11. P. McCrone, “The Power of Belief,” New Scientist, March 2004.
12. R. Ingpen and P. Wilkinson, Encyclopedia of Mysterious Places (New York: Viking, 1990).
13. D. Clery, “Taking Laser Science to the Extreme,” Science 328 (2010): 806–807; see also R. Cowen, “Inventing the Light Fantastic,” Science News, May 8, 2010.
14. L. Nordling, “Researchers Launch Hunt for Endangered Data,” Nature 468 (2010): 17.
15. W. Leahy, ed., Shakespeare and His Authors (London: Continuum, 2010); see also J. Shapiro, Contested Will (London: Faber, 2010); R. Fox, Shakespeare’s Education (Buchholz, Ger: Laugwitz Verlag, 2012).
16. P. Howlett and M. S. Morgan, eds., How Well Do Facts Travel? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
17. Pepper, World Hypotheses.
18. Chabris and Simons, Invisible Gorilla.
19. T. Masuda, “Eastern and Western Cultures See Things Very Differently,” Evolutionary-Psychology, March 5, 2008.
20. Science 328 (2010): 997.
21. R. E. Nisbett and T. Masuda, “Culture and Point of View,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (2003): 11163–70.
22. J. Haidt, “Revealing the Origins of Morality—Good and Evil, Liberal and Conservative,” Science Daily, May 18, 2007.
23. King, 2006. Source lost.
24. C. A. Anderson, “Belief Perseverance,” in Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, ed. R. F. Baumeister and K. D. Vohs (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 2007), pp. 109–10.
25. J. Bond, “Risk School,” Nature 461 (2009): 1189–92.
26. K. Bach, “Critical Notice,” review of Perspectives on Self-Deception, ed. Brian P. McLaughlin and Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, http://userwww.sfsu.edu/kbach/SDreview.htm (accessed June 3, 2013); see also R. Trivers, Social Evolution (Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1985); R. Trivers, “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1971): 35–57.
27. J. Ree, “All the Time,” Times Literary Supplement, November 26, 2010.
28. C. Frost et al., “The Psychology of Self-Deception as Illustrated in Literary Characters,” Janus Head, March 19, 2003.
29. E. Pennisi, “Talking in Tongues,” Science 303 (2004):1321–23.
30. J. R. Searle, Making the Social World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
31. H. Ledford, “Mental-Health Guide Accused of Overreach,” Nature 479 (2011): 14; see also H. Ledford, Nature 279 (2012): 21.
32. E. Kintisch, “Critics Are Far Less Prominent Than Supporters,” Science 328 (2010): 1622.
33. M. Zaho and S. W. Running, “Drought-Induced Reduction in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 2000 through 2009,” Science 329 (2010): 940–43; see also T. P. Barnett et al., “Potential Impacts of a Warming Climate on Water Availability in Snow-Dominated Regions,” Nature 438 (2005): 303–309; J. Tollefson, “An Erosion of Trust?” Nature 466 (2010): 24–26; W. W. Iummerzeel et al., “Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers,” Science 328 (2010): 1382–86; D. Fox, “Could East Antarctica Be Headed for Big Melt?” Science 328 (2010): 1630–31; and D. M. Sigman et al., “The Polar Ocean and Glacial Cycles in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration,” Nature 466 (2010): 47–55.
34. R. J. Nicholls and A. Cazenave, “Sea-Level Rise and Impact on Costal Zones,” Science 328 (2010): 1517–22.
35. S. C. Doney, “The Growing Human Footprint on Costal and Open-Ocean Waters,” Science 328 (2010): 1512–16; see also O. Hoegh-Guldberg and J. F. Bruno, “The Impact of Climate Change on the World’s Marine Ecosystems,” Science 328 (2010): 1523–28.
36. M. Zahn and H. von Storch, “Decreasing Frequency of North Atlantic Polar Lows Associated with Future Climate Warming,” Nature 467 (2010): 309–12; see also M. E. Dillon et al., “Global Metabolic Impacts of Recent Climate Warming,” Nature 467 (2010): 704–706; N. Gilbert, “Biodiversity Hope Faces Extinction,” Nature 467 (2010): 764; M. Jung et al., “Recent Decline in the Global Land Evapotranspiration Trend Due to Limited Moisture Supply,” Nature 467 (2010): 951–54; A. A. Lacis et al., “Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperature,” Science 330 (2010): 356–59; and N. Jones, “Human Influence Comes of Age,” Nature 473 (2011): 133.
37. R. Secord et al., “Continental Warming Preceding the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum,” Nature 467 (2010): 955–58; see also Kintisch, “Critics Are Far Less Prominent Than Supporters.”
38. P. N. Pearson, “Increased Atmospheric CO2 during the Middle Eocene,” Science 330 (2010): 763–64.
39. W. F. Ruddiman, “A Paleoclimatic Enigma,” Science 328 (2010): 838–39.
40. S. Jasanoff, “Testing Time for Climate Science,” Science 328 (2010): 695–96; see also P. A. Stott and P. W. Thorne, “How Best to Log Local Temperatures?” Nature 465 (2010): 158–59; P. Kitcher, “The Climate Change Debates,” Science 328 (2010): 1230–34; and Pearson, “Increased Atmospheric CO2 during the Middle Eocene.”
41. J. Tollefson, “A Chilly Season for Climate Crusaders,” Nature 467 (2010c): 762–63.
42. M. Lott, “Eight Botched Environmental Forecasts,” Fox News, December 30, 2010.
43. J. Tollefson, “Climate Talks Focus on Lesser Goals,” Nature 468 (2010d): 488–89; see also Tollefson, “Chilly Season for Climate Crusaders”; and Lott, “Eight Botched Environmental Forecasts.”
CHAPTER 7. SEEING WHAT WE BELIEVE
1. G. L. Walsh and the Bradshaw Foundation, Bradshaws: Ancient Rock Paintings of North-West Australia (Carouge-Geneva, Switz.: Edition Limitée, 1994).
2. G. L. Walsh, Bradshaw Art of the Kimberley (Toowong, Queensland, Aus.: Takarakka Nowan Kas Publications, 2010).
3. F. Bacon, Francis Bacon: The Major Works, ed. Brian Vickers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 112.
4. C. A. Anderson, “Belief Perseverance,” in Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, ed. R. F. Baumeister and K. D. Vohs (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2007), pp. 109–10.
5. R. E. Nisbett and L. D. Ross, Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980).
6. G. Quarton et al., “Man-Machine Natural Language Exchanges Based on Selected Features of Unrestricted Input (1): The Development of the Time-Shared Computer as a Research Tool in Studying Dyadic Communication,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 5 (1967): 165–77; M. T. McGuire et al., “Man-Machine Natural Language Exchanges Based on Selected Features of Unrestricted Input (2): The Development of the Time-Shared Computer as a Research Tool in Studying Dyadic Communication,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 5 (1967): 179–91.
7. M. Shermer, The Believing Brain (New York: Times Books, 2011).
8. M. Nissani et al., “Experimental Studies of Belief Dependence of Observations and of Resistance to Conceptual Change,” Cognition & Instruction 9 (1992): 97–111.
9. P. Boyer, “Religion: Bound to Believe?” Nature 455 (2008): 1038–39.
10. R. R. Britt, “Monsters, Ghosts, and Gods: Why We Believe,” Live Science, August 18, 2008.
11. D. L. Rosenhan, “On Being Sane in Insane Places,” Science 179 (1973): 250–58.
CHAPTER 8. RELIGION AS AN EXCEPTION TO SCIENCE—OR IS IT?
1. Francis Aveling, The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (New York: Robert Appleton, 1907), s.v. “belief,” http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02408b.htm (accessed June 4, 2013).
2. P. Bloom, “Religion Is Natural,” Developmental Science 10 (2007): 147–51; see also P. Bloom, “Is God an Accident?” Atlantic Monthly (December 2005): 105–12; T. Tremlin, Minds and Gods: The Cognitive Foundations of Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); J. Barrett, “Humans ‘Predisposed’ to Believe in Gods and the Afterlife,” Other Sciences/Social Sciences, May 16, 2011; D. C. Dennett, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (New York: Viking/Allen Lane, 2006); and P. Ricoeur, The Symbolism of Evil (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969).
3. S. J. Gould, Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life (New York: Ballantine, 1999).
4.
B. Graham, “Are You Far from Home?” Decision (September 2007): 4.
5. K. Armstrong, “Two Paths to the Same Old Truths,” New Scientist, July 30, 2005.
6. J. Feierman, “Pedophilia: Its Relationship to the Homosexualities and the Roman Catholic Church, Part I,” Antonianum 85 (2010): 451–77.
7. R. Dawkins, The God Delusion (New York: Bantam Books, 2006); see also Dennett, Breaking the Spell.
8. J. Repcheck, Copernicus’ Secret (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007).
9. O. Neugebauer, The Exact Sciences in Antiquity (1957; repr., New York: Dover, 1969).
10. K. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935; repr., London: Routledge, 2009); see also I. Lakatos, Proofs and Refutations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).
11. T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
12. A. Zewail, “Curiouser and Curiouser: Managing Discovery Making,” Nature 468 (2010): 342.
13. H. Waltzman, “Chemists Help Archaeologists to Probe Biblical History,” Nature 468 (2010): 614–15.
14. M. D. Coe, The Maya, 7th ed. (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2005); see also “Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan,” UNESCO, July 18, 2008; M. Balter, “Was North Africa the Launch Pad for Modern Human Migrations?” Science 331 (2011): 20–23.
15. J. Lehrer, “The Truth Wares Off,” New Yorker, December 13, 2010.
16. Gould, Rocks of Ages.
17. E. B. Davies, Why Beliefs Matter: Reflections on the Nature of Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
18. J. Jackson, A World on Fire (New York: Penguin, 2005).
19. A. Gann and J. Witkowski, “The Lost Correspondence of Francis Crick,” Nature 467 (2010): 519–24.
20. S. Okasha, “Altruism Researchers Must Cooperate,” Nature 467 (2010): 653–55.
21. R. Dalton, “Disputed Ground,” Nature 466 (2010): 176–78.
22. H. Caton, “Truth Management in the Sciences,” Search 19 (1988): 242–44; see also E. Callaway, “Report Finds Massive Fraud at Dutch Universities,” Nature 479 (2011): 15; E. S. Reich, “Biologist Spared Jail for Grant Fraud,” Nature 474 (2011): 552.
23. J. Beahrs, personal communication with the author.
24. D. Kahan, “Why Scientific Consensus Fails to Persuade,” Phys.org, September 14, 2010.
25. Ibid.
26. C. Scheitle, “Losing Your Religion Deemed Unhealthy,” Medicine & Health/Psychology & Psychiatry, September 22, 2010.
27. C. Drew, “New Studies Show Reduced Depression with Transcendental Meditation,” Medicine & Health/Psychology & Psychiatry, April 7, 2010.
28. K. J. Flannelly et al., “Beliefs about Life-after-Death, Psychiatric Symptomology and Cognitive Theories of Psychopathology,” Journal of Psychology and Theology 36 (2008): 94–103.
29. A. Newberg and M. R. Waldman, How God Changes Your Brain (New York: Ballantine, 2009).
30. B. Bower, “Happiness Found in Next Pew Over,” Science News, January 1, 2011.
31. J. Feierman, “The Image of God to Whom We Pray: An Evolutionary Psychobiological Perspective,” Pensamiento 67254 (2012): 817–29.
32. L. Tiger and M. McGuire, God’s Brain (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2010); see also R. A. Scott, Miracle Cures (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).
33. N. Krause, “Church-Based Social Relationships and Change in Self-Esteem over Time,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 48 (2009): 744–88.
34. P. McNamara, “The Motivational Origins of Religious Practices,” Zygon 37 (2002): 143–60.
35. R. Sloan, quoted in J. Kluger, “The Biology of Belief,” Time, February 12, 2009.
36. L. Wolpert, Six Impossible Things before Breakfast (London: Faber and Faber, 2006).
37. G. Basalla, Civilized Life in the Universe (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
38. F. Tipler, The Physics of Christianity (New York: Doubleday, 2007).
39. D. Kapogiannis et al., “Cognitive and Neural Foundations of Religious Belief,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Early Edition 106 (February 3, 2009): 4876–81; see also R. Wright, The Evolution of God (Boston: Little, Brown, 2009).
40. Basalla, Civilized Life in the Universe.
41. F. S. Collins, The Language of God (New York: Free Press, 2006).
CHAPTER 9. PHILOSOPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
1. J. Cornwell, Newman’s Unquiet Grave (London: Continuum, 2010).
2. P. Radin, Primitive Man as Philosopher (1927; repr., New York: Dover, 1957).
3. New Columbia Encyclopedia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), s.v. “manichaeans.”
4. J. M. Scher, ed., Theories of the Mind (New York: Free Press, 1962); see also T. S. Hall, Ideas of Life and Matter, vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).
5. J. Beahrs, personal communication with the author.
6. G. H. Mead. On Social Psychology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), p. 88.
7. A. Damasio, Descartes’ Error (1994; repr., London: Vintage, 2005), p. 248.
8. G. Ryle, The Concept of Mind (1949; repr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
9. H. Plotkin, Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994).
10. R. Shorto, Descartes’ Bones (New York: Doubleday, 2008).
11. P. Bloom, Descartes’ Baby (New York: Free Press, 2004); see also M. Shermer, The Believing Brain (New York: Times Books, 2011).
12. S. Gaidos, “Going Under,” Science News, May 21, 2011.
13. J. A. Fodor, The Mind Doesn’t Work That Way: The Scope and Limits of Computational Psychology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000); see also J. A. Fodor, RePresentations: Philosophical Essays on the Foundations of Cognitive Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978).
14. R. Menary, ed., The Extended Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010).
15. R. B. Adams Jr. et al., “Effects of Gaze on Amygdala Sensitivity to Anger and Fear Faces,” Science 300 (2005): 1536.
16. P. J. Whalen et al., “Human Amygdala Responsivity to Masked Fearful Eye Whites,” Science 306 (2004): 2061.
17. M. J. Raleigh et al., “Social and Environmental Influences on Blood Serotonin Concentrations in Monkeys,” Archives of General Psychiatry 41 (1984): 405–10.
18. L. Pessoa, “State of the Art,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 12 (2010): 433–48.
19. S. Gaidos, “Cerebral Delights,” Science News, February 26, 2011).
20. D. G. Myers, “Theories of Emotion,” in Psychology, 7th ed., ed. D. G. Myers (New York: Worth Publishers, 2004).
21. N. H. Frijda, The Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
22. Damasio, Descartes’ Error; see also Myers, “Theories of Emotion.”
23. D. L. Schacter, Searching for Memory (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
24. A. Bechara et al., “Deciding Advantageously before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy,” Science 275 (1997): 1293–94; see also Damasio, Descartes’ Error.
25. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (New York: Harcourt, 1999).
26. P. Ekman, “Universals and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion,” in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1971, ed. J. Cole, 19 (1972): 207–83.
27. M. Eid and D. Diener, “Norms for Experiencing Emotions in Different Cultures: Inter- and Intranational Differences,” Journal Personality and Social Psychology (2001): 36–45.
28. R. J. Davidson et al., “The Privileged Status of Emotion in the Brain,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (August 17, 2004): 11915–16.
29. S. Harris et al., “The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief,” Public Library of Science (September 30, 2009), http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007272 (accessed June 5, 2013); see also S. Harris et al., “Functional Neuroimaging of Belief, Disbelief, and Uncertainty,” Annals of N
eurology 63 (2008): 141–47.
30. V. Goel and R. J. Dolan, “Explaining Modulation of Reasoning by Belief,” Cognition 87 (2003): B11–B21.
31. J. Kluger, “The Biology of Belief,” Time, February 12, 2009.
32. B. Johnstone and B. A. Glass, “Support for a Neuropsychological Model of Spirituality in Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury,” Zygon 43 (2008): 861–74.
33. R. Saxe, “Moral Judgments Can Be Altered by Disrupting Specific Brain Regions,” Medicine & Health/Neuroscience, March 29, 2010; see also L. Young, “Emotions Key to Judging Others,” Medicine & Health/Neuroscience, March 24, 2010; J. R. Feierman, “Pedophilia: Its Relationship to Homosexualities and the Roman Catholic Church,” Antonianum 85 (2010): 451–57.
34. K. R. Ridderinkhof et al., “Alcohol Consumption Impairs Detection of Performance Errors in Mediofrontal Cortex,” Science 298 (2002): 2209–11.
35. R. R. Griffiths et al., “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” Psychopharmacology 187 (2006): 268–83.
36. P. J. Zak, “The Neurobiology of Trust,” Scientific American (June 2008).
37. J. S. Allen, The Lives of the Brain (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
38. M. E. Raichie, “The Brain’s Dark Energy,” Science 314 (2006): 1249–50.
39. M. A. Killingworth and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330 (2010): 932.
CHAPTER 10. AWARENESS, BELIEF, AND THE PHYSICAL BRAIN
1. R. A. Burton, On Being Certain (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2008), p. 217.
2. Ibid., p. 218.
3. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed. (Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2006), s.v. “awareness.”
4. M. Jeannerod, “Consciousness of Action as an Embodied Consciousness,” in Does Consciousness Cause Behavior? ed. S. Pockett et al. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), pp. 25–38; see also G. Miller, “Feedback from Frontal Cortex May Be a Signature of Consciousness,” Science 332 (2011): 779.
5. B. Bruya, ed., Effortless Attention (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010); see also T. Bayne, “Phenomenology and the Feeling of Doing: Wegner on the Conscious Will,” in Pockett, Does Consciousness Cause Behavior?, pp. 169–86.
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