by Will Durant
Leith, Scotland, 112
Lekain (Cain), Henri Louis (1728–78), 482
Lely, Sir Peter (1618–80), 222
Lemonnier, Pierre Charles (1715–99), 512, 537, 545
Lemontey, P. E., 19th-cent. French historian, 258
Lemoyne, François (1688–1737), Regency painter, 25, 311, 313, 321
Lemoyne, Jean Baptiste (1704–78), sculptor, 309–10, 311
Lenclos, Ninon de (1620–1705), 3–4
Lenormant d’ Étioles, see Étioles
Lenormant de Tournehem, see Tournehem
Leo, Leonardo (1694–1744), 660
Leominster, Herefordshire, England, 52
Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Cöthen (fl. 1717), 414–15
Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (r. 1693–1747, 457, 493
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1658–1705), 435, 436, 453
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1790–92), Grand Duke of Tuscany as Leopold I (r. 1765–90), 598
Lerici, Italy, 109
Lerma, Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duque de (1552–1625), Spanish prime minister, 29
Leroux, Abbé, 493
Le Roy, Pierre (1717–85), 782
Lesage, Alain René (1668–1747), 23, 28–29, 188, 197, 200
Les Misérables (Hugo), 267
Lespinasse, Julie de (1732–76), 302, 493, 652, 653, 781;
as character in Rêve d’Alembert, 652–55
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81), 184, 401, 428, 477, 498, 779;
and Diderot, 633, 671, 679;
and Reimarus, 502;
on the theater, 381, 398
Le Sueur, Eustache (1617–55), 322
Leszczyńska, Marie, see Marie Leszczyńska
Leszczyński, Stanislas, see Stanislas I
Le Tellier (or Tellier), Michel (1643–1719), Jesuit priest, 17
“Letter from Xo Ho” (H. Walpole), 504
Letters concerning Several Late Attempts of Freethinking (Haller), 478
Letters from Rome (Middleton), 122
Letters of Voltaire and Frederick the Great, The, 445*
Letters on the English (Voltaire), see Lettres sur les Anglais
Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism (Bolingbroke), 100
Letters on the Study and Use of History (Bolingbroke), 99–100, 465
Letters to His Son (Chesterfield), 81–88 passim
Letter to Dr. Waterland (Middleton), 122
Lettre à M. d’ Alembert sur les spectacles (Rousseau), 482, 642
Lettres (Maupertuis), 467
Lettrés à Eugénie … contre les préjugés (Holbach), 699
Lettres chinoises (d’Argens), 504
Lettres critiques (Gauchat), 755
Lettres d’ amour de Voltaire à sa nièce, 392*
lettres de cachet, 17, 35, 267, 368, 371, 630
Lettres de quelques Juifs (Guénée), 756
Lettres persanes (Montesquieu), 33, 263, 290–91, 341–44, 345, 358, 370, 376
Lettres sur les Anglais, or Lettres philosophiques (Voltaire), 344, 361, 365, 366–71, 596
Lettres sur quelques écrits de cette âge, 760
Lettre sur la musique française (Rousseau), 297
Lettre sur les aveugles (Diderot), 624, 628–31, 634
Lettre sur les sourds et muets (Diderot), 633
Leucippus (5th cent. B.C.), Greek atomistic philosopher, 616
Levellers, 90
Lhasa, Tibet, 560
Liaisons dangereuses (Choderlos de Laclos), 331
Liberté de la presse, La (Malesherbes), 638
liberum veto, 271, 357
libraries, 433, 499, 786;
circulating, 162, 323;
monastic, 433, 471, 501;
public, 476, 481
Licensing Act (England, 1737), 183, 193
Lichfield, England, 117, 579
Liegnitz, principality of, 451
Life of Cicero (Middleton), 122, 334
Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great, The (Fielding), 70, 195–96
Life of Woolston (Anonymous), 120
light, 509, 514, 517–18;
aberration of, 540;
refraction of, 515, 517
Ligne, Prince Charles Joseph de (1735–1814), Imperial soldier and diplomat, 460, 590, 772, 780
Ligniville d’Autricourt, Countess Anne Catherine de (1719–1800), wife of Helvétius, 680–81, 692, 783
Lille, 262, 305, 379
Lillo, George (1693–1739), 184, 205, 625, 669
Limousin, 259
Lincoln College, Oxford, 130
Lincoln’s Inn Fields Theatre, London, 183, 187, 233, 235
Lind, James (1716–94), 551, 591
Linnaean Society of London, 565
Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linné;1707–78), 498, 507, 561–65, 570, 572
Linné, Nils, 561
Lintot, Bernard (1675–1736), 168, 169
Liotard, Jean Étienne (1702–89), 481
Liria, Duke of, 109
Lisbon, 199, 538, 590;
earthquake in (1755), 68, 370, 555, 720–23, 744
Liszt, Franz (1811–86), 419
lit de justice, 18
Lithuania, 583
Little Theatre, Haymarket, London, 183
Liverpool, 55, 92
literature: English, 77–78, 162–213;
French, 5, 28–31, 33, 165, 323–60, 400;
German, 400–401, 477;
Italian, 165
Livry, Suzanne de, 35–36
Livy (Titus Livius; 59 B.C.–A.D. 17), 347, 361, 486, 500
Locatelli, Pietro (1695–1764), 650
Locke, John (1632–1704), 45, 87, 176, 214–15, 353, 366, 374, 480, 581, 582, 713, 757;
antisensationists’ rejection of, 401, 583, 690;
and the decline of religion, 119, 123, 609;
Diderot and, 625, 627, 690;
and the Encyclopédie, 633, 636, 637;
Helvétius and, 682;
Hume and, 141, 142, 146, 155;
his view of labor, 155, 707;
Voltaire impressed by, 247, 248, 369, 716, 747
Loeben, Countess Johanna Victoria von (d. 1747), 277
Logan, James (fl. 1747), 576
Logique (Condillac), 583
Loi naturelle, La (Voltaire), 718
Lombardy, 436, 455
Lombe, Thomas (fl. 1717), 52
London, 59–62, 185, 220–21, 222;
city council, 215;
Great Fire of, 60;
growth of, 55, 108;
hospitals in, 68, 597;
as mercantile center, 55, 398, 783;
pleasure gardens in, 62, 77–78, 78–79;
police, 71;
population of, 59–60;
theaters in, 62, 183, 187, 230–41 passim; see also air pollution
London, bishop of (1720–48), see Gibson, Edmund
London Bridge, 60, 79, 222
London Journal, The, 64
London Merchant, The (Lillo), 184, 669
Long, Crawford Williamson (1815–78), 600
Longchamp, Voltaire’s secretary, 373, 383, 384, 391
Longchamp racecourse, 289
Longmans, publishers, 163
Lords, House of (British), 72, 82, 103, 353
Lords, House of (Irish), 105
Lorraine: duchy of (to 1737), 371, 372;
kingdom of (1737–66), 271, 276, 308, 388, 435, 455, 471
Lorraine, Duke of (r. 1729–37), see Francis I, Emperor
Lotario (Handel), 234
Louis (1661–1711), Dauphin of France (“Le Grand Dauphin”), son of Louis XIV, 5–6, 29
Louis (1729–65), Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV, 309, 321, 322;
at Fontenoy, 277–78;
marriage to Infanta (1745), 280, 293, 383;
pleads for Jesuits, 770;
and Mme. de Pompadour, 281, 283
Louis, Duke of Burgundy, see Burgundy, Louis, Duke of
Louis IV (Louis of Bavaria), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1314–47),
406
Louis IX (Saint Louis), King of France (r. 1226–70), 486
Louis XIII, King of France (r. 1610–43), 251
Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643–1715), 3, 11, 32, 33, 248, 323, 342, 400, 598, 621;
the arts under, 25, 303–9 passim;
attacked in J’aivus, 34–35;
has bastard children, 6, 8, 19, 30;
his death, 5–6, 9, 30;
and Fouquet, 271;
and James III, 91;
and the Jesuits, 765, 768;
and Mme. de Maintenon, 21, 35;
his manners and morals, 8, 21, 23;
and the nobility, 8, 30, 251, 253, 352;
his persecution of the Huguenots, 343, 505, 608;
his persecution of Jansenists, 17, 34–35, 608, 765, 768;
and the Regent, 8, 9;
theater and opera under, 28, 267, 295;
Voltaire’s study of, 464, 465;
his wars, 24, 259, 275, 276, 305, 435;
his will, 6, 9
Louis XV, King of France (r. 1715–74), 248, 268, 272–85, 294, 295, 306, 337, 342, 403, 493, 762;
accession of, 5–6, 272;
his appearance and character, 273, 288;
affianced to Infanta, 32, 273;
as art patron, 26, 283, 306–15
passim, 320–21, 322;
assumes administration of realm, 270, 272, 276;
his astronomical clock, 309;
“le Bien-Aimé,” 276;
as a boy, 5–6, 9, 17, 18, 272–73;
and Calas case, 732;
and the Church, 255, 642, 699;
comes of age, 32, 269;
Damiens’ attempt on, 496, 641, 737, 767;
his daughters, 174, 283, 285, 756;
and the Encyclopédie, 641, 642, 644*;
equestrian statue of, 307, 309;
and Fleury, 269–73;
at Fontenoy, 277–78, 385;
and Frederick the Great, 271–72, 285, 309, 516;
and Helvétius, 681;
and d’Holbach’s books, 699, 708–9;
hunting, his love for, 270, 273, 275, 280, 281;
illnesses, 273, 276;
his indifference to government, 266, 275, 300, 324;
his indifference to literature, 283, 465;
and Jacobite invasion of England, 109–10, 111;
and Jesuits, 256, 269, 272, 283–84, 641, 759, 767, 769, 770–71;
leads army in Flanders, 276, 300;
and Marie Leszczyńska, 269, 274–76
passim, 284, 293, 314;
and Montesquieu, 344;
as music patron, 297, 298, 414;
and Nesle sisters, 271–72, 274–77, 282, 300;
and the nobility, 251, 269;
and Parc aux Cerfs, 273, 284, 489, 610, 767;
conflict with parlements, 352;
and Mme. de Pompadour, 257, 269, 279, 280–85, 306, 315, 321, 329, 384–86
passim, 470–71, 611, 644*, 767;
his portraits, 273, 320–21;
and Protestants, 257, 495, 783;
and the Regent, 17, 37;
his religious moods, 275, 277, 281, 283–84;
and Richelieu, 273, 291, 383, 385, 761;
and science, 522, 539, 575, 598;
and Voltaire, 40, 255, 362, 371, 381–82, 383, 385, 386, 393, 470–71, 713, 736, 744, 751;
and War of Austrian Succession, 272, 275–78, 300
Louis XVI, King of France (r. 1774–92), 251, 254, 291, 473, 508, 594;
death of, 362, 666*;
and Lagrange, 511;
and Necker, 479, 784;
tolerance of, 694, 710, 732;
Voltaire appeals to, 735
Louisiana, 13–14, 264, 289
Louis Quinze, Place (Place de la Concorde), Paris, 307, 309
Louis Quinze style, 303–4, 306, 309, 315
Louvois, François Michel Le Tellier, Marquis de (1641–91), 464
Louvre, Musée du, 113, 311, 312, 319, 321
Louvre, Palais du, 464;
as arts center and residence, 19, 283, 315, 319, 322;
Salon art exhibitions in, see under Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts
Louvre, Place du, Paris, 313
Love in Several Masques (Fielding), 193
Loves of the Plants, The (E. Darwin), 580
Lower Austria, 453, 454
Lower Pomerania, 437
Lower Silesia, 452, 453, 454
Lübeck, 227, 413
Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus; A.D. 39–65), Roman poet, 161
Lucca, 539
Lucerne, 473–76 passim
Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus; 96?–55 B.C.), Roman poet, 150, 443, 522, 619, 624, 692, 739
Ludolff, Christian (fl. 1744), 519
Ludwigsburg, Wurttemberg, 398
Lully, Jean Baptiste (1632–87), 295–98
passim, 464
Lunar Society, Birmingham, 528, 529
lunar tables, 510, 538, 549
Lüneburg, 406, 412, 416
Lunéville, Lorraine, 271, 276, 388–91
passim, 630, 631
Lusignan, Guy de, see Guy de Lusignan
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 59, 136, 412, 423, 424;
Voltaire and, 747;
Wesley and, 131, 132
Lutheranism: in Germany, 402, 413, 415, 416, 423, 428, 747;
ritual of, 224, 424–27, 437;
in Scandinavia, 495, 496
Lutrin, Le (Boileau), 166
Luxembourg, Maréchal Chrétien Louis de Montmorency, Duc de (1675–1746), 301
Luxembourg, Madeleine Angélique de Montmorency, Duchesse de, 301
Luxembourg, Palais du, Paris, 20, 21, 26, 313
Luxembourg Gardens, 295
Luynes, Charles Philippe d’Albert, Duc de (1695–1758), 22
Luynes, Marie Brulart d’Albert, Duchesse de (fl. 1730), 22
Lycée des Arts, Paris, 536
Lynn, Norfolk, England, 55
Lyons, 23, 262, 305, 308, 472, 565;
arts in, 308, 310;
Voltaire’s visit to, 471
Lyons, Academy of, 471, 498
Lyttelton, George, 1st Baron Lyttelton of Frankley (1700–73), 216
Mabillon, Jean (1632–1707), 487
Mably, Gabriel Bonnet de (1709–85), 300, 776, 777
Macaronis, 75
Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–59), 96, 158
Maccabaeus, Judas (fl. 166–161 B.C.), 241
Macdonald clan, 110
MacFlecknoe (Dryden), 171
Mach, Ernst (1838–1916), 512
Machault d’Arnouville, Jean Baptiste (1701–94), 255
Machiavelli, Niccoló (1469–1527), 346, 359,* 360, 446, 452
Maclaurin, Colin (1698–1746), 508, 539, 544, 556
Macao, 503
Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 335, 756
Madame de Pompadour (Goncourts), 644*
Madison, James (1751–1836), 649
Madras, India, 113, 264–65
Maffei, Marchese Francesco Scipione di(1675–1755), 381, 408
Magdeburg, free city of, 397
Magellan, Strait of, 558
magnetism, 514, 517, 522
Magyars, 431
Mahomet (Voltaire), 335, 378, 379, 380–81, 385, 736
Mahón, Spain, siege of (1756), 289, 294
Maillebois, Jean Baptiste François Desmarets, Marquis de (1682–1762), 454–55
Maillet, Benoît de (1656–1738), 553, 578
Mailly, Louise de Nesle, Comtesse de (1710–51), 274–75, 280, 307
Maine, Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Duc du (1670–1736), 6, 8–9, 18
Maine, Louise de Bourbon-Condé, Duchesse du (1676–1753), 8, 20, 36, 301;
her court at Sceaux, 6, 18, 23;
in Cellamare plot, 18, 32;
satirized, 331;
and Voltaire, 6, 34, 36, 386
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, Marquise de (1635–1719), 21, 26, 28, 31, 35
Mainwaring, Joh
n (1735–1807), 232
Mainz, 397, 470
Mainz, Bishop-Elector of, 406
Mairan, Jean Jacques Dortous de (1678–1771), 374
Maison du Roi, 278
Maisons, Château de, 39
Maisons, Marquis de, 40
Maitland, Charles (fl. 1720), 209, 210, 595
Malagrida, Father (d. 1764), 721, 767
Malebranche, Nicolas de (1638–1715), 616, 705
Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de (1721–94), 376, 638;
is lenient toward philosophes, 348, 496, 610–11, 633, 638, 639, 643, 651, 681, 693;
refuses to suppress antiphilosophes, 497, 641, 783
Malthus, Thomas R. (1766–1834), 261, 570
Manchester, Charles Montagu, 4th Earl and 1st Duke of (1656?–1722), 229
Manchester, England, 111
Mandeville, Bernard (1670?–1733), 138–39
Manichaeans, 515
Mannheim, 398, 409, 470, 551
manners: English, 49, 79–81, 83, 85, 87, 205, 247;
European, Chinese influence on, 504–5;
French, 81, 83, 205, 268–69, 292–95, 298–302, 308;
German, 397, 403;
Montesquieu on, 348
Manon Lescaut (Prévost), 14, 332–35
Mansard, Jules Hardouin-, see Hardouin-Mansard, Jules
Mansion House, London, 215
Manuel des Inquisiteurs (Morellet), 693
mapmakers, 560–61
Mar, John Erskine, Earl of (1675–1732), 92–93
Mar family, 107
Marana, Giovanni Paolo (fl. 1684), 341
Marat, Jean Paul (1743–93), 535–36, 713
Marburg, University of, 402
Marchand, Jean Louis (1669–1732), 414
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome (r. 161–180), 347, 739, 748
Maréchal, Georges (1658–1736), 598
Maréchal, Sylvan (fl. 1771), 780
Marées, Georg de (1697–1776), 404
María Ana Victoria, Spanish Infanta (b. 1719), 32, 273
Mariamne (Voltaire), 39
Mariana, Juan de (1536–1624), 765
María Teresa Rafaela (1727–46), Infanta, later Dauphine, 293, 383
Maria Theresa, ruler of Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia (r. 1740–80), Holy Roman Empress as wife of Francis I, 431, 434–36
passim, 451–51, 601;
accedes to Hapsburg throne, 436, 449;
attacked by Frederick II, 271, 436, 451–52;
appeals to Diet of Pressburg, 453, 455–56;
publishes Fleury’s request for terms, 272;
reveals secret truce to France, 454;
crowned queen of Bohemia, 455;
makes peace with Frederick, 454, 457;
and Mme. de Pompadour, 285
Marie, Abbé (fl. 1788), 511
Marie Antoinette (1755–93), Queen of Louis XVI of France, 511
Marie de Médicis (1573–1642), Queen Regent of France (r. 1610–17), 26, 313
Marie Josèphe (Maria Josefa) of Saxony (1731–67), Dauphine of France, 321