by Sigrid Nunez
Table of Contents
Title Page
PART ONE - CHANG
PART TWO - CHRISTA
PART THREE - A FEATHER ON THE BREATH OF GOD
PART FOUR - IMMIGRANT LOVE
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PART ONE
CHANG
The first time I ever heard my father speak Chinese was at Coney Island. I don’t remember how old I was then, but I must have been very young. This was in the early days, when we still went on family outings. We were walking along the boardwalk when we ran into the four Chinese men. My mother told the story often, as if she thought we’d forgotten. “You kids didn’t know them and neither did I. They were friends of your father’s, from Chinatown. You’d never heard Chinese before. You didn’t know what was up. You stood there with your mouths hanging open—I had to laugh. ‘Why are they singing? Why is Daddy singing?’”
One of the men gave each of my sisters and me a dollar bill. I cashed mine into dimes and set out to win a goldfish. A dime bought you three chances to toss a Ping-Pong ball into one of many small fishbowls, each holding a quivering tangerine-colored fish. Overexcited, I threw recklessly, again and again. When all the dimes were gone I ran back to the grown-ups in tears. The man who had given me the dollar tried to give me another, but my parents wouldn’t allow it. He pressed the bag of peanuts he had been eating into my hands and said I could have them all.
I never saw any of those men again or heard anything about them. They were the only friends of my father’s that I would ever meet. I would hear him speak Chinese again, but very seldom. In Chinese restaurants, occasionally on the telephone, once or twice in his sleep, and in the hospital when he was dying.
So it was true, then. He really was Chinese. Up until that day I had not quite believed it.
My mother always said that he had sailed to America on a boat. He took a slow boat from China, was what she used to say, laughing. I wasn’t sure whether she was serious, and if she was, why coming from China was such a funny thing.
A slow boat from China. In time I learned that he was born not in China but in Panama. No wonder I only half-believed he was Chinese. He was only half-Chinese.
The facts I know about his life are unbearably few. Although we shared the same house for eighteen years, we had little else in common. We had no culture in common. It is only a slight exaggeration to say that we had no language in common. By the time I was born my father had lived almost thirty years in America, but to hear him speak you would not have believed this. About his failure to master English there always seemed to me something willful. Except for her accent—as thick as but so different from his—my mother had no such trouble.
“He never would talk about himself much, you know. That was his way. He never really had much to say, in general. Silence was golden. It was a cultural thing, I think.” (My mother.)
By the time I was old enough to understand this, my father had pretty much stopped talking.
Taciturnity: They say that is an Oriental trait. But I don’t believe my father was always the silent, withdrawn man I knew. Think of that day at Coney Island, when he was talking a Chinese blue streak.
Almost everything I know about him came from my mother, and there was much she herself never knew, much she had forgotten or was unsure of, and much she would never tell.
I am six, seven, eight years old, a schoolgirl with deplorable posture and constantly cracked lips, chafing in the dollish Old World clothes handmade by my mother; a bossy, fretful, sly, cowardly child given to fits of temper and weeping. In school, or in the playground, or perhaps watching television, I hear something about the Chinese—something odd, improbable. I will ask my father. He will know whether it is true, say, that the Chinese eat with sticks.
He shrugs. He pretends not to understand. Or he scowls and says, “Chinese just like everybody else.”
(“He thought you were making fun of him. He always thought everyone was making fun of him. He had a chip on his shoulder. The way he acted, you’d’ve thought he was colored!”)
Actually, he said “evvybody.”
Is it true the Chinese write backwards?
Chinese just like evvybody else.
Is it true they eat dog?
Chinese just like evvybody else.
Are they really all Communists?
Chinese just like evvybody else.
What is Chinese water torture? What is foot-binding? What is a mandarin?
Chinese just like evvybody else.
He was not like everybody else.
The unbearably few facts are these. He was born in Colon, Panama, in 1911. His father came from Shanghai. From what I have been able to gather, Grandfather Chang was a merchant engaged in the trade of tobacco and tea. This business, which he ran with one of his brothers, kept him traveling often between Shanghai and Coln. He had two wives, one in each city, and, as if out of a passion for symmetry, two sons by each wife. Soon after my father, Carlos, was born, his father took him to Shanghai, to be raised by the Chinese wife. Ten years later my father was sent back to Coln. I never understood the reason for this. The way the story was told to me, I got the impression that my father was being sent away from some danger. This was, of course, a time of upheaval in China, the decade following the birth of the Republic, the era of the warlords. If the date is correct, my father would have left Shanghai the year the Chinese Communist party was founded there. It remains uncertain, though, whether political events had anything at all to do with his leaving China.
One year after my father returned to Colon his mother was dead. I remember hearing as a child that she had died of a stroke. Years later this would seem to me odd, when I figured out that she would have been only twenty-six. Odder still, to think of that reunion between the longparted mother and son; there’s a good chance they did not speak the same language. The other half-Panamanian son, Alfonso, was either sent back with my father or had never left Coln. After their mother’s death the two boys came into the care of their father’s brother and business partner, Uncle Mee, who apparently lived in Coln and had a large family of his own.
Grandfather Chang, his Chinese wife, and their two sons remained in Shanghai. All were said to have been killed by the Japanese. That must have been during the Sino-Japanese War. My father would have been between his late twenties and early thirties by then, but whether he ever saw any of those Shanghai relations again before they died, I don’t know.
At twelve or thirteen my father sailed to America with Uncle Mee. I believe it was just the two of them who came, leaving the rest of the family in Coln. Sometime in the next year or so my father was enrolled in a public school in Brooklyn. I remember coming across a notebook that had belonged to him in those days and being jolted by the name written on the cover: Charles Cipriano Chang. That was neither my father’s first nor his last name, as far as I knew, and I’d never heard of the middle name. (Hard to believe that my father spent his boyhood in Shanghai being called Carlos, a name he could not even pronounce with the proper Spanish accent. So he must have had a Chinese name as well. And although our family never knew this name, perhaps among Chinese people he used it.)
Twenty years passed. All I know about this part of my father’s life is that it was lived illegally in New York, mostly in Chinatown, where he worked in various restaurants. Then came the Second World War and he was drafted. It was while he was in the army that he finally became an American citizen. He was no longer calling himself Charles but Carlos again, and now, upon becoming a citizen, he dropped his father’s family name and took his m
other’s. Why a man who thought of himself as Chinese, who had always lived among Chinese, who spoke little Spanish, and who had barely known his mother would have made such a decision in the middle of his life is one of many mysteries surrounding my father.
My mother had an explanation. “You see, Alfonso was a Panamanian citizen, and he had taken his mother’s name” (which would, of course, be in keeping with Spanish cultural tradition). “He was the only member of his family your father had left—the others were all dead. Your father wanted to have the same last name as his brother. Also, he thought he’d get along better in this country with a Spanish name.” This makes no sense to me. He’d been a Chinatown Chang for twenty years. Now all of a sudden he wished to pass for Hispanic?
In another version of this story, the idea of getting rid of the Chinese name was attributed to the citizenship official handling my father’s papers. This is plausible, given that immigration restrictions for Chinese were still in effect at that time. But I have not ruled out the possibility that the change of names was the result of a misunderstanding between my father and this official. My father was an easily fuddled man, especially when dealing with authority, and he always had trouble understanding and making himself understood in English. And I can imagine him not only befuddled enough to make such a mistake but also too timid afterward to try to fix it.
Whatever really happened I’m sure I’ll never know. I do know that having a Spanish name brought much confusion into my father’s life and have always wondered in what way my own life might have been different had he kept the name Chang.
From this point on the story becomes somewhat clearer.
With the Hundredth Infantry Division my father goes to war, fights in France and Germany, and, after V-E Day, is stationed in the small southern German town where he will meet my mother. He is thirty-four and she has just turned eighteen. She is soon pregnant.
Here is rich food for speculation: How did they communicate? She had had a little English in school. He learned a bit of German. They must have misunderstood far more than they understood of each other. Perhaps this helps to explain why my eldest sister was already two and my other sister on the way before my parents got married. (My sisters and I did not learn about this until we were in our twenties.)
By the time I was three they would already have had two long separations.
“I should have married Rudolf!” (My mother.)
Nineteen forty-eight. My father returns to the States with his wife and first daughter. Now everything is drastically changed. A different America this: the America of the citizen, the legal worker, the family man. No more drinking and gambling till all hours in Chinatown. No more drifting from job to job, living hand to mouth, sleeping on the floor of a friend’s room or on a shelf in the restaurant kitchen. There are new, undreamed-of expenses: household money, layettes, taxes, insurance, a special bank account for the children’s education. He does the best he can. He rents an apartment in the Fort Greene housing project, a short walk from the Cantonese restaurant on Fulton Street where he works as a waiter. Some nights after closing, after all the tables have been cleared and the dishes done, he stays for the gambling. He weaves home to a wide-awake wife who sniffs the whiskey on his breath and doesn’t care whether he has lost or won. So little money—to gamble with any of it is a sin. Her English is getting better (“no thanks to him!”), but for what she has to say she needs little vocabulary. She is miserable. She hates America. She dreams incessantly about going home. There is something peculiar about the three-year-old: She rarely smiles; she claws at the pages of magazines, like a cat. The one-year-old is prone to colic. To her horror my mother learns that she is pregnant again. She attempts an abortion, which fails. I am born. About that attempt, was my father consulted? Most likely not. Had he been I think I know what he would have said. He would have said: No, this time it will be a boy. Like most men he would have wanted a son. (All girls—a house full of females—a Chinese man’s nightmare!) Perhaps with a son he would have been more open. Perhaps a son he would have taught Chinese.
He gets another job, as a dishwasher in the kitchen of a large public health service hospital. He will work there until he retires, eventually being promoted to kitchen supervisor.
He moves his family to another housing project, outside the city, newly built, cleaner, safer.
He works all the time. On weekends, when he is off from the hospital, he waits on tables in one or another Chinese restaurant. He works most holidays and takes no vacation. On his rare day off he outrages my mother by going to the racetrack. But he is not self-indulgent. A little gambling, a quart of Budweiser with his supper—eaten alone, an hour or so after the rest of us (he always worked late)—now and then a glass of Scotch, cigarettes—these were his only pleasures. While the children are still small there are occasional outings. To Coney Island, Chinatown, the zoo. On Sundays sometimes he takes us to the children’s matinee, and once a year to Radio City, for the Christmas or Easter show. But he and my mother never go out alone together, just the two of them—never.
Her English keeps getting better, making his seem worse and worse.
He is hardly home, yet my memory is of constant fighting.
Not much vocabulary needed to wound.
“Stupid woman. Crazy lady. Talk, talk, talk, talk—never say nothing!”
“I should have married Rudolf!”
Once, she spat in his face. Another time, she picked up a bread knife and he had to struggle to get it away from her.
They slept in separate beds.
Every few months she announced to the children that it was over: We were going “home.” (And she did go back with us to Germany once, when I was two. We stayed six months. About this episode she was always vague. In years to come, whenever we asked her why we did not stay in Germany, she would say, “You children wanted your father.” But I think that is untrue. More likely she realized that there was no life for her back there. She had never gotten on well with her family. By this time I believe Rudolf had married another.)
Even working the two jobs, my father did not make much money. He would never make enough to buy a house. Yet it seemed the burden of being poor weighed heavier on my mother. Being poor meant you could never relax, meant eternal attention to appearances. Just because you had no money didn’t mean you were squalid. Come into the house: See how clean and tidy everything is. Look at the children: spotless. And people did comment to my mother—on the shininess of her floors and how she kept her children—and she was gratified by this. Still, being poor was exhausting.
One day a woman waist-deep in children knocked at the door. When my mother answered, the woman apologized. “I thought—from the name on the mailbox I thought you were Spanish too. My kids needed to use the toilet.” My mother could not hide her displeasure. She was proud of being German, and in those postwar years she was also bitterly defensive. When people called us names—spicks and chinks—she said, “You see how it is in this country. For all they say how bad we Germans are, no one ever calls you names for being German.”
She had no patience with my father’s quirks. The involuntary twitching of a muscle meant that someone had given him the evil eye. Drinking a glass of boiled water while it was still hot cured the flu. He saved back issues of Reader’s Digest and silver dollars from certain years, believing that one day they’d be worth a lot of money. What sort of backward creature had she married? His English drove her mad. Whenever he didn’t catch something that was said to him (and this happened all the time), instead of saying “What?” he said “Who?” “Who? Who?” she screeched back at him. “What are you, an owl?”
Constant bickering and fighting.
We children dreamed of growing up, going to college, getting married, getting away.
And what about Alfonso and Uncle Mee? What happened to them?
“I never met either of them, but we heard from Mee all the time those first years—it was awful. By then he was back in Panama. He was a
terrible gambler, and so were his sons. They had debts up to here—and who should they turn to but your father. Uncle What-About-Mee, I called him. ‘Think of all I’ve done for you. You owe me.’” (And though she had never heard it she mimicked his voice.) “Well, your father had managed to save a couple of thousand dollars and he sent it all to Mee. I could have died. I never forgave him. I was pregnant then, and I had one maternity dress—one. Mee no sooner got that money than he wrote back for more. I told your father if he sent him another dime I was leaving.”
Somehow the quarrel extended to include Alfonso, who seems to have sided with Mee. My father broke with them both. Several years after we left Brooklyn, an ad appeared in the Chinatown newspaper. Alfonso and Mee were trying to track my father down. He never answered the ad, my father said. He never spoke to either man again. (Perhaps he lied. Perhaps he was always in touch with them, secretly. I believe much of his life was a secret from us.)
I have never seen a photograph of my father that was taken before he was in the army. I have no idea what he looked like as a child or as a young man. I have never seen any photographs of his parents or his brothers, or of Uncle Mee, or of any other relations, or of the houses he lived in in Colón or Shanghai. If my father had any possessions that had belonged to his parents, any family keepsakes or mementos of his youth, I never saw them. About his youth he had nothing to tell. A single anecdote he shared with me. In Shanghai he had a dog. When my father sailed to Panama, the dog was brought along to the dock to see him off. My father boarded the boat and the dog began howling. He never forgot that: the boat pulling away from the dock and the dog howling. “Dog no fool. He know I never be back.”
In our house there were no Chinese things. No objects made of bamboo or jade. No lacquer boxes. No painted scrolls or fans. No calligraphy. No embroidered silks. No Buddhas. No chopsticks among the silverware, no rice bowls or tea sets. No Chinese tea, no ginseng or soy sauce in the cupboards. My father was the only Chinese thing, sitting like a Buddha himself among the Hummels and cuckoo clocks and pictures of Alpine landscapes. My mother thought of the house as hers, spoke of her curtains, her floors (often in warning: “Don’t scuff up my floors!”) The daughters were hers too. To each of them she gave a Nordic name, impossible for him to pronounce. (“What does your father call you?” That question—an agony to me—rang through my childhood.) It was part of her abiding nostalgia that she wanted to raise her children as Germans. She sewed dirndls for them and even for their dolls. She braided their hair, then wound the braids tightly around their ears, like hair earmuffs, in the German style. They would open their presents on Christmas Eve rather than Christmas morning. They would not celebrate Thanksgiving. Of course they would not celebrate any Chinese holiday. No dragon and firecrackers on Chinese New Year’s. For Christmas there was red cabbage and sauerbraten. Imagine my father saying sauerbraten.