by Will Durant
Gueudeville, Nicolas (d. 1722), 341
Guevara, Luis Vélez de, see Vélez de Guevara, Luis
Guienne, France, 340
guilds, 52–53, 54, 68, 261, 262, 316, 474, 479;
physiocrats’ view of, 647
Guillaume, Louis (fl. 1746), physicist, 520
Guillotin, Joseph Ignace (1738–1814), 601
Guise, Prince de, 383
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 170, 188, 246, 387
Gumpp, Georg (1682–1754), 433
Günther, Johann Christian (1695–1723), 409
Gurk, Austria, 434
Gustavus III, King of Sweden (r. 1771–92), 785
Gutenberg, Johann (1400?–1468), 606
Guy de Lusignan (1140–94), 364
Guyon, Abbé (fl. 1759), 755
Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard (1737–1816), 534
habeas corpus, 71, 267, 368
Habeas Corpus Act (England, 1679), 105
Hadley, John (1682–1744), 537–38
Hadrian, Emperor of Rome (r. 117–138), 347
Hague, The, 5, 81, 82;
publishing in, 324, 446, 468, 471, 476, 484, 497, 740
Hague, The, Treaty of (1720), 32, 93
Hakluyt, Richard (1552?–1616), 503
Halde, Jean Baptiste du, see Du Halde
Hales, Stephen (1677–1761), 524, 526, 567, 569, 593
Halifax, Marchioness of, 81
Halifax, George Savile, Marquis of (1633–95), 81
Hall, Chester Moor (1703–71), 537
Halle, Upper Saxony, 227, 229, 231, 232, 234, 411, 414
Halle, University of, 227, 400–403
passim, 477, 524
Haller, Albrecht von (1708–77), 476, 477–78, 507, 588, 601, 620
Halley, Edmund (1656–1742), 511, 537, 539, 551
Halley’s comet, 545
Hamann, Johann Georg (1730–88), 160
Hamburg, 10, 397, 398, 783;
opera in, 227–28, 230, 398, 407, 409–10, 411, 413
Hamburg, Academy of, 502
Hamburgische Dramaturgie (Lessing), 398
Hamilton, Emma Lyon, Lady (1761?–1815), 594
Hamilton family, 107
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 326, 672
Hampton Court Palace, 77, 166, 169
Handel, Georg Friedrich, later George Frederick (1685–1759), 45, 69, 214, 215, 217, 226–45, 399, 407, 410–12
passim, 422;
accepts appointment to Hanover, 229, 398;
his appearance and manners, 243;
and Bach, 227, 234, 241, 242, 244, 407, 413, 417, 427, 429;
his blindness, 243–44, 429, 593;
Bononcini rivalry, 232–33;
and Queen Caroline, 95, 236;
commemorative program for, 225, 245;
in England, 230 f.;
in Hamburg, 227–28, 398;
as harpsichordist, 228, 230, 231;
in Italy, 228–29, 234;
and Mattheson, 227–28, 407, 413;
his Messiah premiere in Dublin, 239–40;
his operas, 228–38
passim, 244;
his oratorios, 69, 228, 235–42
passim, 244;
as organist, 227, 417, 428;
Porpora rivalry, 235–36
Hanover (city), 229, 398
Hanover (electorate), 89, 402;
George I’s visits to, 58, 89, 90, 94, 231;
George II’s visits to, 94, 111;
in Seven Years’ War, 541;
and War of Austrian Succession, 113, 452–454
passim, 457
Hanover, Peace of (1745), 457
Hanoverian dynasty (England), 32, 63, 89, 494;
and Anglican Church, 117;
father-son enmities in, 94;
France recognizes, 457;
Jacobite threat to, 221, 224–25;
Parliament’s sovereignty over, 45, 93;
Puritanism and, 214;
and Tories, 91
Hapsburg, house of, 285, 431, 433;
end of male line, 436
Harderwijk, University of, 562
Hardouin-Mansard, Jules (1646–1708), 307, 308
Harley, Robert, 1st Earl of Oxford (1661–1724), 66, 168
Harrington, James (1611–77), political theorist, 353
Harrison, John (1693–1776), 510, 538
Hartley, David (1705–57), 528, 581, 583
Harvey, William (1578–1657), 567, 576
Hasse, Johann Adolf (1699–1783), 399, 410, 419, 660
Hauksbee, Francis (d. 1713?), 518, 520
Haute-Marne, département of, 371
Havel River, 406
Hawaiian Islands, 559–60
Hawkins, Sir John (1719–89), magistrate and writer, 237
Hawkins, Sir Richard (1562?–1622), naval commander, 591
Hawley, Henry (1679–1759), 111
Hay, Lord Charles (1745), 278
Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809), 409, 420
Haymarket theaters, London, 183, 226, 230, 231–38 passim
heat, physics of, 509, 514, 517, 584, 585
Hedwig, Johann (1730–99), 566
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 345, 430
Heidegger, John James (1659?–1749), 230, 231, 234–37 passim
Heidelberg, 398
Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), 370
Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–94), 629
Héloïse (d. 1164), 167
Helvétius, Mme., see Ligniville d’Autricourt, Anne Catherine
Helvétius, Claude Adrien (1715–71), 283, 287, 300, 498, 605, 638, 680–92, 762;
his character, 266, 691;
in anti-Church campaign, 337, 611, 684–85;
his De l’Esprit rouses furor, 642, 680–81, 720, 734, 755;
his dinners, 681, 694;
goes to England, 248, 692;
and d’Holbach, 337, 680, 681, 692, 695, 703, 706;
his influence, 689–91, 713;
and Montesquieu, 348, 356, 680;
his views on education, 583, 609, 682, 683–84, 688, 690–91, 774, 775;
—on egoism and altruism, 301, 687–88, 691, 706;
—on environment, 199, 683–84, 690–91;
—on evolution, 580;
—on ethics, 336, 376, 686–88, 691, 776;
—on government and economics, 688–90;
—on religion, 685–86, 703;
in Voltaire’s campaign against l’infâme, 740, 744
Helvétius, Dr. Jean Claude Adrien, 680, 681
Hemmer, J. J. (fl. 1780), 551
Hénault, Charles Jean François (1685–1770), 38, 300, 301, 348
Hennersdorf, battle of (1745), 457
Henriade, La (Voltaire), 36, 38, 40, 248, 321, 766–67
Henrici, Christian Friedrich, see Picander
Henriette de France, Madame (1727–52), dau. of Louis XV, 283, 285
Henry, Margrave of Bayreuth, 442
Henry II, King of England (r. 1154–89), 158
Henry III, King of France (r. 1574–89), 381, 617
Henry IV (Henri Quatre, Henry of Navarre), King of France (r. 1589–1610), 34, 97, 343, 505;
assassination of, 381, 605, 617, 765;
Voltaire’s writings on, 17, 36, 40, 381, 750
Henry IV (Shakespeare), 217
Henry VII, King of England (r. 1485–1509), 156
Henry of Navarre, see Henry IV, King of France
Henry VIII, King of England (r. 1509–47), 357
Henry of Prussia, Prince (1726–1802), brother of Frederick the Great, 575
Henry the Lion (b.1129–1195), Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, 89
Henzi, Samuel (1701–49), Swiss patriot, 466
Herbert, Edward, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (1583–1648), 120
Herculaneum, 215, 500–501
Heder, Johann Gottfried von (1744–1803), 401, 779
Héré de Corny, Emmanuel (1705–63), 308
heredity and environment, 621, 647, 6
83–84, 690–91, 702–3
Her Majesty’s Theatre, Haymarket, London, 230; see also His Majesty’s Theatre
Herodotus (5th cent. B.C.), Greek historian, 342, 487
heroic couplet, 168
Hero of Alexandria (3d? cent.), 52
Herrnhut, Saxony, 132, 133, 403
Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1750–1848), 541–43 passim
Herschel, Isaac, 541*
Herschel, Jacob, 541
Herschel, Sir William (1738–1822), 507, 537, 541–43, 545
Hertford, Francis Seymour-Conway, Earl and Marquis of (1719–94), 158, 159
Hervey, John, Baron Hervey of Ickworth (1696–1743), 90, 116–17, 175, 211, 216
Herzogenburg Abbey, Austria, 433
Hesse, 402
Hessians, 112
Highmore, Joseph (1692–1780), 217
Hilary of Poitiers, Saint (fl. c. 353), 599–600
Hildebrandt, Johann Lukas von (1668–1745), 406, 433
Hildesheim, bishopric of, 397
Hill, Aaron (1685–1750), 230
Hiller, Johann Adam (1728–1804), 429
Hipparchus (2d cent. B.C.), Greek astronomer, 540
Hippocrates (460?–377? B.C.), 359*
Hippolyte et Aricie (Rameau-Pellegrin), 296
Hirsch, Abraham (fl. 1750), 462–63, 719
His Majesty’s Theatre, Haymarket, London, 183, 231–38 passim; see also Her Majesty’s Theatre
Histoire de Charles XII, L’ (Voltaire), 361, 362–63, 365, 767
Histoire de la baronne de Luz, L’ (Duclos), 337
Histoire de la destruction des Jésuites, L’ (Alembert), 771
Histoire de la philosophie paienne, L’ (Burigny), 502
Histoire de l’Empire d’Allemagne, L’ (Fréron), 760
Histoire de Marie Stuart, L’ (Fréron), 760
Histoire de mon temps, L’ (Frederick II), 458
Histoire d’un bon Brahmin, L’ (Voltaire), 749–50
Histoire du Parlement, L’ (Voltaire), 743
Histoire générale des voyages, L’ (Prévost), 334
Histoire littéraire de la France, L’ (Rivet de la Grange), 501
Histoire naturelle de l’âme, L’ (La Mettrie), 618
Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, L’ (Buffon), 569–73, 651
Histoire philosophique et politique des … Européens dans les deux Indes (Raynal), 693–95
Histoire universelle (Bossuet), see Discours sur l’histoire universelle
Histoire universelle, L’ (Calmet), 501
Historia critica Philosophiae (Brucker), 645
Historia del reino de la China (Mendoza), 503
Historical Fragments on India (Voltaire), 736
History and Present State of Electricity, The (Priestley), 526
History of England (Hume), 156–58, 163, 334, 488
History of England (Smollett), 202
History of John Bull (Arbuthnot), 169
History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the 18th Century (A. Wolf), 507
History of Sir Charles Grandison, The (Richardson), see Sir Charles Grandison
History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, The (Fielding), see Joseph Andrews
History of the Corruptions of Christianity (Priestley), 528–29
History of the Crusades (Voltaire), 484
History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V (Robertson), 488, 784
History of the Saracens (Ockley), 163–64
History of Tom Jones, The (Fielding), see Tom Jones
Hjorter, Scandinavian meteorologist (fl. 1741), 551
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 108, 340, 356, 581, 583, 633, 645;
influence on the English, 119, 125;
influence on French freethinkers, 116, 609, 616, 625, 682, 686, 692, 752
Hogarth, William (1697–1764), 45, 69, 74, 79, 183, 205, 217–24, 240;
denounced by Diderot, 667;
and “Hogarth’s Act,” 220;
A Rake’s Progress, 66, 220, 224
Hohenfriedberg, Silesia, battle of (1745), 456
Hohenzollern, house of, 437
Hokkaido, Japan, 560
Holbach, Baron Paul Henri Dietrich d’ (1723–89), 159, 605, 611, 622, 644, 692, 695–714, 782;
his atheism, 337, 611, 617, 678, 696, 697, 700, 703–6, 710, 771;
and Diderot, 611, 665, 678, 680, 695–96, 697, 699–700, 704, 710;
his dinners, 665, 678, 680, 693–96
passim, 699;
his economic and political views, 707–11;
his educational views, 609, 706, 707;
and Helvétius, 337, 680, 681, 692, 695, 703, 706;
his moral code, 698–99, 705–7, 776, 777;
refutations of his works, 711–13, 756;
and Voltaire, 710, 711–13, 740, 752
Holbach, Baronne d’ (d. 1754), 695, 697
Holbach, Baronne d’ (2), 697, 699
Holden, Edward Singleton (1846–1914), 541*
Holkham Hall, Norfolk, 215
Holland, Henry Fox, Baron, see Fox, Henry
Holland (present-day Netherlands), see United Provinces
Holstein, duchy of, 371
Holstein, Duke of, 407
Holy Alliance (1815), 336
Holy Club, 130, 132
Holy Living and Holy Dying (Taylor), 130
Holy Roman Empire, 89, 397, 398, 431–36, 454, 680
Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, 110–11
Homberg, Willem (1652–1715), 7
Home, Alexander, 9th Earl of Home (d. 1786), 140
Home, Sir Alexander Frederick Douglas (1903–), Prime Minister of Great Britain (1963–64), 140*
Home, George, 141
Home, Henry, Lord Kames (1696–1782), 142, 184, 556
Home, John, brother of Hume, 140, 149
Home, John (1722–1808), Scottish clergyman-playwright, 184, 556
Homer (9th cent, B.C.), 36, 40, 178, 193, 650;
translated by Pope, 168–69, 209;
F. Wolf’s research on, 500
Homme machine, L’ (La Mettrie), 618–21
Homme plante, L’ (La Mettrie), 619
Hooke, Robert (1635–1703), 539
Hopkey, Sophia (fl. 1737), 131
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus; 65–8 B.C.) , 165, 177, 178, 393, 637, 671
Hörmann, Martin (1688–1782), 406
Horn, Cape, 558, 559
Horner, York (fl. 1725), 64
Horse Guards House, London, 215
hospitals, 68–69, 252, 256, 288, 534, 591–92
Hôtel des Invalides, Paris, 285
Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, 591–92, 597
Houdon, Jean Antoine (1741–1828), 310
Houghton Hall, Norfolk, 97, 215, 216
Houteville, Abbé (fl. 1722), 755
Howard, John (1726?–90), prison reformer, 74
“How Sleep the Brave” (Collins), 180
Hoyle, Edmond (1672–1769), 77
Hudibras (Butler), 217
Hudson, Thomas (1701–79), 217
Huet, Jean Baptiste (1745–1811), 305
Huet, Pierre Daniel (1630–1721), bishop of Avranches, 550–51
Hugo, Victor (1802–85), 30, 575
Huguenots, 495;
emigration of, 479;
in England, 49;
persecution of in France, 257, 343, 608, 609, 727–33, 784;
restriction relaxed, 257, 783
Hume, David (1711–76), 45, 56, 77, 108, 116, 122, 125, 132, 138, 140–61, 199–200, 213, 528, 692;
his appearance, 147, 159;
on Buffon, 575;
his Edinburgh salon, 159;
on the French art of conversation, 292;
on Germany, 397;
on government and economics, 153–56;
his history of England, 156–58, 163, 334, 488–89;
denounces intolerance, 184;
on morality, 146–50
passim, 178;
in Paris, 158–59, 681, 6
96–97, 780;
and Pope, 172, 176;
reason dethroned by, 142–47, 607;
on religion, 118, 148–49, 150–53;
and Rousseau, 145, 154, 159;
and the Scottish Enlightenment, 107, 556;
“seventeen atheists” incident, 678, 696;
and Adam Smith, 155–56, 159, 690;
and Spinoza, 145, 159–60, 610;
and Voltaire, 156–60
passim, 376, 738, 784
Humphrey Clinker (Smollett), 203–4
Hungary, 431, 436;
supports Maria Theresa, 453–56 passim
Hunter, John (1728–93), 507, 587–88, 589, 599
Hunter, William (1718–83), 587, 588
Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, 587
Hunterian Museum, London, 588
Huntsman, Benjamin (fl. 1740), 50
Huss, John (Jan Hus; 1369?–1415), 488
Hutcheson, Francis (1694–1746), 107, 108, 139–40, 149, 556, 687
Hutton, Charles (1737–1823), 553
Hutton, James (1726–97), geologist, 556–57, 584
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–95), 127
Huygens, Christian (1629–95), 52, 517, 633
Hyde Park, London, 70
Hydrodynamics (D. Bernoulli), 516–17
hydrogen, 524, 534;
discovery of, 531
hygrometers, 550, 551
Idea of a Patriot King, The (Bolingbroke), 100–101, 246
Idyllen (Gessner), 477
Ignorant Philosopher, The (Voltaire), 748–49, 752
Il faut prendre un Parti (Voltaire), 752
Iliad (Homer), 36, 40, 163, 168–69, 194
illumination, salvation by, 131–32
Illustrations of Huttonian Theory (Playfair), 557
Imeneo (Handel), 238
Imitation of Christ (Thomas à Kempis), 130
Immortals, see French Academy
Impressionists, 28
impressment, 67, 369, 439
Independents (Puritans), 62, 90, 118
Indes galantes, Les (Rameau), 296
Index Expurgatorius, 539
India, 188, 350, 599;
commerce with, 55, 113, 294;
cultural impact of on Europe, 484, 502, 506;
French-British military struggle for, 264–65, 503, 607, 708, 736
Indian Ocean, 264, 558
Indians, American, 131, 694, 743, 778
Industrial Revolution, 45, 47, 48–52, 155, 584–85
infâme, l’, Voltaire’s campaign against, 160, 248, 617, 730, 736–44, 752, 759, 785
infant mortality, 48, 62, 69, 261, 589, 590, 595
Ingenhousz, Jan (1730–99), 568, 596
Ingénu, L’ (Voltaire), 743
Innocent XII (Antonio Pignatelli), Pope (r. 1691–1700), 228
Innocent XIII (Michelangelo Conti), Pope (r. 1721–24), 32, 257
Inns of Court, London, 71
inoculation, 95, 209, 210, 248, 594–96, 598, 600, 601; see also vaccination