by Will Durant
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HEROLD, J. CHRISTOPHER, The Swiss without Halos. New York, 1948.
HIMES, NORMAN, Medical History of Contraception. Baltimore, 1936.
HOBHOUSE, LEONARD T., Morals in Evolution. New York, 1916.
HOLBACH, BARON PAUL HENRI DIETRICH D’, The System of Nature, tr. H. O. Robinson, 2v. in 1. Boston, 1868.
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HOROWITZ, I.L., Claude Helvétius. New York, 1954.
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_______, Enquiries concerning the Human Understanding and concerning the Principles of Morals. Oxford University Press, 1955.
_______, Essays and Treatises, 4v. London, 1770.
_______, Essays, Moral and Political. London: Ward, Locke, & Co., n.d.
_______, History of England, 5v. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, n.d.
________, Treatise of Human Nature, 2v. Everyman’s Library.
HUXLEY, THOMAS H., Hume. New York, 1901.
_______, Science and Education. New York, 1896.
INGE, WILLLIAM R., Christian Mysticism. London, 1899.
JAMES, B. B., Women of England. Philadelphia, 1908.
JARDINE, SIR WILLIAM, The Naturalist’s Library. London, n.d.
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JEFFERSON, D. W., ed., Eighteenth-Century Prose. Pelican Books, 1956.
JOHNSON, SAMUEL, Lives of the English Poets, 2v. Everyman’s Library.
________, The Rambler. Everyman’s Library.
KAVANAGH, JULIA, Woman in France during the Eighteenth Century, 2v. New York, 1893.
KÖHLER, CARL, A History of Costume. New York, 1928.
KOVEN, ANNA DE, Horace Walpole and Madame du Deffand. New York, 1929.
KRUTCH, JOSEPH WOOD, Samuel Johnson. New York, 1945.
LA BRUYÈRE and VAUVENARGUES, Selections. New York, 1903.
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LANFREY, PIERRE, L’Église et les philosophes au dixhuitiéme siècle. Paris, 1857.
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LÁNG, P. H., Music in Western Civilization. New York, 1941.
LANGDON-DAVIES, JOHN, Short History of Women. New York, 1927.
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__________, Superstition and Force. Philadelphia, 1892.
LECKY, WILLIAM E., History of England in the Eighteenth Century, 8v. London, 1888.
__________, History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe, 2v. London, 1910.
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LICHTENBERGER, ANDRÉ, Le Socialisme et la Révolution française. Paris, 1899.
LIPSON, E., Growth of English Society. London, 1949.
LOCY, W. A., Biology and Its Makers. New York, 1915.
__________, Growth of Biology. New York, 1925.
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LOVEJOY, ARTHUR, Essays in the History of Ideas. Baltimore, 1948.
__________, The Great Chain of Being. Cambridge, Mass., 1953.
LÜTZOW, COUNT FRANZ VON, Bohemia. Everyman’s Library.
MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON, Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays and Poems, 2v. New York, 1886.
__________, Critical and Historical Essays, 2v. Everyman’s Library.
MACKAY, CHARLES, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Boston, 1932.
MANDEVILLE, BERNARD, The Fable of the Bees. London, 1934.
MANTOUX, PAUL, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century. London, 1955.
MARIVAUX, PIERRE DE, La Vie de Marianne. Paris: Charpentier, n.d.
MARKUN, LEO, Mrs. Grundy: A History of Four Centuries of Morals. New York, 1930.
MARMONTEL, JEAN FRANÇOIS, Memoirs, 2v. New York, n.d.
MARTIN, HENRI, Histoire de France, 1 16v. Paris, 1865.
MARTIN, KINGSLEY, The Rise of French Liberal Thought. New York, 1956.
MASSON, PIERRE, La Religion de Rousseau, 3v. Paris, 1916.
MAVERICK, L. A., China, a Model for Europe. San Antonio, Tex., 1946.
MC CABE, JOSEPH, Candid History of the Jesuits. New York, 1913.
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MC KIE, DOUGLAS, Antoine Lavoisier. New York, 1952.
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MESLIER, JEAN, Superstition in All Ages, or Last Will and Testament, tr. Anna Knoop. New York, 1950.
MICHELET, JULES, Histoire de France, 5v. Paris: Hetzel & Cie., n.d.
MITFORD, NANCY, Madame de Pompadour. New York, 1953.
_________, Voltaire in Love. New York, 1958.
MONROE, PAUL, Text-Book in the History of Education. New York, 1928.
MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY, Letters and Works, 2v. London, 1893 f.
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MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES DE SECONDAT, BARON DE, Grandeur et décadence des Romains. Paris, 1924.
__________, Persian Letters. London: Routledge, n.d.
__________, The Spirit of Laws, 2v. New York, 1899.
MOORE, F. J., History of Chemistry. New York, 1918.
MORLEY, JOHN, Diderot and the Encyclopaedists, 2v. London, 1923.
__________, Life of Voltaire, in Voltaire, Works (New York, 1927), Vol. XXIb.
MORNET, DANIEL, Les Origines intellectuelles de la Révolution française. Paris, 1933.
MOSSNER, ERNEST, Bishop Butler and the Age of Reason. New York, 1936.
__________, Life of David Hume. Austin, Tex., 1954.
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NAWRATH, ALFRED, Austria. London, 1956.
New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. VII. Cambridge, Eng., 1957.
NEWTON, ISAAC, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, ed. Florian Cajori. Berkeley, Calif., 1956.
NICOLSON, HAROLD, The Age of Reason. London, 1960.
NOYES, ALFRED, Voltaire. New York, 1936.
NUSSBAUM, F. L., History of the Economic Institutions of Modern Europe. New York, 1937.
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__________, Men of the Old Stone Age. New York, 1915.
OSLER, WILLIAM, Evolution of Modern Medicine. New Haven, 1923.
Oxford History of Music, 7v. London, 1929 f.
PALACHE, JOHN, Four Novelists of the Old Regime. New York, 1926.
PALMER, R. R., Ca
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PAPPAS, JOHN N., Berthier’s Journal de Trévoux and the Philosophes. Geneva, 1957.
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PINCHERLE, MARC, Vivaldi. New York, 1962.
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POMEAU, RENÉ, La Religion de Voltaire. Paris, 1958.
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_________, Hogarth’s Progress. New York, 1955.
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__________, History of the Reformation in Germany. London, 1905.
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__________, Pamela, 2v. Everyman’s Library.
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ROLLAND, ROMAIN, Musical Tour through the Land of the Past. London, 1922.
ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES, Confessions. London, n.d.
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SAINTE–BEUVE, CHARLES AUGUSTIN, English Portraits. New York, 1875.
__________, Portraits of the Eighteenth Century, 2v. in 1. New York, 1905.
SAINT– SIMON, LOUIS DE ROUVROY, DUC DE, Memoirs, 3v. London, 1901.
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SCHUSTER, M. LINCOLN, Treasury of the World’s Great Letters. New York, 1940.
SCHWEITZER, ALBERT, J. S. Bach, 2v. Leipzig, 1911.
________, Quest of the Historical Jesus. London, 1926.
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__________, Les ldées politiques en France au dixhuitième siècle. Paris, 1920.
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SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 3D EARL OF, Characteristics, 2v. London, 1900.
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SMITH, PRESERVED, History of Modern Culture, 2v. New York, 1930.
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__________, Travels through France and Italy. London, 1919.
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STRACHEY, LYTTON, Books and Characters. New York, 1922.
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STRYIENSKI, CASIMIR, The Eighteenth Century. London, 1916.
SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM, Folkways. Boston, 1906.
TAINE, HIPPOLYTE, The Ancient Regime. New York, 1891.
__________, History of English Literature. New York, 1873.
TAWNEY, R. H., Religion and the Rise of Capitalism. New York, 1926.
TEXTE, JOSEPH, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit in Literature. London, 1899.
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THOMPSON, JAMES W., Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages. New York, 1931.
THORNTON, J. C., Table Talk from Ben Jonson to Leigh Hunt. Everyman’s Library.
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________, Voltaire and the English Deists. New Haven, 1930.
TOTH, KARL, Woman and Rococo in France. Philadelphia, 1931.
TOYNBEE, ARNOLD J., A Study of History, 10v. Oxford, 1935 f.
__________, A Study of History, Vols. I-VI, abridged by D. C. Somervell. New York, 1947.
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TRAUBEL, HORACE, With Walt Whitman in Camden. Boston, 1906.
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__________, English Social History. London, 1947.
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VARTANIAN, ARAM, Diderot and Descartes. Princeton, N.J., 1953.
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__________, Oeuvres complètes. Paris, 1825 f.
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WALPOLE, HORACE, Letters, ed. Peter Cunningham, 9v. London, 1880.
__________, Memoires of the Last Ten Years of the Reign of George the Second, 2v. London, 1822.
WALISZEWSKI, K., The Romance of an Empress: Catherine II of Russia. New York, 1929.
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WESLEY, JOHN, The
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WHARTON, GRACE and PHILIP, The Wits and Beaux of Society, 2v. Philadelphia, 1860.
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WHITEHEAD, ALFRED NORTH, Science in the Modern World. New York, 1926.
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WILHELMINE, MARGRAVINE OF BAYREUTH, Memoirs. London, 1887.
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WOODS, GEORGE, WATT, HOMER, and ANDERSON, GEORGE, The Literature of England, 2v. Chicago, 1936.
World Christian Handbook. London, 1957.
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Index
Dates in parentheses following a name are of birth and death except when preceded by r., when they indicate duration of reign for popes and rulers of states. A single date preceded by fl. denotes a floruit. A footnote is indicated by an asterisk. Italicized page numbers indicate principal treatment. All dates are A.D. unless otherwise noted.
Aachen, 237, 381
Aargau, 474
abbés commendataires, 22
Abbeville, 262, 733–35, 742, 772
Abélard, Pierre (1079–1142), 167, 780
Aberdeen, 590
Aberdeen, University of, 108, 201
Abjuration, Oath of, 105
abolition movement, 68
Abrégé de l’histoire générale (Voltaire), 471, 484
absolute zero, 517
absolutism, see despotism
Académie de Chirurgie, 598
Académie de Musique, Paris, 296, 297
Académie de St.-Luc, Paris, 310
Académie des Sciences, see Académie Royale des Sciences
Académie Française, see French Academy
Académie Royale de France, Rome, 314
Académie Royale de l’Architecture, 19, 327
Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, 26, 27, 308