by Will Durant
62. Ibid., 172.
63. Article “Privileges.”
64. Article “Art.”
65. Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations, I, 5.
66. Diderot, Prospectus, in Havens, 307.
67. Wilson, 136.
68. Grimm, Correspondance, VII, 146.
69. Lough, introd., xiv.
70. Art. “Encyclopedia.”
CHAPTER XX
1. Enc. Brit., XVII, 614.
2. Cru, Diderot, 234.
3. Ibid., 395.
4. Dupee, F. W., Great French Short Novels, 8.
5. Vartanian, Diderot and Descartes, 115.
6. Pensées sur l’interprétation de la nature, Sec. LVIII, in Fellows and Torrey, Age of Enlightenment, 276, and Wilson, Diderot, 194.
7. Faguet, Dix-huitième siècle, 334.
8. Letter of Sept. 2, 1769, to Sophie Volland.
9. Letter of Sept. 11, 1769.
10. Letter of Sept. 2, 1769.
11. Diderot, Dialogues, 34–35.
12. Ibid., 43.
13. 53.
14. 57.
15. 69.
16. 79–80.
17. 93.
18. 96.
19. 105.
20. 110.
21. Fellows and Torrey, Diderot Studies, II, 322.
22. Crocker, Embattled Philosopher, 318.
23. Ibid., 320.
24. Ibid., 409; Crocker, Age of Crisis, 124.
25. Letter to Damilaville, 1766, in Morley, Diderot, I, 20.
26. Cru, 65.
27. Diderot, Jacques the Fatalist, 125.
28. Diderot, Plan for a University, in La Fontainerie, French Liberalism and Education in the 18th Century, 279.
29. Enc. Brit., IV, 419a.
30. Crocker, Embattled Philos., 319.
31. Cru, 417.
32. Grimm, Correspondance, 1770, in Diderot, Oeuvres, 957–59.
33. Fellows and Torrey, Diderot Studies, I, 67.
34. Ibid., 68.
35. These passages are listed in Diderot, Jacques the Fatalist, 271–73.
36. Ibid., 8.
37. 166.
38. Crocker, Embattled Philos., 268.
39. Neveu de Rameau, in Diderot, Oeuvres, 249.
40. Fellows and Torrey, Diderot Studies, I, 143 f.
41. Oeuvres, 191.
42. G. B. Shaw’s phrase.
43. Oeuvres, 262, 270.
44. Ibid., 222.
45. 218.
46. 268.
47. 220.
48. Dialogues, 119–20.
49. Ibid., 146.
50. 140–41.
51. 154.
52. “Essay on Women,” in Dialogues, 186.
53. Crocker, Age of Crisis, 101.
54. Crocker, Embattled Philos., 340.
55. Crocker, Age of Crisis, 209.
56. Ibid., 274.
57. Neveu de Rameau, in Crocker, Age of Crisis, 209.
58. Ibid., 105.
59. 104.
60. Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville, in Dialogues, 157.
61. Crocker, Embattled Philos., 343.
62. Articles “Civil Liberty” and “Representatives.”
63. Diderot, Oeuvres, Édition Assézat et Tourneux (Paris, 1875–77), IX, 16.
64. Ibid., II, 412, in Morley, Diderot, II, 242–43.
65. Cru, 135.
66. Ellis, Havelock, The New Spirit, 62.
67. Havens, Age of Ideas, 341.
68. Crocker, Embattled Philos., 398.
69. Ibid., 393.
70. Diderot, Salons, I, I.
71. Ibid., 79.
72. Faguet, Dix-huitième Siècle, 230.
73. Diderot, Salons, I, 188.
74. Crocker, 176.
75. Ibid., 196.
76. Chambers, F. P., History of Taste, 146.
77. Ibid., 140 f.
78. Hauser, Arnold, Social History of Art, II, 533.
79. Salons, I, 418.
80. Morley, Diderot, II, 79.
81. Crocker, 19.
82. Cru, 287.
83. Wilson, 273.
84. Crocker, 243.
85. Wilson, 326.
86. Voltaire, Phil. Dict., article “Rhyme.”
87. Wilson, 237.
88. Sime, Lessing, I, 209.
89. Diderot, Paradox of Acting, 14, 18.
90. Cru, 328.
91. Hamlet, III, ii.
92. Lee Strasberg, in Diderot, Paradox of Acting, introd., x.
93. Wordsworth’s phrase.
94. Ellis, The New Spirit, 56.
95. Hazard, 383.
96. Crocker, Embattled Philos., 232–33.
97. Michelet, V, 408n.
98. Morley, Diderot, I, 30.
99. Mme. d’Épinay, Memoirs, II, 73.
100. Taine, Ancient Regime, 266.
101. Diderot, Oeuvres, 143.
102. Crocker, 26.
103. Salons, II, 354.
104. Crocker, 147.
105. Ibid.
106. Letter of July 14, 1762.
107. Crocker, 297.
108. Ibid., 213–15.
109. 220.
110. “Regrets sur ma vieille robe de chambre,” in Oeuvres, 733.
111. Crocker, 301.
112. Morley, I, 262.
113. Crocker, 302.
114. Marmontel, Memoirs, I, 360.
115. Morley, Diderot, I, 41.
116. Crocker, 292.
117. Wilson, 8.
118. Morley, I, 10.
119. Fellows and Torrey, Diderot Studies, I, ix.
120. Letter to King Stanislas Poniatowski in Aldis, Madame Geoffrin, 185.
121. Fellows and Torrey, Diderot Studies, I, vii.
CHAPTER XXI
1. Cumming, Ian, Helvétius, 36.
2. Ibid., 57.
3. Marmontel, Memoirs, I, 258.
4. Cumming, 137.
5. Parton, Voltaire, II, 302.
6. Helvétius, Treatise on Man (De l’Homme), Vol. II, p. 480.
7. Grimm, Corresp., II, 262.
8. Helvétius, Treatise on Man, Section II, Ch. iii.
9. Helvétius, De l’Esprit, p. 11.
10. Ibid., in Grossman, Philosophy of Helvétius, 88.
11. Helvétius, De l’Esprit, 175, 222, 277.
12. Treatise on Man, IV, i.
13. Ibid., III, ii and iv.
14. IV, xxiii.
15. IV, iii and i.
16. VI, i.
17. De l’Esprit, p. 489.
18. Treatise, VII, iv.
19. Ibid., I, iii.
20. II, xxi.
21. I, ix.
22. II, xxii.
23. I, iii.
24. I, x.
25. VII, i.
26. I, ii.
27. VII, i.
28. De l’Esprit, p. 174.
29. Treatise, IX, xxxi.
30. Ibid., IV, xxi.
31. I, xiv.
32. I, xiii-xiv.
33. VII, xii.
34. VII, iii and iv.
35. Mordecai Grossman in Horowitz, Claude Helvétius, p. 18.
36. Treatise, V, iii-x.
37. Ibid., VI, viii.
38. V, iii-iv.
39. V, iii.
40. De l’Esprit, p. 279; Cumming, 79.
41. Treatise, VI, i.
42. De l’Esprit, pp. 6, 17.
43. In Martin, K., p. 180.
44. Treatise, II, vii.
45. De l’Esprit, p. 269.
46. Ibid., 47; Grossman, Philosophy of Helvétius, 96.
47. De l’Esprit, 29.
48. Ibid., 184, 144.
49. Treatise, IV, ii.
50. Horowitz, p. 100.
51. Ibid., 121.
52. Treatise, VI, v and x.
53. Ibid., VI, xv.
54. VI, vii and xi.
55. VIII, iii and v.
56. Brunetière, Essays in French Literature, p. 327.
57. Buckle, I, 624n.
58
. Cassirer, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 64.
59. Crocker, Age of Crisis, 123.
60. In Grossman, Philosophy of Helvétius, 147.
61. Crocker, Embattled Philos., 408.
62. Victor Cousin, Histoire de la philosophie, III, 201, in Buckle, I, 624n.
63. Money, Diderot, II, 141.
64. Cumming, 218.
65. Morley, II, 142.
66. Grossman, 169.
67. Marmontel, Memoirs, I, 258.
68. Cumming, 139.
69. De l’Esprit, 87; Morley, II, 157.
70. D’Alembert, Éléments de philosophie, in Cassirer, Enlightenment, 4.
71. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, II, 105.
72. Wickwar, Baron d’Holbach, 86.
73. Ibid., 59–60; Mornet, Origines, 107.
74. Gooch, Catherine the Great and Other Studies, 192.
75. Marmontel, Memoirs, I, 256.
76. Morley, Life of Voltaire, 215.
77. Morley, Diderot, II, 193.
78. Robertson, J. M., Short History of Free-thought, II, 254.
79. Morley, Diderot, II, 194.
80. Rousseau, Confessions, 139.
81. Robertson, J. M., II, 254.
82. Morley, Diderot, II, 215.
83. Wickwar, 22.
84. Ibid., 23, 27.
85. Diderot, letter of May 10, 1759.
86. Marmontel, I, 351.
87. Ibid.
88. Wickwar, 39; Burton, Life of Hume, II, 220.
89. Gibbon, Memoirs, in Mossner, Life of David Hume, 485.
90. Priestley, Memoirs, I, 74, in Buckle, I, 62m.
91. Wickwar, 25.
92. Ibid., 38.
93. Mme. d’Épinay, Memoirs, II, 169.
94. Ibid., 130.
95. Wickwar, 109.
96. Robertson, J. M., II, 272.
97. Grimm, Corresp., Aug. 10, 1789.
98. Ibid.
99. Wickwar, 86.
100. D’Holbach, Le Christianisme dévoilé, in Pomeau, La Religion de Voltaire, 293.
101. Wickwar, 126.
102. Ibid., 135.
103. 127.
104. Phil. Dict., art. “God,” Sec. 4.
105. Morley, Diderot, II, p. 159.
106. D’Holbach, System of Nature, preface, pp. viii-x.
107. Ibid., Vol. I, Ch. ii.
108. I, i.
109. I, ii and viii.
110. I, xiii.
111. I, ix.
112. Morley, Diderot, II, p. 74.
113. D’Holbach, System, I, Ch. xi.
114. Ibid., I, i.
115. Dakin, Turgot and the Ancien Régime, p. 16.
116. Martin, K., 175.
117. D’Holbach, System, II, Ch. vi.
118. Ibid., II, v.
119. I, xiii.
120. Ibid.
121. II, iv.
122. II, v.
123. II, xii.
124. System, appendix, Ch. xxiii.
125. System, I, xiii.
126. Ibid., I, vii.
127. D’Holbach, Morale universelle, Vol. I, Ch. i, in Fellows and Torrey, Age of Enlightenment, p. 362.
128. Ibid., 363.
129. System of Nature, I, xv.
130. Ibid., appendix, xix.
131. System, I, xiv.
132. D’Holbach, Politique naturelle, Part IV, Ch. xxvii, in Wickwar, 182.
133. Éthocratie, Ch. x, in Hazard, 264.
134. Politique naturelle, Part VI, Ch. xiv.
135. Cumming, 112.
136. Politique naturelle, in Martin, K., 188.
137. Ibid., 189.
138. Wickwar, 178.
139. Martin, K., 189.
140. Wickwar, 178.
141. System of Nature, Vol. I, Ch. xiv.
142. Politique naturelle, Part VI, Ch. xxxix, in Wickwar, 212–13.
143. Système social, Vol. II, 151, in Cobban, In Search of Humanity, 166.
144. System of Nature, I, xiv.
145. D’Holbach, Contagion sacrée, 145, in Wickwar, 141.
146. In Mornet, Origines, 103.
147. System of Nature, I, ix.
148. Système social, II, ii, in Cassirer, The Question of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 68.
149. Politique naturelle, Part I, Ch. vi, in Frankel, The Faith of Reason, 71.
150. Mornet, 103.
151. Lanfrey, L’Église et les philosophes, 331.
152. Phil. Dict., art. “God.”
153. Wickwar, 89.
154. Morley, Diderot, 183.
155. Faguet, Literary History of France, 497.
156. Wickwar, 111.
157. Hearnshaw, Social and Political Ideas of… the Age of Reason, 213.
158. Wickwar, 113.
CHAPTER XXII
1. This is what Faguet forgot in one of the most biased essays in French literature; see, e.g., Dix-huitième Siècle, 210.
2. Wade, Studies in Voltaire, 67.
3. Phil. Dict., art. “Emblems.”
4. Noyes, Voltaire, 487.
5. Phil. Dict., art, “God.”
6. Desnoiresterres, V, 167.
7. Pomeau, Religion de Voltaire, 422.
8. Voltaire, Works, VIIb, 82.
9. Mornet, Origines, 82; Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire, 254, 283.
10. Phil. Dict., in Works, VIIa, 62.
11. In Pomeau, 400, and Crocker, Age of Crisis, 385.
12. Parton, Voltaire, II, 432.
13. Pomeau, 159, 183.
14. Lévy-Bruhl, 185–86.
15. Letter of May 20, 1738, in Voltaire and Frederick the Great, Letters, 115.
16. Voltaire, Notebooks, I, 402.
17. Traité de métaphysique, Ch. ix.
18. La Loi naturelle, in Works, Xb, 25–26.
19. Ibid.; Fellows and Torrey, Age of Enlightenment, 424.
20. Bottiglia, Voltaire’s Candide, 108; Mowat, Age of Reason, 36.
21. Letter of Oct., 1753, to d’Alembert, in Desnoiresterres, V, 163.
22. In Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire, 87.
23. Letters of May 24 and Dec. 22, 1757.
24. Voltaire, Oeuvres, ed. Moland, XXXIX, 363. See also Pomeau, 301; Naves, Voltaire et l’Encyclopédie, 53.
25. Naves, 54–57.
26. Ibid., 62–63; Pomeau, 302.
27. Campbell, The Jesuits, 453.
28. Nicolson, H., Age of Reason, 81.
29. In Smith, P., II, 540.
30. Pope, Essay on Man.
31. Parton, II, 215.
32. Voltaire, Romans, I, 165, 169.
33. Ibid., 233.
34. 237.
35. 257.
36. Bottiglia, 249.
37. Pomeau, 318.
38. Martin, H., Histoire de France, IX, 127.
39. Pomeau, 319–21.
40. Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, Eng. tr., I, 360.
41. Parton, II, 356.
42. Desnoiresterres, VI, 160.
43. “Essay on toleration,” in Voltaire, Selected Works, 78; Pomeau, 325.
44. Our account is based upon A. Coquerel’s Jean Calas et sa famille (Paris, 1858), as summarized in Parton, II, 367.
45. Letter of Mar. 1, 1765.
46. Ibid.
47. Text in Parton, II, 356.
48. Letter of Mar. 29, 1762.
49. Letter of Sept., 1762, in Gay, Voltaire’s Politics, 277.
50. Brandes, Voltaire, II, 196.
51. Voltaire, Selected Works, 86.
52. Ibid., 113.
53. Parton, II, 433.
54. Mornet, Origines, 112.
55. Selected Works, 88.
56. Ibid., 100, 108.
57. Voltaire, Works, IIb, 277.
58. Brandes, II, 214.
59. Desnoiresterres, VII, 469.
60. Parton, II, 397.
61. Ibid.
62. Desnoiresterres, VI, 493.
63. Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire, 129.
64. Letter of Frederick the Great, Aug.
7, 1766.
65. Letter of Frederick, Sept., 1766, in Brandes, II, 231.
66. Diderot, Oeuvres, 220.
67. Chaponnière, Voltaire chez les Calvinistes, 260.
68. In Brandes, II, 232.
69. Voltaire, Correspondance, ed. Besterman, Letter 7584.
70. Pomeau, 311.
71. Phil. Dict., art. “Superstition.”
72. Letter of June 3, 1760.
73. Letter of Dec. 6, 1757.
74. Pomeau, 213; Bertrand, D’Alembert, 118.
75. Voltaire and Frederick, Letters, 283.
76. Parton, II, 285.
77. Letter to Damilaville, Apr. 5, 1765.
78. Frederick to Voltaire, Sept. 9, 1739.
79. Voltaire, Oeuvres complètes, XLIII, 198–200.
80. Selected Works, 59.
81. Phil. Dict., art. “Laws.”
82. J. Gaberel in Parton, II, 428.
83. Luke xxi, 27–32.
84. Questions of Zapata, No. 58, in Selected Works, 34.
85. Ibid., Nos. 65–66.
86. Ibid., No. 66.
87. Parton, 286.
88. Letter of June 4, 1767.
89. New Camb. Mod. History, VII, 152.
90. Phil. Dict., art. “God.”
91. Letter of Nov. 28, 1752.
92. Oeuvres complètes, XLI, 570, in Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire, 279.
93. Phil. Dict., art. “Sin.”
94. Pomeau, 373.
95. Works, Ib, 139.
96. Phil. Dict., art. “Miracles.”
97. Pomeau, 348.
98. Ibid., 374.
99. Phil. Dict., art. “Climate.”
100. Art. “Grace.”
101. Profession de foi des théistes, in Black, Art of History, 57.
102. Works, XIXa, 228.
103. Ibid., 238.
104. Traité de métaphysique.
105. Crocker, Age of Crisis, 385.
106. Ibid., 190; cf. Phil. Dict., art. “Atheism,” and art. “God,” Sec. v.
107. Art. “Hell.”
108. Art. “Fraud.”
109. Art. “Morality.”
110. Voltaire, The Ignorant Philosopher, Secs. II-III.
111. Ibid., III-IV.
112. XIII.
113. XIV.
114. XVII, XIX.
115. XX.
116. XXIV.
117. LI.
118. Works, IIa, 312–16.
119. Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland, 304.
120. Noyes, Voltaire, 555; Pomeau, 411.
121. Voltaire, Oeuvres complètes, XXVI, 199, in Pomeau, 438.
122. Art. “Curate.”
123. Pomeau, 439.
124. Essai sur les moeurs, Ch. cxxxix, in Ducros, French Society in the 18th Century, 199.
125. Desnoiresterres, VI, 118.
126. Ibid., 63–64; Pomeau, 431.
127. Desnoiresterres, VII, 237.
128. Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire, 225.
129. Desnoiresterres, VII, 228.
130. Ibid., 287.
131. Pomeau, 390.
132. Diderot, Letters to Sophie Volland, I, 29, in Pomeau, 332.