The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America

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by Marc Levinson


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  MANUSCRIPT

  Rentz, John A. “The Death of ‘Grandma’: The Hartfords’ Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, A&P” (1983).

  DISSERTATIONS AND WORKING PAPERS

  “A&P—1972.” Harvard Business School Case 9-274-114, 1972.

  Bullock, Roy Johnson. “A History of the Chain Grocery Store in the United States.” Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1933.

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  Hass, Harold M. “Social and Economic Aspects of the Chain Store Movement.” Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1939. Repr., New York: Arno Press, 1979.

  Mack, Adam. “Constructing the Supermarket: Grocers, Senses, and the Rise of Modern Food Shopping.” Typescript, 2009.

  Morelli, Carlo. “The Development of Chain Store Retailing in the US and Britain, 1850–1950.” Dundee Discussion Papers in Economics 148, University of Dundee, September 2003.

  Morris, Bruce Robert. “The Economics of the Special Taxation of Chain Stores.” Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1937. Repr., New York: Arno Press, 1979.

  Palmer, Vivien Marie. “History of the Communities.” Chicago: University of Chicago, Local Community Research Committee, 1925–30.

  Ruenheck, Wilbert Henry. “Business History of the Robert Gair Company, 1864 to 1927.” Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1951.

  Shideler, Ernest Hugh. “The Chain Store: A Study of the Ecological Organization of a Modern City.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1927.

  Silverman, Roselyn. “Hours of Work in Retail Trade, 1880–1920.” Master’s thesis, Columbia University, 1950.

  GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

  Hunt, Arthur L. Fruits and Vegetables, Fish, and Oysters, Canning and Preserving. Washington, D.C.: Census Bureau, 1902.

  Temporary National Economic Committee. Investigation of Concentration of Economic Power. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939.

  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retail Prices, 1913 to December 1920. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922.

  U.S. Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933.

  _____. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1923.

  _____. Historical Statistics of the United States, Centennial Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.

  U.S. Congress. Joint Commission on Agricultural Inquiry. Marketing and Distribution. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922.

  U.S. Department of Commerce. Census of Distribution. Mimeo, 1927.

  U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Chain Stores: Cooperative Grocery Chains. Senate doc. 12, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1931.

  _____. Chain Stores: Final Report on the Chain-Store Investigation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1935.

  _____. Chain Stores: Growth and Development of Chain Stores. Senate doc. 100, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1932.

  _____. Chain Stores: Scope of the Chain-Store Inquiry. Senate doc. 31, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1931.

  _____. Chain Stores: Sources of Chain-Store Merchandise. Senate doc. 30, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1931.

  _____. Chain-Store System of Marketing and Distribution. Senate doc. 146, 71st Cong., 2nd sess., 1930.

  _____. Resale Price Maintenance. House of Representatives doc. 1480, 65t
h Cong., 3rd sess., December 3, 1918.

  _____. A System of Accounts for Retail Merchants. House of Representatives doc. 1355, 64th Cong., 1st sess., July 15, 1916.

  _____. Wholesale Business of Retail Chains. Senate doc. 29, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1931.

  _____. Wholesale Marketing of Food. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  Historical research is not a solitary process. Many people aided my research for The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America. Some were enthusiastic when they heard about the chain-store wars and learned that the old A&P they remembered from childhood was once part of the largest retail enterprise in the world. Others were bemused that anyone would care about grocery stores. All deserve my thanks.

  The far-flung repositories of the National Archives and Records Administration were indispensible in researching this book. The details at the heart of The Great A&P come from the extensive legal record created in the course of the criminal antitrust trial in U.S. v. New York Great Atlantic & Pacific. Those who think the U.S. government is overzealous about sealing public records will not be surprised to learn that the entire case file, including the trial transcript and the thousands of exhibits originally produced in open court in 1945, was considered classified as late as 2009, and was released to me only upon the filing of requests under the Freedom of Information Act. These records are now available for public use, albeit in extremely dirty cartons, at the National Archives in College Park, Maryland, and I thank James R. Mathis and Heather MacRae for arranging their release. Duplicates of some of the trial materials are also available at the National Archives and Records Administration’s Great Lakes Region archives in Chicago, where Scott M. Forsythe and Donald W. Jackanicz assisted me; for reasons known only to the muses, those materials were never classified.

  At the National Archives’ Center for Legislative Archives in Washington, D.C., Rodney A. Ross helped me locate congressional documents related to the chain-store controversies. The staff of the National Archives’ New York branch found Civil War–era records concerning both George H. Hartford and George F. Gilman; and Georgia Higley, head of the newspaper section at the Library of Congress, gave me access to periodicals that are critical to understanding commodity markets in the Civil War era. Archivists at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library in Hyde Park, especially Virginia Lewick, guided me through a mass of relevant records. Wright Patman’s papers are at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library in Austin, Texas, where Bob Tissing was my navigator.

 

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