10. Ibid., 13, line 18. (back to text)
11. Bradstreet, “The Four Elements,” in ibid., 18, lines 9-10, 13-17. (back to text)
12. Bradstreet, “To Her Most Honoured Father,” in ibid., 14, lines 37-43. (back to text)
13. Bradstreet, “Fire,” in ibid., 19, lines 50-53. (back to text)
14. Bradstreet, “Water,” lines 276-77; “Earth,” lines 142-43; “Air,” lines 402-4, in ibid., 25, 27, 29. (back to text)
15. Hutchinson and her family had left Rhode Island, seeking an even greater purity in New York, or “New Netherland.” In September 1643 Hutchinson was scalped, along with fifteen others—the perfect punishment for such a sinner, the Massachusetts magistrates felt—although the renegades in Rhode Island declared that this dreadful “effusion of blood” stemmed directly from the cruelty of the Bay colony court. Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers,396-97. (back to text)
16. White, Anne Bradstreet, 191. White points out that Bradstreet paraphrases Crooke here. See Crooke’s Microcosmographia, or a Description of the Body of Man. (back to text)
17. Bradstreet, “Phlegm,” in Works, 49, lines 556-61. (back to text)
18. Bradstreet, “Choler,” in ibid., 39, lines 41-43. (back to text)
19. Bradstreet, “Phlegm,” in ibid., 50, lines 596-97, 600-9. (back to text)
20. Quoted in Morgan, Puritan Dilemma, 179. (back to text)
CHAPTER SIXTEEN:Foolish, Broken, Blemished Muse
1. Quoted in Bailey, Historical Sketches of Andover, 27. (back to text)
2. Massachusetts Colony Records, vol. 1, 141, quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 222. (back to text)
3. Ibid., 223. (back to text)
4. Quoted in Green, A Short History, 539. (back to text)
5. Morison, Builders, 242. (back to text)
6. This account came from a letter written by John’s brother, Stephen. See White, Anne Bradstreet, 174. (back to text)
7. MS transcript of the original records of the First Church in Boston, 1630-87, 24, collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, quoted in ibid., 174. (back to text)
8. Quoted in Ulrich, Good Wives, 112. (back to text)
9. Quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 175. (back to text)
10. Ibid. (back to text)
11. MS transcript of the original records of the First Church in Boston, 1630-87, 25-26, quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 17. (back to text)
12. Bradstreet, “Winter,” in Works, 72, lines 257-64. (back to text)
13. Quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 228. (back to text)
14. Milton, “The Verse,” in Complete Poems, 210. (back to text)
15. Bradstreet, “The Four Monarchies,” in Works, 172, lines 3412-17. (back to text)
16. Ibid. (back to text)
17. Ibid., 75, lines 72, 88; 160, lines 2967, 2985; 161, line 3031. (back to text)
18. John Woodbridge, “To My Dear Sister, the Author of These Poems,” in Works, 4, lines 7, 10; 5, lines 60, 66. (back to text)
19. Bradstreet, “David’s Lamentation for Saul and Jonathan II Sam. 1:19,” in Works,199-200. (back to text)
20. Bradstreet, “The Four Monarchies,” in ibid., 177, lines 3550-51. (back to text)
21. Green, A Short History, 552. (back to text)
22. Bradstreet, “The Four Monarchies,” in Works, 177, lines 3555-56. (back to text)
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:The Tenth Muse
1. Bradstreet, “To Her Most Honoured Father,” in Works, 13. (back to text)
2. Bradstreet, “The Prologue,” in ibid., 15, lines 3-8. (back to text)
3. Ibid., 16, lines 29-30. (back to text)
4. Ibid., lines 39-43. (back to text)
5. We cannot be sure of the identities of all of them, since they signed their letters of approbation only with initials, the literary tradition of the era. (back to text)
6. Nathaniel Ward cited this criticism of Anne in his “Introductory Verse,” in Works, 4, line 12. (back to text)
7. After 1650 Anne’s poetry changes. Her work becomes more contemplative, more focused on her inner life as a Christian. (back to text)
8. Her poem “Contemplations” is based on her meditative walks in the countryside (in ibid., 204-14). Also, she writes, “In secret places Thee I find / Where I do kneel or walk,” in “In My Solitary Hours in My Dear Husband’s Absence,” in ibid., 267, lines 13-14. (back to text)
9. Eyewitness account, quoted in Kishlansky, Civilization and the West, 499. (back to text)
10. Ibid., 501. (back to text)
11. Andrew Marvell, “An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland,” in The Complete Poems, ed. Elizabeth Donno (New York: Penguin, 1979), 55, line 13. (back to text)
12. Quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 248. (back to text)
13. Bradstreet, “David’s Lamentation,” in Works, 199, lines 17, 19. (back to text)
14. Ibid., 200, line 42. (back to text)
15. Woodbridge, “Epistle to the Reader,” in ibid., 3. (back to text)
16. “In Praise of the Author, Mistress Anne Bradstreet,” in ibid., 8. (back to text)
17. Woodbridge, “To My Dear Sister,” in ibid., 5, lines 19-21, 36-38. (back to text)
18. Bradstreet, “The Author to Her Book,” in ibid., 221, lines 11, 8. (back to text)
19. Ibid., lines 1, 12-13. (back to text)
20. Ibid., lines 14-19. (back to text)
21. Ibid., line 9. (back to text)
22. Hensley, introduction to Works, xxxiii; Probate Records, Northampton, Massachusetts, January 13, 1729/30; Thomas H. Johnson, “Edward Taylor: A Puritan ‘Sacred Poet,’” New England Quarterly 10 (June 1937): 321. (back to text)
23. Pattie Cowell writes that Bradstreet enjoyed a wide audience in New England. Cowell and Stanford, Essays,270-79. (back to text)
24. Quoted in Hensley, introduction to Works, xxxiii. (back to text)
25. Woodbridge, “Epistle to the Reader,” in ibid., 3. (back to text)
26. Ibid. In the 1660s the English writer Aphra Behn would produce plays and earn her living working for the theater, but not until Mary Wollstonecraft in the eighteenth century did another Englishwoman write with the kind of intellectual capacity and encyclopedic breadth that distinguished Anne. (back to text)
27. William London’s trade list (1657), quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet,271-72; quoted in Hensley, introduction to Works, xxxiii. (back to text)
28. John Rogers, quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 363. (back to text)
29. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, quoted in ibid., 362. Jeannine Hensley writes that the identity of the editor of the second edition of Anne’s work is unclear, but she suggests that John Rogers is the most likely candidate. Hensley, introduction to Works, xxix. (back to text)
30. Bradstreet, “To the Memory of My Dear and Ever Honoured Father,” in ibid., 201, lines 8-10, 13-15. (back to text)
31. Ibid., lines 17, 25. (back to text)
32. Ibid., lines 28-33. (back to text)
33. Bradstreet, “Childhood,” in ibid., lines 76, 73, 75; “From Another Sore Fit”; “August 28, 1656,” in ibid., 53, 248, 254. (back to text)
34. Bradstreet, “As weary pilgrim now at rest,” in ibid., 295, line 44. (back to text)
35. Bradstreet, “Meditations When My Soul Hath Been Refreshed,” in ibid., 250. (back to text)
36. Bradstreet, “July 8th, 1656,” in ibid., 252, lines 17, 19. (back to text)
37. Bradstreet, “From Another Sore Fit,” in ibid., 248, lines 1-4. (back to text)
38. Bradstreet, “Childhood,” in ibid., 52-55, lines 125, 128, 138. (back to text)
39. Bradstreet, “Autobiography,” in ibid., 240. (back to text)
40. Ibid., 240, 243-44. (back to text)
41. Ibid., 245. (back to text)
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN:Farewell Dear Child
1. Bradstreet, “May 13, 1657,” in Works, 256, l
ines 6-7. (back to text)
2. Ibid., lines 16-17, 23. (back to text)
3. Vital Records of Andover, Massachusetts, vol. 2, 62, quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 312. (back to text)
4. Bradstreet, “May 13, 1657,” in Works, 256, line 20. (back to text)
5. Baym et al., Norton Anthology of American Literature, 5th ed., 284. (back to text)
6. Ibid., 295. (back to text)
7. Ibid., 284. (back to text)
8. Bremer explains Simon’s position as a moderate in Puritan Experiment, 144. (back to text)
9. Ibid., 143, 152. (back to text)
10. The will of Thomas Dudley, quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 296. (back to text)
11. Green, A Short History, 589. (back to text)
12. Bremer, Puritan Experiment, 155. (back to text)
13. Ibid., 155-56. (back to text)
14. Bradstreet, “In My Solitary Hours in My Dear Husband’s Absence,” in Works, 265, lines 6-7, 10-11. (back to text)
15. Ibid., 267, lines 13-14. (back to text)
16. Bradstreet, “Autobiography,” in Works, 243. (back to text)
17. Bradstreet, “Contemplations,” in Works,211-12, lines 190, 186, 169, 198, 200, 204. (back to text)
18. Ibid., 213, lines 127, 129, 104, 205-11. (back to text)
19. Ibid., lines 135, 139, 141, 219, 223, 225. (back to text)
20. Ibid., 214, lines 219, 223, 225. (back to text)
21. Scully Bradley, Richard Beatty, E. Hudson Long, and George Perkins, eds., The American Tradition in Literature, 4th ed. (New York: Grosset and Dunlop, 1974), 34. (back to text)
22. Bradstreet, “The Flesh and the Spirit,” in Works, 215, lines 10-13, 16-17. (back to text)
23. Ibid., lines 80-85. (back to text)
24. Bradstreet, “Meditation 68,” in ibid., 288. (back to text)
25. Bradstreet, “To the Memory of My Dear Daughter-in-Law, Mrs. Mercy Bradstreet Who Deceased Sept. 6, 1669, in the 28 Year of Her Life,” in ibid., 238, line 21; “Upon My Son Samuel,” in ibid., 258, line 3. (back to text)
26. Woodbridge, “To My Dear Sister,” in ibid., 5, line 43. (back to text)
27. Bradstreet, “For My Dear Son Simon Bradstreet,” in ibid., 271. (back to text)
28. Bradstreet, “Meditation 10,” “Meditation 39,” “Meditation 38,” in ibid., 273-74, 279. (back to text)
29. Bradstreet, “Meditation 38,” “Meditation 39,” in ibid., 279. (back to text)
30. Bradstreet, “Meditation 34,” “Meditation 37,” in ibid., 278. (back to text)
31. Bradstreet, “Meditation 70,” in ibid., 289. (back to text)
32. Bradstreet, “In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet,” in ibid., 235, lines 6-12. (back to text)
33. Bradstreet, “Meditation 14,” “Meditation 50,” in ibid., 274, 282. (back to text)
34. Bradstreet, “In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Anne Bradstreet,” in ibid., 236, lines 20, 16, 14. (back to text)
35. Bradstreet, “Upon the Burning of Our House,” in ibid., 292, lines 7, 9, 8, 12-14. (back to text)
36. Ibid., lines 15-16, 17. (back to text)
37. Ibid., lines 26-32, 20-21. (back to text)
38. Bradstreet, “In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Anne Bradstreet,” in ibid., 236, lines 14, 16. (back to text)
39. Ibid., lines 8-17. (back to text)
40. Ibid., lines 7, 20-21. (back to text)
41. Bradstreet, “As weary pilgrim,” in ibid., 294, lines 1-12. (back to text)
42. Ibid., 294-95. (back to text)
43. Bradstreet, “On My Dear Grandchild Simon Bradstreet,” in ibid., 237, lines 5-6. (back to text)
44. Ibid., lines 7-12. (back to text)
45. Anne wrote a commemorative poem to Mercy, “To the Memory of My Dear Daughter-in-law, Mrs. Mercy Bradstreet Who Deceased Sept. 6, 1669, in the 28 Year of Her Life”; however, either she or the printer put the wrong date in the title by a year. Mercy died in 1670, not 1669. (back to text)
46. Simon Bradstreet, quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 358. (back to text)
47. Bradstreet, “Autobiography,” in Works, 240. (back to text)
EPILOGUE:A Voice in the Wilderness
1. Quoted in White, Anne Bradstreet, 359. (back to text)
2. Ibid., 357. (back to text)
3. Ibid. (back to text)
4. Bailey, Historical Sketches of Andover, 130. (back to text)
5. Berryman’s first book of poems had been derided as imitative of the Irish poet Yeats, and as “derivative.” In writing his next important work, “Homage to Mistress Bradstreet,” he was looking for a distinctive “American” voice, one that could only be called original. Hence, Bradstreet, the first American poet, became the “muse” for his work. (back to text)
6. Hensley, the editor of Bradstreet’s complete works, has suggested that it is Rogers who was the editor of this edition. See Hensley, introduction to Works, xxix. (back to text)
7. “Phlegm,” in ibid., 48, lines 533-35. (back to text)
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