The Crisis of Rome

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The Crisis of Rome Page 31

by Gareth Sampson


  445 Parker, H, The Roman Legions (Cambridge, 1928), p.27.

  446 Polyb. 11.23.1 & 11.33.1. An added complication is that the text is Greek not Latin.

  447 Liv.25.39.1, 27.18.10, 28.13.8, 28.14.17, 28.23.8, 28.25.15, 28.33.12, 34.12.6, 34.14.1, 34.14.7, 34.14.10, 34.15.1, 34.19.9, 34.19.10, 34.20.3 & 34.20.5. Sall. Iug. 49.2. See Bell (1965), pp.404–409

  Appendix One

  448 Plut. Mar.28.3–4

  449 If it was indeed Numidicus, it would technically have been illegal for him to hold a second consulship so soon after his first, unless he too received special exemption from the assembly.

  450 Vell. 2.12.6

  451 Plut. Mar. 28.5

  452 Liv. Per. 69

  453 After Romulus, and M. Furius Camillus, who defeated the Gauls that had sacked Rome in c.390/386 BC (see Plutarch’s Life of Camillus).

  454 Plut. Mar. 27.4–5

  455 Ibid.27.6

  456 Plut. Mar. 31

  457 Diod. 36.12, Cic. Sest. 39, Har Resp. 43.

  458 Though there is no clear chronology of the measures he undertook during his first two tribunates and many are interchangeable depending upon ones’ own preferences.

  459 Plut. Mar.28.4

  460 Vell. 2.12.6

  461 Plut. Mar. 30.2. The murder of Memmius can also be found in Liv. Per. 69 and de vir ill. 73.5

  462 Evans (1994), pp.158–159.

  463 See Beness, J, ‘The Urban Unpopularity of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus’, Antichton 25, 1991, pp.33–61.

  464 App. BC. 1.32, Plut. Mar. 30.3. See also Seager, R, ‘The Date of Saturninus’ Murder’, Classical Review 17, 1967, pp.9–10, Badian, E, ‘The Death of Saturninus, Studies in Chronology and Prosopography’, Chiron 14, 1984, pp.101–147 and Evans, R, ‘Saturninus and Glaucia: a quest for power’, Questioning Reputations (Pretoria, 2004), pp.99–131.

  465 Oros. 5. 17.6–10

  466 Vell. 2.12.6

  467 Plut. Mar. 31.1

  468 Ibid. 32.2

  469 App. BC. 1.33; Oros.5.17.11

  470 Dio. fr.28. He had been a former follower of Saturninus and Glaucia, who had been stripped of his equestrian status by Metellus as censor.

  471 For other reasons as to why Marius was out in the east see Broughton, T. (1953), pp.210–211.

  Appendix Two

  472 Different versions of the fragments of Diodorus preserve different names. Diod. 36.8.4

  473 Diod. 36.8.

  474 Diod. 36.10.1, Flor. 2.711

  475 Diod. 36.10.2–3

  476 See Sherk (1984), pp.58–66.

  Appendix Three

  477 Those with Roman citizenship not Latin or Italian status, see Sherwin White, A, The Roman Citizenship (Oxford, 2nd Edition, 1973).

  478 Brunt, P, Italian Manpower 225 BC-AD 14 (Oxford, 1971), pp.13–14.

  479 See Evans (1988), pp.121–140.

  480 Liv. 1.43, Dion. Hal. 4.16–21, Polyb. 6.19.3, Cic. Rep. 2.40, Gell. 16.10.10. See Rathbone, D, ‘The census qualifications of the assidui and the prima classis’, in H. Sancisci-Weerdenburg (ed.) De Agricultura: In Memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve (Amsterdam, 1993), pp.121–152.

  481 Gell. 6.13.My thanks to Professor Tim Cornell for his thoughts on this fragment.

  482 Frederiksen, M, ‘The contribution of archaeology to the agrarian problem in the Gracchan period’, Dialoghi di archeologia 4–5, 1970/71, pp.330–357.

  483 See Morley, N, ‘The Transformation of Italy, 225–28 B.C.’, Journal of Roman Studies 91, 2001, pp.50–62 and de Ligt, L, ‘Poverty and demography. The case of the Gracchan land reforms”, Mnemosyne 57, 2004, 725–757.

  484 Keaveney, A, The Army in the Roman Revolution (London, 2007), p.20.

  485 Evans (1988), pp.121–140.

  486 See note 426.

  Appendix Four

  487 Van Ooteghem, J, Les Caecilii Metelli de la République (Brussels, 1967).

  488 Polyb. 2.19.8. Also see Gwyn Morgan, M, ‘The Defeat of L. Metellus Denter at Arretium’, Classical Quarterly 22, 1972, pp. 309–325 and Salmon, E, ‘Rome’s Battles with Etruscans and Gauls in 284–282 B.C.’, Classical Philology 30, 1935, pp. 23–31.

  489 Valerius Maximus (8.13.2) states that he served for 22 years and was elected four years after his consulship.

  490 See Wiseman, T, ‘The Last of the Metelli’, Latomus 24, 1965, pp.52–61.

  Appendix Five

  491 Matthews, V, ‘The Libri Punici of King Hiempsal’, American Journal of Philology 93, 1972, pp.330–335.

  492 Hendrickson, G, ‘The Memoirs of Rutilius Rufus’, Classical Philology 28, 1933, pp.153–175.

  References

  All translations are taken from the Loeb unless otherwise specified, and amended by the author where necessary.

  Below are a list of the full titles of the ancient works referenced and their modern short codes.

  Amm. Marc Ammianus Marcellinus – History of Rome

  Ampel. Ampelius – Epitome of History

  App. BC Appian – Civil Wars

  App. Gall. Appian – Gallic Wars

  App. Iber Appian – Spanish Wars

  App. Illyr Appian – Illyria Wars

  App. Lib Appian – Libyan Wars

  App. Pun Appian – Punic Wars

  Ascon Asconius – Commentaries on Cicero

  Athen. Athenaeus – Authorities on Banquets

  Aug. Res Gest Augustus – Deeds of the Divine Augustus

  Caes. BA Caesar – African War

  Caes. BG Caesar – Gallic War

  De vir ill De Viris Illustribus (Lives of Famous Men)

  Dio Dio Cassius – History of Rome

  Diod. Diodorus – Library of History

  Eutrop Eutropius – Epitome of Roman History

  Exsuper Julius Exsuperantius – Epitome of Roman History

  Fest Festus – Lexicon

  Fest. Brev Festus – Epitome of Roman History

  Flor Florus – Epitome of Roman History

  Frontin. Str. Frontinus – Stratagems

  Gell. Gellius – The Attic Nights

  Gran.Lic Granius Licinianus – Epitome of Roman History

  Herodot. Herodotus – Histories

  Homer. Homer – Odyssey

  Iord. Rom Jordanes – History of Rome

  Iustin Justin – Epitome of Pompeius Trogus’ History of the World

  Liv. Livy – History of Rome

  Liv. Oxy Oxyrhynchus Fragments of Livy

  Liv. Per The Periochae of Livy

  Lydus. de. mag. Lydus – On Magistrates

  Obseq Julius Obsequens – Summary of Livy

  Oros. Orosius – Seven Books against the Pagans

  Polyb. Polybius – Histories

  Plin. NH Pliny – Natural History

  Plut. Ant. Plutarch – Life of Marcus Antonius

  Plut. CG Plutarch – Life of Caius Gracchus

  Plut. Luc Plutarch – Life of Lucullus

  Plut. Mar Plutarch – Life of Caius Marius

  Plut. Mor Plutarch – Moralia

  Plut. Sert Plutarch – Life of Sertorius

  Plut. Sull Plutarch – Life of Sulla

  Plut. TG Plutarch – Life of Tiberius Gracchus

  Sall. Iug Sallust – Jugurthine Wars

  Strabo Strabo – Geography

  Varr. RR Varro – On Agriculture

  Val Max. Valerius Maximus – Memorable Doings and Sayings

  Vell. Velleius Paterculus – History of Rome

  Vegit. RM Vegetius – Epitome of Military Science

  Zon Zonaras – Extracts of History

  Cicero – Works

  Cic. Brut. Cicero – Brutus

  Cic. Fin Cicero – About the Ends of Goods and Evils (De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum)

  Cic. Inv Cicero – On Invention (De Inventione)

  Cic. Leg Cicero – On Laws (De Legibus)

  Cic. ND Cicero – On the Nature of the Gods (De Natura Deorum)

  Cic. Rep Cicero – On the Republic (De Republica)

  Cicero – Speeches
/>   Cic. Flacc Cicero – In Defence of Flaccus

  Cic. Har Resp Cicero – On the Reply of the Soothsayers

  Cic. Leg Agr Cicero – On the Agrarian Law of Rullus

  Cic. Mil Cicero – In Defence of Milo

  Cic. Off. Cicero – On Duties (De Officiis)

  Cic. Phil Cicero – Philippics

  Cic. Pis Cicero – Against Piso

  Cic. Planc Cicero – In Defence of Plancius

  Cic. Prov.Con Cicero – On the consular Provinces

  Cic. Sest Cicero – In Defence of Sestius

  Cicero – Speeches

  CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum

  ILLRP Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae

  ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae

  Cicero – Speeches

  IG Inscriptiones Graecae

  IGRR Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas pertinentes

  SIG Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum

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  Bernstein, A, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Tradition and Apostasy (Ithaca, 1978)

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  Classen, J-M, ‘Sallust’s Jugurtha: Revel or Freedom Fighter? On Crossing Crocodile Infested Waters’, Classical World 86, 1993, 273–297

  Dijkstra, T., & Parker, V, ‘Through many glasses darkly, Sulla and the End of the Jugurthine War’, Wiener Studien 120, 2007, 137–160

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  Green, C, ‘De Africa et eius incolis: The Function of Geography and Ethnography in Sallust’s History of the Jugurthine War (BJ 17–19)’, Ancient World 24, 1993, 185–197

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  Hayne, L, ‘The Condemnation of Sp. Postumius Albinus’, Acta Classica 24, 1981, 61–70

  Holroyd, M, ‘The Jugurthine War: Was Marius or Metellus the Real Victor?’, Journal of Roman Studies 18, 1928, 1–20

  Kahrstedt, U, Geschichte der Karthager, von O. Meltzer III (Berlin, 1913)

  Kraus, C, ‘Jugurthine Disorder’, The Limits of Historiography (Leiden, 1999), 217–247

  Kurita, N, ‘Who Supported Jugurtha?, The Jugurthine War as a Social Revolution’, in T. Yuge & M. Doi (eds.) Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity (Leiden, 1988), 164–168

  Lafaye, G, ‘L’adoption de Jugurtha dans Salluste’, in Mélenages Boissier. Recueil de Mémoires concernant La Littérature et les Antiquités Romaines dédié a Gaston Boissier (Paris, 1903), 315–317

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  Parker, V, ‘Sallust and the Victor of the Jugurthine War’, Tyche 16, 2001, 111–125

  Paul, G, A Historical Commentary on Sallust’s Bellum Jugurthinum (Liverpool, 1984)

  Pelham, H, ‘The Chronology of the Jugurthine War’, American Journal of Philology 7, 1877, 91–94

  Radnorthy-Alfoldi, M, ‘Die Geschichte des Numidischen Konigreches und seiner Nachfolger’, in H. Horn & C. Ruger (eds.) Die Numider (Bonn, 1979), 43–74

  Rossetti, S, ‘La Numidia e Cartagine fre la II e la III Guerra Punica’, Parola del Passato 15, 1960, 337–353

  Saumagne, C, La Numidie et Rome, Masinissa et Jugurtha (Paris, 1966)

  Scanlon, T, ‘Textual Geography in Sallust’s The War with Jugurtha’, Ramus 17, 1988, 138–175

  Sumner, G, ‘Scaurus and the Mamilian Inquisition’, Phoenix 1, 1976, 73–75

  Shaw, B, ‘Fear and Loathing: The Nomad Menace and Roman Africa’, in C. Wells (ed.), Roman Africa: The Vanier Lectures 1980 (Ottawa, 1982), 29–50

  Suerbaum, W, ‘Rex Ficta Locutus est: Zur Beurteilung der Adherbal- und der Micipsa-Rede in Sallusts “Bellum Iugurthimum”, Hermes 92, 1964, 85–106

  Summers, W, ‘A Note on Sallust’s Jugurtha’, Classical Review 17, 1903, 32–34

  Thompson, L, ‘Carthage and the Massylian “Coup d’Etat” of 206 B.C.’, Historia 30, 1981, 120–126

  Von Fritz, K, ‘Sallust and the Attitude of the Roman Nobility at the Time of the Wars against Jugurtha (112–105 B.C.)’, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 74, 1943, 134–168

  Vretska, K, Studien zu Sallusts Bellum Jugurthinum (Wien, 1955)

  Walsh, P, ‘Massinissa’, Journal of Roman Studies 55, 1965, 149–160

  Wiedemann, T, ‘Sallust’s Jugurtha: Concord, Discord and the Digressions’, Greece & Rome 40, 1993, 48–57

 

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