by Will Durant
Choiseul, Duc Étienne François de (1719–1815), 301, 493, 762;
and Calas case, 730, 732;
friend to philosophes and Voltaire, 692, 737–38, 767, 782;
and Jesuits’ fall, 767, 769, 770
Choiseul, Louise Honorine Crozat, Duchesse de (1735–1801), 301, 752, 782
Choiseul-Romanet, Comtesse Charlotte Rosalie de (1733–53). 284
Choisy, 285
Chotusitz, Bohemia, battle of (1742), 454
Christ Church, Oxford, 130
Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway (r. 1766–1808), 733
Christian, Johann (1706–77), 406
Christian Brothers, 498, 773, 775
Christian Hero (Steele), 178
Christianisme dévoilé, Le (d’Holbach), 698, 699, 756
Christianity: attack upon, 335, 495, 497, 505, 603–786;
—by English deists, 116–17, 119–23;
—by philosophes, 116, 497, 572, 636–49
passim, 656–58, 682, 692–93, 695–714, 767, 771, 780;
—by Voltaire, 21, 486, 497, 572, 715–54, 767:
defense of, 123–27, 755–65
Christianity as Old as the Creation (Tindal), 121
Christianity Not Founded on Argument (Dodwell), 127
Christian Ludwig (1677–1734), Margrave of Brandenburg, 415, 422
Christian Philosopher, The (Stanislas Leszczyński), 389
Christina, Queen of Sweden (r. 1632–54), 444
chronometer, marine, 538
Chubb, Thomas (1679–1747), 120, 247
Churchill, Charles (1731–64), 223
Churchill, John, Duke of Marlborough, see Marlborough
Churchill, Sir Winston (1874–1965), 93
Church of England, see Anglican Church
Cibber, Colley (1671–1757), 171
Cibber, Susannah Maria, nee Arne (1714–66), 239, 240
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 121, 374, 449, 739, 748
Cid, Le (Corneille), 670
Cideville, Pierre Robert Le Cornier de (1693–1778), 449, 480
Cilèa, Francesco (1866–1950), 328*
Circassians, 594, 596
Cirey, Château de, 7, 211, 371–79
passim, 382–83, 386, 389–90, 391, 393, 443, 445, 466, 715
Cistercians, 433
Citizen of the World (Goldsmith), 504
Civil Wars, English (1642–49), 116, 157, 238
Clairaut, Alexis Claude (1713–65), 283, 511, 537, 539, 544–45;
helps Mme. du Châtelet with Principia, 375, 390, 544;
and Lapland expedition, 544, 552;
his studies of moon, 538, 544–45
Clairaut’s theorem, 544
Clairon, Mlle. (Claire Josèphe Léris; 1723–1803), 508, 761
Clapp, Marguerite (fl. 1725), 64
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 3d Earl of (1661–1723), 185
Clarens, Vaud, 475
Clarissa, or The History of a Young Lady (Richardson), 187–88, 190–93, 197, 331, 658, 674
Clarke, Samuel (1675–1729), 95, 127, 141, 146
Classes Plantarum (Linnaeus), 563
classical style: in architecture, 24, 80, 165, 215–16, 307;
in English poetry, 78, 165–78, 193;
in French literature, 184, 575, 668, 671;
in garden design, 78;
German literature and, 400, 477;
in music, 295;
in sculpture, 308–10 passim
Claudius I, Emperor of Rome (r. 41–54), 486
Claudius (Keiser), 244
Clayton, Thomas (1670?–1730?), 226
Cleland, John (fl. 1749), 64
Clement XI (Giovanni Francesco Albani), Pope (r. 1700–21), 32
Clement XII, Pope (r. 1730–40), 481
Clement XIII (Carlo della Torre Rezzonico), Pope (r. 1758–69), 681, 751, 756, 769, 771
Clement XIV (Giovanni Ganganelli), Pope (r. 1769–74), 773
Clément, Jacques (1567?–89), 617
Cleopatra (Mattheson opera), 227–28
Clermont-Ferrand, 296, 310
Cleves, 379, 437, 448–49, 735
Cliffort, George (fl. 1736), 562
Clive, Kitty (Catherine Raftor Clive; 1711–85), 183
Clive, Robert (1725–74), 216
clocks, 50, 306, 309
Club de l’Entresol, 294, 335 coal, 76;
mining and mines, 49, 55, 261, 556;
miners, and Methodism, 132, 135
Coalbrookdale, 50
Cobham, Richard Temple, Viscount (fl. 1720), 78
Cocceji, Baron Samuel von (1679–1755), 447
Cochin, Charles Nicolas II (1715–90), 319, 635, 667
coffeehouses and clubs: in London, 62, 66, 79–80, 165, 167, 169, 185, 205, 600;
in Paris, 294–95, 332, 335, 660
coke, 50
Coke, Sir Edward (1552–1634), 71
Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619–83), 13, 52, 262, 464
Colchester, Essex, England, 51
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772–1834), 530
Collé, Charles (1709–83), singer, 332
Collège de Blois, 757
Collège de France, 545
Collège de St.-Côme, Paris, 598
Collège des Quatre-Nations, Paris, 515
Collège Louis-le-Grand, Paris, 3, 37, 287, 608, 623, 680;
secularized, 775
Collège St.-Michel, Paris, 6
Collegium Curiosum, 498
Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum, Berlin, 599
Collegium Musicum, Leipzig, 409, 416
Collegium Romanum, 539
Collignon, Dom, 782
Collins, Anthony (1676–1729), 120, 247
Collins, William (1721–59), lyric poet, 78, 180, 193
Colmar, Alsace, 470–71
Colne, Lancashire, England, 526
Cologne, 208, 397, 405
Cologne, Archbishop of, 406
Colombia, 200
Colorado River, 560
Columbus, Christopher (1446?–1506), 49 combustion, 524;
Lavoisier’s experiments in, 532*, 533–34;
Priestley’s experiments in, 527–28;
and respiration 534, 589
comédie, defined, 669*
Comédie-Française (and Théâtre-Français), 28, 267, 289, 325, 670, 762;
Adrienne Lecouvreur with, 41, 277, 326, 328;
Vanloo’s ovation at, 312;
Voltaire-Rohan encounter at, 41;
Voltaire’s plays staged by, 28, 363, 377, 378, 380, 381, 388, 765
Comédie-Italienne, 26;
theater of, see Théâtre des Italiens
comets, 539, 545, 548, 554, 570
Commentaire littéral sur tous les livres de l’ Ancien et du Nouveau Testament (Calmet), 501
Commentaries (Blackstone), 494
common land, see enclosure
Commons, House of: as a court, 59, 72;
Montesquieu’s view of, 353;
as a legislative body, see Parliament, British
Commonwealth (England, 1649–60), 157, 214
communism, 152–53, 262, 351, 617, 646, 666
Compagnie des Indes, 11–15, 264
Compagnie d’Occident, 11
Company of Secretaries to the King, 695
Compiègne, forest of, 282
Complete Introduction to Algebra (Euler), 510
Comptes rendus des constitutions des Jésuites (La Chalotais), 770
Compton, Sir Spencer, see Wilmington, Earl of
Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), 679
concerti grossi, 231, 242, 244, 422
Concerts Spirituels, 295
Concordat of 1801, 583
Concorde, Place de la, 536; see also Louis Quinze, Place
Condé, Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de (the Great Condé; 1621–86), 6
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (1715–80), 507, 582–83, 633
Condorcet, M. J. Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94), 516, 530, 532, 7
84;
educational views of, 336, 536, 691, 774;
at the salons, 300, 681, 781, 782;
and Voltaire, 376, 717
Confessions (Rousseau), 575, 679, 694
Confucius (551–479 B.C.), 78, 121, 401, 503;
Voltaire and, 506, 739, 745
Confucius Sinarum philosophus, 503
Congregationalists, 62, 118
Congress, United States, 530
Congreve, William (1670–1729), 65, 164, 169, 205, 246
conic sections, 544
Conjectures sur les mémoires originaux dontil paraît que Moïse s’est servi (Astruc), 501
Conscious Lovers, The (Steele), 183
conservation of energy, 516
Conservative Party (Britain), 101
Considérations sur le gouvernement de la France (d’Argenson), 278–79
Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains … (Montesquieu), 345–47, 359–60
Considérations sur les moeurs de ce siècle (Duclos), 337–38
Constantine, Donation of, 486
Constantinople, 158, 398, 685, 686;
inoculation practiced in, 208, 209, 594–95
Constituent Assembly (France, 1789–91), 17, 536, 695
Constitutional Society of Birmingham, 529
Contagion sacrée, La (Holbach), 699
Conti, Louis Armand II de Bourbon, Prince de (1695–1727), 5, 14
Conti, Louise Elisabeth de Bourbon-Condé, Princesse de (1693–1775), 493
Conti, Louis François de Bourbon, Prince de (1717–76), 306
contraception, 590
Contrat social, Le (Rousseau), 693, 709
Convention (France), see National Convention
convulsionnaires, 257
Conway, Henry Seymour (1721–95), 212
Cook, Captain James (1728–79), 559–60, 591
Cope, Sir John, 110–11
Copenhagen, 410
Copenhagen, Academy of, 498
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), 539, 540, 585, 633
copyright, 163, 220, 324
Coram, Sir Thomas (1668–1751), 69, 218
Corelli, Archangelo (1653–1713), 229, 242, 414
Coriolanus, Caius Marcius (fl. 495 B.C.), Roman hero, 233
Corneille, Pierre (1606–84), 28, 37, 165, 670;
Voltaire and, 3, 36, 365, 753
Corporation of Surgeons, London, 588
Correggio (Antonio Allegri; 1494–1534), 223, 313, 348
Correspondance littéraire (Grimm), 666, 674, 677, 678, 693
corvée, 260, 535, 646
cosmopolitanism, 779–80
Cost of Preserving Health, The (Arbuthnot), 592
Cöthen, 232, 414–15
Cotte, Père Louis (1740–1815), meteorologist, 551
Cotte, Robert de (1656–1735), 307
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de (1736–1806), 522, 585
Council of Finance (France), 17
Council of Regency (France), 6, 9
Council of State (France), 30, 254, 268, 270, 285, 300;
and philosophes, 639, 642, 681;
reviews Calas case, 730, 732
Country Gentleman, The, 99
Couperin, François (1668–1733), 231
Cours d’études (Condillac), 583
Courtrai, 276
courts of law, see under law
Coustou, Guillaume I (1677–1746), 308–9
Coustou, Guillaume II (1716–77), 308
Coustou, Nicolas (1658–1733), 308
Coward, Henry, grocer, 55
Covent Garden, London, 222, 240
Covent Garden Journal, The, 199
Covent Garden Théâtre, London, 183, 236
Cowper, Judith (fl. 1722), 210
Cowper, William (1731–1800), poet, 79, 182
Coxe, William (fl. 1779), 474, 477, 481
Coypel, Antoine (1661–1722), 25
Coypel, Charles Antoine (1694–1752), son of Antoine Coypel, 25, 305, 311
Coysevox, Antoine (1640–1720), 308
Craftsman, The, 99, 162, 235
Craon, Anne Marie de Beauvau, Princesse de, 212
Crébillon fils (Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon; 1707–77), 283, 331–32, 577, 627
Crébillon père (Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon; 1674–1762), 280, 283, 323, 329–30, 388
Crécy, Maison, 281
Créqui, Renée Caroline de Froullay, Marquise de (1714–1803), 30, 36, 293, 374
Cressent, Charles (1685–1766), 24, 304
Cri des nations. Le (Voltaire), 743
crime: in England, 54, 61, 66–67, 69–74, 119, 198;
in France, 22, 267–68;
in Ireland, 106;
prevention, d’Holbach’s views on, 707;
treatment of, philosophes’ influence on, 786; see also penal codes
Crispo (Bononcini), 232
Cristofori, Bartolommeo (1655–1731), 408
Critica musica, 407
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 160
Croixmare, Marquis de (fl. 1760), 657–58
Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658), Lord Protector of England (r. 1653–58), 90
crop rotation, 47, 260
Crousaz, Jean (1663–1750), 125, 175
Crozat, Antoine (1655–1738), 26
crucible process, 50
Cruikshank, George (1792–1878), 223
Cruikshank, Isaac (1756?–1811?), 223
Crusades, 692
Cudworth, Ralph (1617–88), 705
Cullen, William (1710–90), 551
Culloden Moor, battle of (1746), 112, 241
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (1721–65), 111–12, 241
Cumberland (battleship), 200
Curll, Edmund (1675–1747), bookseller, 171
Currie, James (1756–1805), 593
Cüstrin (Kostrzyn), 442
Cuvilliés, François de (1698–1767), 398–99
Cuvier, Baron Georges Dagobert (1769–1832), 555, 573
Cuzzoni, Francesca (c.1700–1770), 232–36
passim, 243
Cyclopoedia (Chambers), 499, 634
Czechoslovakia, see Bohemia
Daily Advertiser, The, 162
Daily Courant, The, 242
Lalin, Olof von (1701–63), 499
Dalton, John (1766–1844), 551
Dame aux camélias, La (Dumas fils), 335
Damiens, Robert François (1715–57), 496, 737, 767
Damilaville, Étienne Noël (1723–68), 497, 676, 730, 740, 774
Dance, George, the Elder (1700–68), 215
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), 48
Danton, Georges Jacques (1759–94), 713
Danzig, 271
Darby, Abraham I (d. 1717), 50
Darby, Abraham II (d. 1730), 50
Dardanelles, 648
Dardanus (Rameau), 298
Darius I Hystaspis, King of Persia (r. 521–485 B.C.), 233
Darlington, Charlotte Sophia von Kielmannsegge, Countess of (c.1673–1725), 89–90, 242
Darmstadt, Hesse, 415
Darwin, Charles (1809–82), 150, 557, 578–81 passim
Darwin, Erasmus (1731–1802), 528, 579–81
Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie (1716–1800), 569
Dauphin: in 1661–1711, see Louis, Dauphin, son of Louis XIV; in 1729–65, see Louis, Dauphin, son of Louis XV
Confucius, Chinese philosopher (551–479 B.C.)
Dauphine: in 1745–46, see Maria Teresa Rafaela; in 1747–67, see Marie Josèphe of Saxony
Dauphiné, province of, 261
David, French publisher (fl. 1745), 634
Daviel, Jacques (1696–1762), 597
Davy, Sir Humphry (1778–1829), 600
De christiana expeditione apud Sinas (Trigault), 503
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), 156, 323, 488
De’ crostacei … che si trovano su’ monti (Moro), 553
Défense de l’ Esprit des lois (Montesquieu), 356
&
nbsp; Deffand, Marquise du, see Du Deffand
Defoe, Daniel (1659?–1731), 59, 70, 162, 188, 247, 558;
on rural England, 45;
on stock manipulating, 56–57
Dei corpi marini che sui monti si trovano (Vallisnieri), 553
Deidamia (Handel), 238
deism: in England, 45, 95, 116, 119–23, 135, 178, 374, 608;
English clerics reply to, 123–27;
in France, 294, 495, 767, 782;
in Germany, 402;
Hume and, 156, 160;
Pope and, 172, 174, 178;
professed by Diderot 625, 626, 655;
rejected by d’Holbach, 704;
supported by Encyclopédie, 644;
Voltaire and, 4, 247, 248, 445, 609, 712–13, 715
Déisme réfuté par lui-même, Le (Bergier), 756
De Jure Belli et Pacts (Grotius), 359*
De Jure Naturae et Gentium (Pufendorf), 359*
Delacroix, Eugène (1798–1863), Romantic painter, 28, 679
De la Cruauté religieuse (d’Holbach), 697
Delambre, Chevalier Jean Baptiste Joseph (1749–1822), 540, 545
De la Nature (Robinet), 578–79
De l’Esprit (Helvétius), 301, 642, 681–91, 720, 755, 783;
in La Barre case, 734
De l’Homme (Helvétius), 682
Délices, Les, 392*, 472–73, 481, 483, 635, 730, 762;
abandoned by Voltaire, 742;
d’Alembert’s visit to, 480;
Casanova’s visit to, 478;
“young atheist”
incident at, 716;
Zaïre staged at, 481
De l’ Imposture sacer dotale (d’Holbach), 697
De l’ Intelligence (Taine), 583
Delisle, Joseph Nicolas (1688–1768), 545
Deluc, Jean André (1727–1817), 550, 551–52
Delvaux, Laurent (1695–1778), 214
De materiae divisibilitate (Boscovich), 539
democracy, 90;
advocated, 279, 694;
Diderot and, 665;
Encyclopédie and, 646;
Helvétius’ views on, 688;
d’Holbach’s views, 710;
Montesquieu’s views, 351–53
Democritus (fl. C. 400 B.C.), 616, 624
Demoivre, Abraham (1667–1754), 508–9
De morbis veneréis (Astruc), 590
Denis, Marie Louise Mignot (1712–90), 371;
description of, 472;
relationship with Voltaire, 391–93, 470, 471, 472;
Voltaire writes to about Frederick’s court, 465–67
passim, 621;
warns him about Frederick, 461, 470
Denis, Nicolas Charles (1712–44), 391
Denmark, 59, 68, 308;
in Great Northern War, 438;
and Pragmatic Sanction, 436;
religion in, 495
Denner, Balthasar (1685–1749), 404
Dennis, John (1657–1734), 166, 171
dentistry, 599