Is gentle love, and charms all womankind; 190
Envy, to which th’ ignoble mind ‘s a slave,
Is emulation in the learn’d or brave;
Nor virtue male or female can we name,
But what will grow on pride or grow on shame.
Thus Nature gives us (let it check our pride) 195
The Virtue nearest to our Vice allied:
Reason the bias turns to good from ill,
And Nero reigns a Titus if he will.
The fiery soul abhorr’d in Catiline,
In Decius charms, in Curtius is divine: 200
The same ambition can destroy or save,
And makes a patriot as it makes a knave.
IV. This light and darkness in our chaos join’d,
What shall divide? — the God within the mind.
Extremes in Nature equal ends produce; 205
In Man they join to some mysterious use;
Tho’ each by turns the other’s bounds invade,
As in some well-wrought picture light and shade;
And oft so mix, the diff’rence is too nice
Where ends the Virtue or begins the Vice. 210
Fools! who from hence into the notion fall
That Vice or Virtue there is none at all.
If white and black blend, soften, and unite
A thousand ways, is there no black or white?
Ask your own heart, and nothing is so plain; 215
‘T is to mistake them costs the time and pain.
V. Vice is a monster of so frightful mien,
As to be hated needs but to be seen;
Yet seen too oft, familiar with her face,
We first endure, then pity, then embrace. 220
But where th’ extreme of Vice was ne’er agreed:
Ask where ‘s the north? — at York ‘t is on the Tweed;
In Scotland at the Orcades; and there
At Greenland, Zembla, or the Lord knows where.
No creature owns it in the first degree, 225
But thinks his neighbour farther gone than he;
Ev’n those who dwell beneath its very zone,
Or never feel the rage or never own;
What happier natures shrink at with affright,
The hard inhabitant contends is right. 230
Virtuous and vicious ev’ry man must be,
Few in th’ extreme, but all in the degree:
The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise,
And ev’n the best by fits what they despise.
‘T is but by parts we follow good or ill; 235
For Vice or Virtue, Self directs it still;
Each individual seeks a sev’ral goal;
But Heav’n’s great view is one, and that the Whole.
That counterworks each folly and caprice;
That disappoints th’ effect of every vice; 240
That, happy frailties to all ranks applied,
Shame to the virgin, to the matron pride,
Fear to the statesman, rashness to the chief,
To kings presumption, and to crowds belief:
That, virtue’s ends from vanity can raise, 245
Which seeks no int’rest, no reward but praise;
And build on wants, and on defects of mind,
The joy, the peace, the glory of mankind.
Heav’n forming each on other to depend,
A master, or a servant, or a friend, 250
Bids each on other for assistance call,
Till one man’s weakness grows the strength of all.
Wants, frailties, passions, closer still ally
The common int’rest, or endear the tie.
To these we owe true friendship, love sincere, 255
Each home-felt joy that life inherits here;
Yet from the same we learn, in its decline,
Those joys, those loves, those int’rests to resign;
Taught, half by Reason, half by mere decay,
To welcome Death, and calmly pass away. 260
Whate’er the passion — knowledge, fame or pelf —
Not one will change his neighbour with himself.
The learn’d is happy Nature to explore,
The fool is happy that he knows no more;
The rich is happy in the plenty giv’n, 265
The poor contents him with the care of Heav’n.
See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing,
The sot a hero, lunatic a king,
The starving chymist in his golden views
Supremely bless’d, the poet in his Muse. 270
See some strange comfort ev’ry state attend,
And Pride bestow’d on all, a common friend:
See some fit passion every age supply;
Hope travels thro’, nor quits us when we die.
Behold the child, by Nature’s kindly law, 275
Pleas’d with a rattle, tickled with a straw:
Some livelier plaything gives his youth delight,
A little louder, but as empty quite:
Scarfs, garters, gold, amuse his riper stage,
And beads and prayer-books are the toys of age: 280
Pleas’d with this bauble still, as that before,
Till tired he sleeps, and life’s poor play is o’er.
Meanwhile opinion gilds with varying rays
Those painted clouds that beautify our days;
Each want of happiness by Hope supplied, 285
And each vacuity of sense by Pride:
These build as fast as Knowledge can destroy;
In Folly’s cup still laughs the bubble joy;
One prospect lost, another still we gain,
And not a vanity is giv’n in vain: 290
Ev’n mean Self-love becomes, by force divine,
The scale to measure others’ wants by thine.
See! and confess one comfort still must rise;
‘T is this, Though Man ‘s a fool, yet God is wise.
Essay on Man: Epistle III.
Of the Nature and State of Man with Respect to Society
ARGUMENT
I. The whole Universe one system of Society. Nothing made wholly for itself, nor yet wholly for another. The happiness of animals mutual, verse 7, etc. II. Reason or Instinct operates alike to the good of each individual. Reason or Instinct operates also to Society in all animals, verse 49, etc. III. How far Society carried by Instinct; — how much farther by reason, verse 109, etc. IV. Of that which is called the state of nature. Reason instructed by Instinct in the invention of arts; — and in the forms of Society, verse 144, etc. V. Origin of political societies; — origin of Monarchy; — patriarchal government, verse 199, etc. VI. Origin of true Religion and Government, from the same principle of Love; — origin of Superstition and Tyranny, from the same principle of Fear. The influence of Self-love operating to the social and public good. Restoration of true Religion and Government on their first principle. Mixed government. Various forms of each, and the true end of all, verse 215, etc.
HERE then we rest:—’The Universal Cause
Acts to one end, but acts by various laws.’
In all the madness of superfluous Health,
The trim of Pride, the impudence of Wealth,
Let this great truth be present night and day: 5
But most be present, if we preach or pray.
I. Look round our world; behold the chain of love
Combining all below and all above.
See plastic Nature working to this end,
The single atoms each to other tend, 10
Attract, attracted to, the next in place,
Form’d and impell’d its neighbour to embrace.
See matter next, with various life endued,
Press to one centre still, the gen’ral good:
See dying vegetables life sustain, 15
See life dissolving vegetate again.
All forms that perish other forms supply
(By turns we catch
the vital breath, and die),
Like bubbles on the sea of Matter borne,
They rise, they break, and to that sea return. 20
Nothing is foreign; parts relate to whole;
One all-extending, all-preserving, soul
Connects each being, greatest with the least;
Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast;
All serv’d, all serving: nothing stands alone; 25
The chain holds on, and where it ends unknown.
Has God, thou fool! work’d solely for thy good,
Thy joy, thy pastime, thy attire, thy food?
Who for thy table feeds the wanton fawn,
For him as kindly spreads the flowery lawn. 30
Is it for thee the lark ascends and sings?
Joy tunes his voice, joy elevates his wings.
Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat?
Loves of his own and raptures swell the note.
The bounding steed you pompously bestride 35
Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride.
Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?
The birds of Heav’n shall vindicate their grain.
Thine the full harvest of the golden year?
Part pays, and justly, the deserving steer. 40
The hog that ploughs not, nor obeys thy call,
Lives on the labours of this lord of all.
Know Nature’s children all divide her care;
The fur that warms a monarch warm’d a bear.
While Man exclaims, ‘See all things for my use!’ 45
‘See man for mine!’ replies a pamper’d goose:
And just as short of Reason he must fall,
Who thinks all made for one, not one for all.
Grant that the pow’rful still the weak control;
Be Man the wit and tyrant of the whole: 50
Nature that tyrant checks; he only knows,
And helps, another creature’s wants and woes.
Say will the falcon, stooping from above,
Smit with her varying plumage, spare the dove?
Admires the jay the insect’s gilded wings? 55
Or hears the hawk when Philomela sings? —
Man cares for all: to birds he gives his woods,
To beasts his pastures, and to fish his floods.
For some his Int’rest prompts him to provide,
For more his Pleasure, yet for more his Pride: 60
All feed on one vain patron, and enjoy
Th’ extensive blessing of his luxury.
That very life his learned hunger craves,
He saves from famine, from the savage saves;
Nay, feasts the animal he dooms his feast, 65
And till he ends the being makes it blest;
Which sees no more the stroke, or feels the pain,
Than favour’d man by touch ethereal slain.
The creature had his feast of life before;
Thou too must perish when thy feast is o’er! 70
To each unthinking being, Heav’n, a friend,
Gives not the useless knowledge of its end:
To man imparts it, but with such a view
As while he dreads it, makes him hope it too;
The hour conceal’d, and so remote the fear, 75
Death still draws nearer, never seeming near.
Great standing miracle! that Heav’n assign’d
Its only thinking thing this turn of mind.
II. Whether with Reason or with Instinct blest,
Know all enjoy that power which suits them best; 80
To bliss alike by that direction tend,
And find the means proportion’d to their end.
Say, where full Instinct is th’ unerring guide,
What Pope or Council can they need beside?
Reason, however able, cool at best, 85
Cares not for service, or but serves when prest,
Stays till we call, and then not often near;
But honest Instinct comes a volunteer,
Sure never to o’ershoot, but just to hit,
While still too wide or short is human wit; 90
Sure by quick Nature happiness to gain,
Which heavier Reason labours at in vain.
This, too, serves always; Reason, never long;
One must go right, the other may go wrong.
See then the acting and comparing powers 95
One in their nature, which are two in ours;
And Reason raise o’er Instinct as you can,
In this ‘t is God directs, in that ‘t is Man.
Who taught the nations of the field and wood
To shun their poison and to choose their food? 100
Prescient, the tides or tempests to withstand,
Build on the wave, or arch beneath the sand?
Who made the spider parallels design,
Sure as Demoivre, without rule or line?
Who bade the stork, Columbus-like, explore 105
Heav’ns not his own, and worlds unknown before?
Who calls the council, states the certain day,
Who forms the phalanx, and who points the way?
III. God in the nature of each being founds
Its proper bliss, and sets its proper bounds; 110
But as he framed a whole the whole to bless,
On mutual wants built mutual happiness:
So from the first eternal order ran,
And creature link’d to creature, man to man.
Whate’er of life all-quick’ning ether keeps, 115
Or breathes thro’ air, or shoots beneath the deeps,
Or pours profuse on earth, one Nature feeds
The vital flame, and swells the genial seeds.
Not man alone, but all that roam the wood,
Or wing the sky, or roll along the flood, 120
Each loves itself, but not itself alone,
Each sex desires alike, till two are one.
Nor ends the pleasure with the fierce embrace:
They love themselves a third time in their race.
Thus beast and bird their common charge attend, 125
The mothers nurse it, and the sires defend;
The young dismiss’d to wander earth or air,
There stops the instinct, and there ends the care;
The link dissolves, each seeks a fresh embrace,
Another love succeeds, another race. 130
A longer care man’s helpless kind demands;
That longer care contracts more lasting bands:
Reflection, Reason, still the ties improve,
At once extend the int’rest and the love;
With choice we fix, with sympathy we burn; 135
Each virtue in each passion takes its turn;
And still new needs, new helps, new habits rise,
That graft benevolence on charities.
Still as one brood and as another rose,
These natural love maintain’d, habitual those: 140
The last, scarce ripen’d into perfect man,
Saw helpless him from whom their life began:
Mem’ry and forecast just returns engage,
That pointed back to youth, this on to age;
While pleasure, gratitude, and hope, combin’d, 145
Still spread the int’rest, and preserv’d the kind.
IV. Nor think in Nature’s state they blindly trod;
The state of Nature was the reign of God:
Self-love and Social at her birth began,
Union the bond of all things, and of Man; 150
Pride then was not, nor arts, that pride to aid;
Man walk’d with beast, joint tenant of the shade;
The same his table, and the same his bed;
No murder clothed him, and no murder fed.
In the same temple, the resounding wood, 155
All vocal beings hymn’d their equal God:
The shrine with gore unstain’d,
with gold undrest,
Unbribed, unbloody, stood the blameless priest:
Heav’n’s attribute was universal care,
And man’s prerogative to rule, but spare. 160
Ah! how unlike the man of times to come!
Of half that live the butcher and the tomb;
Who, foe to Nature, hears the gen’ral groan,
Murders their species, and betrays his own.
But just disease to luxury succeeds, 165
And ev’ry death its own avenger breeds;
The fury-passions from that blood began,
And turn’d on man a fiercer savage, man.
See him from Nature rising slow to Art!
To copy Instinct then was Reason’s part: 170
Thus then to man the voice of Nature spake —
‘Go, from the creatures thy instructions take:
Learn from the birds what food the thickets yield,
Learn from the beasts the physic of the field;
Thy arts of building from the bee receive; 175
Learn of the mole to plough, the worm to weave;
Learn of the little nautilus to sail,
Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale.
Here too all forms of social union find,
And hence let Reason late instruct mankind. 180
Here subterranean works and cities see;
There towns aërial on the waving tree;
Learn each small people’s genius, policies,
The ants’ republic, and the realm of bees:
How those in common all their wealth bestow, 185
And anarchy without confusion know;
And these for ever, tho’ a monarch reign,
Their sep’rate cells and properties maintain.
Mark what unvaried laws preserve each state,
Laws wise as Nature, and as fix’d as Fate. 190
In vain thy Reason finer webs shall draw,
Entangle justice in her net of law,
And right, too rigid, harden into wrong,
Still for the strong too weak, the weak too strong.
Yet go! and thus o’er all the creatures sway, 195
Thus let the wiser make the rest obey;
And for those arts mere Instinct could afford,
Be crown’d as Monarchs, or as Gods ador’d.’
V. Great Nature spoke; observant man obey’d;
Cities were built, societies were made: 200
Here rose one little state; another near
Grew by like means, and join’d thro’ love or fear.
Did here the trees with ruddier burdens bend,
And there the streams in purer rills descend?
What war could ravish, commerce could bestow, 205
And he return’d a friend who came a foe.
Converse and love mankind might strongly draw,
Alexander Pope - Delphi Poets Series Page 32