard, Susanne

Leonhard, Wolfgang, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 12.1

Leucht, Karl

levente (Hungarian interwar paramilitary youth movement), 5.1, 7.1

Levi, Primo

Lex-Nerlinger, Alice, 15.1, 16.1

Likhachev, Dmitri

Lingner, Max, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3

Aufbau der Republik (Construction of the Republic, mural), 14.1, 14.2

Lithuania, 6.1, 6.2; see also Baltic States

Little Stalins (postwar communist leaders in Eastern Europe), 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, 11.1

Lobatiuk, Józef, 4.1, 4.2

Łódź

and civil society organizations

foreign occupation of

and “Kuibyshev gang”, 4.1, 4.2

physical violence and postwar conflicts in, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 9.1, 10.1

Loest, Erich, 5.1, 10.1, 13.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2

London, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 12.1

“London Poles”: see Polish government-in-exile

Lossonczy, Tamás

Lotnik, Waldemar

Łowicz

Lublin

Catholic University of, 11.1, 11.2

physical violence and plundering in, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1

and Poland’s National Armed Forces

and Polish Committee of National Liberation, 4.1, 4.2

radio broadcasts from

religious institutions in

and Union of Polish Fine Artists

Lublin castle, 6.1, 12.1, 16.1

Lublin provisional government (also “Lublin Poles”), 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1

Lukács, György, 11.1, 16.1, 18.1

Lukacs, John, 2.1, 2.2

Lwow (or L’viv), 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 6.1

Lysenko, Trofim, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2

Maclean, Donald

Maclean, Fit
zroy

Madisz: see Hungarian Democratic Youth Organization

Mafilm; see also Hunnia

Magdeburg

Magyar Radio: see Hungarian Radio

Mahle, Hans, 8.1, 8.2

Maiskii, Ivan

Majdanek

Makarenko, Anton, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

The Road to Life (book)

Maléter, Colonel Pál

Manchuria

Mann, Thomas

Marai, Sandor, 1.1, 2.1

Portraits of a Marriage (novel)

Marinczenko, Stanisław

Marshall Aid Conference (Paris)

Marshall Fund (also “Marshall Money”)

Marshall, General George C., 1.1, 9.1

“Marshall Plan” (1947), 9.1, 11.1

Marton, Endre

Marton, Ilona

Marwick, Arthur

Marx, Karl Heinrich, 2.1, 9.1, 13.1

Marxism-Leninism: see Soviet communist ideology

Masaryk, Jan, 9.1, 18.1

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz

Mefesz: see League of Hungarian University and College Associations

Meráy, Tibor

Merker, Paul, 12.1, 12.2

Merridale, Catherine

Mewa (pseudonym)

Michurin, Ivan

Mickiewicz, Adam (celebrations in memory of)

Mielec

Mielke, Erich, 4.1, 13.1

Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 1.1, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2

Mikoyan, Anastas

Miłosz, Czesław, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

The Seizure of Power (novel)

Minc, Hilary, 3.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 14.1

Mindszenty, Cardinal József, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 18.1, 18.2

Miskolc

Mittweida

Moczar, Mieczysław, 4.1, 9.1

Modrow, Hans, 1.1, 13.1

Modryn

Modzelewski, Karol, 16.1, 18.1

Modzelewski, Zygmunt

Mohács, 15.1, 15.2

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 2.1, 3.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 18.1

Montessori kindergartens

Moravia

Morawski, Jerzy, 16.1, 16.2

Morel, Salomon, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

Morgenthau, Henry, Jr.

Morris, William

Moscow, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 8.1, 12.1, 14.1, 18.1

Comintern’s International Lenin School in, 3.1, 3.2

as communist city, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1

East European communists in, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1

Hotel Lux in, 3.1, 3.2

Lubyanka (political prison)

meetings in, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1

Moscow Higher Party School

political trials, 3.1, 5.1, 12.1, 12.2; see also “Great Terror”/“Great Purges”

public events, 8.1, 18.1

Radio Moscow

Second Comintern Congress

and Second World War, 6.1, 8.1

Stalin’s funeral in

see also Soviet Union

“Moscow communists” (Moscow-trained communists in Eastern Europe), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 8.1, 13.1, 14.1

Mundstock, Karl: White Nights (book)

Munich

and Radio Free Europe, 11.1, 11.2, 18.1

Munich agreement (1938)

Murmansk

Nagel, Otto

Nagy, Father Töhötöm, 7.1, 7.2

Nagy, Ferenc, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

Nagy, Imre, 4.1, 18.1, 18.2

and Hungary’s “New Course”, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6

Naimark, Norman, 2.1, 4.1

National Committee for a Free Germany

National Council of Poland (Krajowa Rada Narodowa)

“national fronts”: see “popular fronts”

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Nazism

concentration camps, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1

ideology, 1.1, 3.1, 9.1, 13.1

jokes about

occupation of Eastern Europe, 1.1, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 13.1

see also Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact; Wehrmacht

Nékosz: see Hungarian National Association of People’s Colleges

Nerlinger, Oskar

Neue Zeit (German Christian Democratic newspaper)

Neues Deutschland (East German communist party’s official newspaper), 2.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 16.1, 18.1

Neukölln youth group

New York Times, The, 2.1, 18.1

NKVD (Soviet secret police, later KGB), 9.1, 18.1

and “Anglo-American agents”, 3.1, 12.1, 12.2

East European intelligence command (based in Baden, Vienna)

mass arrests and show trials, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2; see also “Great Terror”/“Great Purges”

and “Moscow communists”, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

persecutions and evictions in Eastern Europe, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1

and Polish Home Army, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1

and Stasi

violence in Eastern Europe, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 5.1

see also Katyń Forest massacre; Red Army; Stalin, Iosif

Nordhausen

North Korea, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2

Nowa Huta, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5

Nowotko, Marceli

NSZ. see Polish National Armed Forces

Nuremberg Trials

October Revolution: see Russian Revolution

Oelssner, Fred

Oktogon murders (Budapest, June 1946), 7.1, 7.2

Okulicki, General Leopold, 5.1, 16.1

Operation Unthinkable

Operation Vistula (Akcja Wisła)

Orbán, József Gyula

Orbis (Polish state travel agency)

Ordass, Lajos

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)

Orlov, “Counsellor”

Ortutay, Gyula

Orwell, George, 17.1, 17.2

Osóbka-Morawski, Edward, 4.1, 6.1

Ossowski, Stanisław

Ostrovskii, Nikolai: How the Steel Was Tempered (novel)

Ottoman Empire

Ózd

Paczkowski, Andrzej

Palestine, 6.1, 16.1

Panufnik, Andrzej, 5.1, 16.1, 16.2

Pápa

Pauker, Ana

Pavlik, Gejza

Pax (Polish Catholic party), 11.1, 16.1

Peace Race (Prague-to-Warsaw cycle race)

Pénzes, István

People’s Tribune: see Trybuna Ludu

Péter, Gábor, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 12.1

Petkov, Nikola, 9.1, 9.2

Petőfi, Sándor

“Petőfi Circle” (earlier “Bessenyei Circle”), 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

Philby, Kim

Piasecki, Bolesław, 16.1, 17.1

Piatkiewicz, Jerzy

Picasso, Pablo, 14.1, 16.1

Pieck, Wilhelm, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 14.1, 14.2, 16.1

Pióker, Ignác

Pioneers (Soviet and East European), 7.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6

Pipes, Richard

Pistonek, Walter: “Sixteen Principles” of socialist planning

Pócspetri

pogroms (anti-Semitic riots in Eastern Europe), 6.1, 9.1

Poland

and civil society organizations, 7.1, 7.2

communist plots before Second World War

communist propaganda in, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 14.1

creation of communist regime in, 4.1, 4.2

destruction and war reparations after Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2

ethnic conflict in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

Nazi occupation of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1

and “New Course”, 3.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

political and cultural opponents, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

postwar elections in

reconstruction and Soviet industrialization in, 14.1,
14.2, 15.1, 15.2

and religious institutions, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 17.1

socialist reforms, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4

Soviet mass imprisonments/executions, 3.1, 5.1, 12.1, 12.2

Soviet occupation of, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 11.1

Soviet violence in, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 6.1; see also Katyń Forest massacre

see also Home Army; Warsaw

Polish army (after 1945), 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 17.1, 18.1

“Polish bands”

Polish Bureau for the Reconstruction of the Capital (BOS), 14.1, 14.2

Polish Bureau for Supervision of Production Aesthetics (BNEP), 14.1, 14.2, 14.3

Polish communist party (also PPR and PZPR), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 12.1, 18.1

Polish “Democratic Party” (phony party)

Polish Education Ministry, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 13.1, 17.1

Polish government-in-exile (London), 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 16.1; see also Home Army

Polish Institute of National Memory, 1.1, 6.1

Polish Ministry of Culture, 14.1, 14.2

Polish Ministry of Trade and Industry

Polish National Armed Forces (NSZ)

Polish National Liberation Committee, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1, 9.1

Polish National Radical Party

Falanga (newspaper)

Polish “Peasants’ Party” (phony party, replacing PSL), 9.1, 9.2

Polish Peasants’ Party (PSL), 4.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 16.1

Polish People’s Guard

Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, 9.1, 14.1; see also Lublin provisional government

Polish Radio, 8.1, 17.1

“Radio Honeybee” (Radio Pszczółka), 8.1, 8.2

“Radio Lightning” (Radio Błyskawice)

Raszyn transmitters (Warsaw suburb), 8.1, 8.2

Polish revolutionary committee (“PolRevKom”)

Polish scouting movement (also Szare Szeregi, Grey Ranks), 7.1, 17.1

Polish Security Service (SB), 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 12.1, 18.1

“Polish Service” (Służba Polska)

Polish Social Democratic Party, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1

Polish Underground State (Polish resistance movement)

Polish Union of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy (ZBoWiD)

Polish Union of Fighting Youth (ZWM), 7.1, 9.1

Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR): see Polish communist party

Polish Workers’ Party (PPR): see Polish communist party

Polkehn, Hugo

Polkehn, Klaus, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2

Polska Niezawisła (Independent Poland, newspaper), 5.1

Polska YMCA (Polish section of Young Men’s Christian Association), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

Pomian, Krzysztof, 13.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1

“popular fronts” (1930s, also “national fronts”), 3.1, 3.2

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