by Taylor Clark
Page 88.
Michael J. McCarthy, “The Caffeine Count in Your Morning Fix,” Wall Street Journal, April 13, 2004.
Page 89.
Mike Hofman, “Upstarts: Dry Cleaning,” Inc., January 2001.
Page 90.
For more on Starbucks’s marketing and the story of the “Big Dig,” see Scott Bedbury and Stephen Fenichell, A New Brand World: 8 Principles for Achieving Brand Leadership in the 21st Century (New York: Viking, 2002); and Kim Murphy, “More Than Coffee, a Way of Life,” Los Angeles Times, September 22, 1996.
Page 92.
The story of Starbucks hypnotizing “hip young people” comes from Ruth Shalit, “Hypnotizing Slackers for Starbucks, and Other Visionary Acts of Marketing Research,” Salon.com, September 28, 1999.
Page 93.
Naomi Klein, No Logo (New York: Picador, 2002).
David Brooks, Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).
Page 94.
Howard Schultz and Dori Jones Yang, Pour Your Heart into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time (New York: Hyperion, 1997).
Page 96.
David Shields, “The Capitalist Communitarian,” New York Times Magazine, March 24, 2002.
Page 97.
Oliver Burkeman, “Howard’s Way,” Guardian, October 20, 2000.
Page 98.
Dave Barry, “A Tall Order, Grammatically,” Miami Herald, October 10, 2004.
Page 100.
On design at Starbucks, two particularly useful sources were Virginia Postrel, The Substance of Style: How the Rise of Aesthetic Value Is Remaking Commerce, Culture, and Consciousness (New York: HarperCollins, 2003); and Arthur Rubinfeld and Collins Hemingway, Built for Growth: Expanding Your Business Around the Corner or Across the Globe (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2005).
Page 106.
On efficiency and changes to the Starbucks retail formula, see Paco Underhill, Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999); Steven Gray, “Coffee on the Double,” Wall Street Journal, April 12, 2005; Christina Ianzito, “At the Coffee Shop, It’s Always a Tall Order,” Washington Post, August 7, 2002; and Paul J. Lim, “The Starbucks Challenge — Specialty-Coffee Maker Hopes New Products Won’t Dilute Its High-Class Reputation,” Seattle Times, June 19, 1995.
Chapter 4: Leviathan
Page 112.
Frederic Biddle, “Coffee Connection on the Defensive as Starbucks Comes to Town,” Boston Globe, January 2, 1994.
Page 113.
The Bloomberg quotation comes from Gersh Kuntzman, “Subverting Starbucks,” Newsweek, October 28, 2002.
Page 115.
The two exceedingly pessimistic pronouncements on Starbucks’s future come from Joshua Levine, “The Java News,” Forbes, May 22, 1995; and Margaret Webb Pressler, “Finding Grounds for a Consolidation,” Washington Post, August 1, 1995.
Page 116.
For more on the Starbucks real estate strategy, see Arthur Rubinfeld and Collins Hemingway, Built for Growth: Expanding Your Business Around the Corner or Across the Globe (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2005); and Dina ElBoghdady, “Pouring It In: The Starbucks Strategy? Locations, Locations, Locations,” Washington Post, August 25, 2002.
Page 122.
Anne Krueger, “Residents Welcome Starbucks with Arms Wide Open,” San Diego Union-Tribune, March 15, 2003.
Joel Achenbach, “One Tall Cappuccino Conundrum, To Go: At Starbucks, Jitters Precede the Caffeine,” Washington Post, August 11, 2003.
Page 123.
For more information on Nancy McGuckin’s gridlock-causing “Starbucks Effect,” go to http://www.travelbehavior.us/the_starbucks_effect.htm.
Page 124.
On other coffee chains, see Monica Soto Ouchi, “Tully’s Coffee: A Brand that Belies Its Size,” Seattle Times, February 20, 2005; John Reinan, “Ready to Lock Horns: No. 2 Caribou Coffee Is Setting Its Sights on Market Leader Starbucks,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, January 26, 2004; Mya Frazier, “Starbucks It Isn’t — and Purposely So,” Advertising Age, March 14, 2005; Eric A. Taub, “Rival Moving Beyond Roots Entwined with Starbucks,” New York Times, June 4, 2005; Justin Doebele, “The Brew to Be No. 2,” Forbes Global, May 12, 2003; Linda Tischler, “It’s Not About the Doughnuts,” Fast Company, December 2004; and Jean Halliday and Kate MacArthur, “BK, McD’s Wake Up to Premium Coffee,” Advertising Age, April 11, 2005.
Page 129.
Kim Murphy, “More Than Coffee, a Way of Life,” Los Angeles Times, September 22, 1996.
Page 130.
Timothy Gower, “Starbucks Nation: A Caffeinated Juggernaut Gives Competitors the Jitters,” Seattle Weekly, August 10, 1994.
Stanley Holmes, “Planet Starbucks,” Business Week, September 9, 2002.
Nathan Cobb, “The Bean Stalk: Deal Leaves Coffee Mavens Uneasy,” Boston Globe, March 31, 1994.
Page 134.
You can find the Forbes list of the four hundred richest Americans at http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/54/biz_06rich400_The-400-Richest-Americans_land.html. As of September 2006, Howard Schultz was ranked 354th.
Page 135.
Percy Allen, “Schultz: Sonics May Leave Without Cash,” Seattle Times, February 2, 2006.
Page 138.
Howard Schultz and Dori Jones Yang, Pour Your Heart into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time (New York: Hyperion, 1997).
PART TWO: GETTING STEAMED
Chapter 5: Storm Brewing
Page 144.
In formulating my summary of charges against Starbucks, one source that helped shape my early thinking was Kim Fellner, “The Starbucks Paradox,” Colorlines, Spring 2004.
Page 147.
Stanley Holmes, “Planet Starbucks,” Business Week, September 9, 2002.
Page 148.
For more on the Hosford-Abernethy firebombing story, see Joseph Rose and Stephen Beaven, “Firebomb Hits New Starbucks,” Oregonian, May 6, 2004.
Page 149.
Two useful books for understanding the opposition to large chains are Naomi Klein, No Logo (New York: Picador, 2002); and Stacy Mitchell, Big-Box Swindle: The True Cost of Mega-Retailers and the Fight for America’s Independent Business (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006).
For a very thorough discussion of gentrification, see Maureen Kennedy and Paul Leonard, Dealing with Neighborhood Change: A Primer on Gentrification and Policy Choices, April 2001, which is available at the Brookings Institution Web site: http://www.brookings.edu.
Page 150.
J. K. Dineen, “Starbucks Sparks Battle in Japantown,” San Francisco Examiner, May 17, 2005.
Page 150, footnote.
Patricia Sellers, “Starbucks: The Next Generation,” Fortune, April 4, 2005.
Page 151.
Scott Bedbury and Stephen Fenichell, A New Brand World: 8 Principles for Achieving Brand Leadership in the 21st Century (New York: Viking, 2002).
Page 152.
The Civic Economics Andersonville study is available at http://www.andersonvillestudy.com.
Page 153.
Matt Viser, “Seeking Starbucks Status: Towns Line Up to Lure Company with Its Desirable Demographics,” Boston Globe, July 15, 2004.
Tamara Lush, “Palm Beach Thinks Starbucks is a Café Without Any Cachet,” St. Petersburg Times, October 1, 2006.
Page 154.
Louis Aguilar, “Hey, Starbucks: What’s Wrong with Detroit?” Detroit News, May 16, 2006.
Page 155.
On small towns luring in Starbucks, see Viser, “Seeking Starbucks Status”; and “Developers Will Pay for Financial Boost, Prestige of Starbucks,” Associated Press, March 31, 1999.
Page 158.
On Starbucks as predator, see Timothy Gower, “Starbucks Nation: A Caffeinated Juggernaut Gives Competitors the Jitters,” Seattle Weekly, August 10, 1994; and the piece where I first saw the term that I’ve used as the title of this book (though it has also be
en used to great effect by Jeremy Dorosin, whose antichain Web site is http://www.starbucked.com), Nicole Nolan, “Starbucked!” In These Times, November 11, 1996.
Page 159.
Arthur Rubinfeld and Collins Hemingway, Built for Growth: Expanding Your Business Around the Corner or Across the Globe (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2005).
Page 162.
John Simons, “A Case of the Shakes,” US News and World Report, July 6, 1997.
For more on Starbucks not actually succeeding as a predator, see Kevin Helliker and Shirley Leung, “Despite Starbucks Jitters, Most Coffee-houses Thrive,” Wall Street Journal, September 24, 2002; and David Schomer, “How to Compete with Starbucks,” http://www.espressovivace.com/archives/-lucidcafe/LC28.pdf, October 16, 2001.
Page 166.
Kim Roberts, “Surviving Starbucks,” Omaha World-Herald, October 27, 2003.
Page 167.
Gower, “Starbucks Nation.”
Chapter 6: A Fair Trade?
Page 170.
On the current coffee crisis, see Nicholas Stein and Doris Burke, “Crisis in a Coffee Cup,” Fortune, December 9, 2002; Joshua Kurlantzick, “Coffee Snobs Unite!” Washington Monthly, July/August 2003; Peter Fritsch, “Bitter Brew: An Oversupply of Coffee Beans Deepens Latin America’s Woes,” Wall Street Journal, July 8, 2002; Roger Downey, “The $8 Latte,” Seattle Weekly, March 27, 2002; and Jake Batsell’s excellent three-part series on coffee farming conditions for the Seattle Times, which ran September 19–21, 2004.
Page 171.
Antony Wild, Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005).
Page 174.
My telling of the Gabriel de Clieu story is drawn from Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer, The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World’s Most Popular Drug (New York: Routledge, 2002); William H. Ukers, All About Coffee (New York: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, 1935); and Stewart Lee Allen, The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Ballantine Books, 1999).
Page 177.
Three useful sources for general information on coffee farming through history are William Gervase Clarence-Smith and Stephen Topik, eds., The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500–1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); John M. Talbot, Grounds for Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain (Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield, 2004); and Terry McDermott, “Cash Crop,” Seattle Times, November 28, 1993.
Page 178.
My source for the “Brazil is coffee, and coffee is the negro” quotation was Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
Page 187.
For more on Fair Trade coffee, see Laure Waridel, Coffee with Pleasure: Just Java and World Trade (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2002); Steve Stecklow and Erin White, “What Price Virtue?” Wall Street Journal, June 8, 2004; Jennifer Alsever, “Fair Prices for Farmers: Simple Idea, Complex Reality,” New York Times, March 19, 2006; and Kerry Howley, “Absolution in Your Cup: The Real Meaning of Fair Trade Coffee,” Reason, March 2006.
Page 189.
William McAlpin, “Coffee and the Socially Concerned,” World Coffee and Tea, July 1994.
Page 195.
Mark D. Fefer, “A Hill of Beans?” Seattle Weekly, March 31, 1999.
Chapter 7: What’s in Your Cup
Page 199.
The story of Gus Comstock comes from two unbylined New York Times stories: “Issues Coffee Challenge,” January 7, 1927; and “Drinks 85 Cups of Coffee and Regains Championship,” January 12, 1927.
Page 204.
For more on the science of coffee, see Andrea Illy and Rinantonio Viani, eds., Espresso Coffee: The Science of Quality (London: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005); “In Search of a Perfect Cup — Espresso Coffee,” Economist, December 22, 2001; and Ernesto Illy, “The Complexity of Coffee,” Scientific American, June 2002.
Page 212.
On general coffee quality, see Corby Kummer, The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997).
Page 213.
Beth Teitell, “Evil Empire: Starbucks’ Cup Overflows with Attitude,” Boston Herald, June 5, 1999.
Page 214.
Kerry J. Byrne, “Starbucks HQ the Place to Be If You Know Beans About Coffee,” Boston Herald, April 27, 2005.
Page 216.
My discussion of caffeine and its health effects is particularly indebted to Stephen Braun, Buzz: The Science and Lore of Alcohol and Caffeine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); T. R. Reid, “Caffeine,” National Geographic, January 2006; Richard Lovett, “Demon Drink,” New Scientist, September 24, 2005; and Roland R. Griffiths and Laura M. Juliano, “Caffeine,” in Joyce H. Lowinson, Pedro Ruiz, Robert B. Millman, John G. Langrod, eds., Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook (Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005).
Page 217.
The provang information comes from Kenneth Davids, Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001).
More of Janet Jackson’s beliefs on the treatment of depression can be found in Allison Samuels, “Rhythm and the Blues,” Newsweek, November 17, 1997.
The full text of the London women’s petition against coffee is at http://homepage.univie.ac.at/thomas.gloning/tx/wom-pet.htm.
Page 218.
For more on C. W. Post’s entertaining war on coffee, see Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
Page 219.
Lovett, “Demon Drink.”
Page 219, footnote.
Learn more about the perfidy of decaf at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4444908.stm.
Page 220.
For the entire University of Florida study, go to http://news.ufl .edu/2003/10/22/caffeinecontent/.
Reid, “Caffeine.”
Page 222.
A great image of the various webs spun by NASA’s drugged spiders can be found at http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/1975/19750501.jpg.
Page 224.
The CSPI’s pronouncement on the 770-calorie Frappuccino, along with nine other “foods you should never eat,” is at http://www.cspinet.org/nah/10foodSept06.pdf.
Page 225.
For more on Consumer magazine’s study of the nutritional value of coffee-house fare, see Nicola Boyes, “Coffee Beats Big Mac in the Fat Stakes,” New Zealand Herald, November 12, 2005.
Chapter 8: Green-Apron Army
Page 227.
The “We Built This Starbucks” story first appeared in David Schmader, “Last Days: The Week in Review,” Stranger, March 3, 2005.
Page 228.
For more general information on working at Starbucks, see Jennifer Reese, “Starbucks: Inside the Coffee Cult,” Fortune, December 9, 1996; Lynn Van Matre, “The Espresso Express,” Chicago Tribune, January 24, 1994; and Gretchen Weber, “Preserving the Counter Culture,” Workforce Management, February 2005.
Page 229.
One great source for details on the Starbucks unionization push is Anya Kamenetz, “Baristas of the World, Unite!” New York, May 30, 2005.
Page 233.
Tim Wendelboe, “Inside the Toolbox,” Barista, April–May 2005.
Page 235.
Candace Heckman and David Fisher, “Starbucks Robbers Serve Up Coffee in Holdup,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 1, 2002.
Page 236.
The full “Starbucks Marketing Meeting Bingo” board can be found at http://brandautopsy.typepad.com/brandautopsy/2004/12/starbucks_marke .html. It’s definitely worth a look.
Page 238.
Howard Schultz and Dori Jones Yang, Pour Your Heart into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time (New York: Hyperion, 1997).
Page 240.
The information on the “Star Labor” scheduling program comes from N
aomi Klein, No Logo (New York: Picador, 2002).
Page 241.
Kamenetz, “Baristas of the World, Unite!”
Page 242.
For a more thorough discussion of McJobs, see George Ritzer, The McDonaldization Thesis: Explorations and Extensions (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998).
Douglas Coupland, Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991).
Page 243.
Bruce Constantineau, “Last B.C. Starbucks Outlets Cut Ties to Union,” Vancouver Sun, April 28, 2007.
Page 244.
Don McIntosh, “Union Label Rare at Starbucks,” Northwest Labor Press, June 4, 2004.
Chapter 9: The Seattle Colonies
Page 249.
A good, though very academic primer on the issue of cultural imperialism is John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
Jeremy Tunstall, The Media Are American (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
Page 250.
For more on Starbucks’s international expansion and the charges of cultural imperialism, see Jackson Kuhl, “Tempest in a Coffeepot,” Reason, January 2003; and Stanley Holmes, “Planet Starbucks,” Business Week, September 9, 2002.
Page 252.
On Starbucks Japan, see John Simmons, My Sister’s a Barista: How They Made Starbucks a Home Away from Home (London: Cyan Books, 2005); David A. Kaplan, “Trouble Brewing,” Newsweek, July 19, 1999; and Nicola Wasson, “Tokyo Savors New Starbucks,” USA Today, August 9, 1996.
Paul Betts and John Thornhill, “Starbucks Steams into Italy,” Financial Times (London), October 21, 2000. (The headline was a bit premature; despite a decade of speculation about it, Starbucks still hasn’t opened a store in Italy.)
Page 253.
On Starbucks UK, see Deborah Ball, “Starbucks Lures Brits from Tea to Coffee,” Wall Street Journal, October 20, 2005; John Arlidge, “War of the Coffee Kings,” Evening Standard, January 14, 2005; Joanna Blythman, “Spilling the Beans,” Guardian, August 4, 2001; and Sarah Robertson, “Starbucks Fights ‘Arrogant’ Jibes,” PR Week, January 21, 2005.
Page 257.
On Starbucks China and the Forbidden City uproar, see Keith Bradsher, “Starbucks Aims to Alter China’s Taste in Caffeine,” New York Times, May 21, 2005; Janet Adamy, “Different Brew: Eyeing a Billion Coffee Drinkers, Starbucks Pours It On in China,” Wall Street Journal, November 29, 2006; John Pomfret, “Tempest Brews Over Coffee Shop: U.S. Chain Stirs Ire in Beijing’s Forbidden City,” Washington Post, November 23, 2000; and Martin Fackler, “The Forbidden City Gets a Starbucks,” Associated Press, November 28, 2000.