254 “Beloved,” she began: Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 192.
255 “Is the Credentials Committee meeting”: Belfrage, Freedom Summer, p. 239.
255 “a tremendous victory”: Kotz, Judgment Days, p. 215.
255 “Your funding is on the line”: Ibid.
256 “The President has said”: Ibid., p. 216.
256 “wrung out the blood”: Jack Newfield, A Prophetic Minority (New York: New American Library, 1966), p. 76.
256 “if they really understand”: Mulford and Field, Freedom on My Mind.
256 “You cheated!”: Kotz, Judgment Days, p. 216.
256 “Atlantic City was a powerful lesson”: Forman, Making of Black Revolutionaries , pp. 395-96.
256 “The kids tried the established methods”: Olson, Freedom’s Daughters, p. 325.
257 “Stokely,” Hartman Turnbow asked: Carmichael, Ready for Revolution, p. 408.
257 “they can use the info”: WATS Line, August 25, 1964.
257 “cowhided and horsewhipped”: New York Times, August 27, 1964.
257 “cheap, degrading insults”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger, August 27, 1964.
257 “that debt is paid in full”: Chicago Tribune, August 26, 1964.
258 “like Mata Hari and the French Resistance”: Martinez, Letters from Mississippi , p. 256.
258 “All we want”: Mulford and Field, Freedom on My Mind.
258 “We’ve shed too much blood”: Lewis, Walking with the Wind, p. 281.
258 “We didn’t come all this way”: Blackwell, Barefootin’, p. 115.
258 “You have made your point”: Kotz, Judgment Days, p. 221.
258 “Being a Negro leader”: Ibid.
258 “Socrates or Aristotle”: Burner, And Gently He Shall Lead Them, p. 187.
258 “We’re not here to bring politics into our morality”: Ibid.
259 “When they got through talking”: Dittmer, Local People, p. 301.
259 “a significant moral and political victory”: Los Angeles Times, August 27, 1964.
259 “a triumph of Moral force”: New York Times, August 27, 1964.
259 “nothing short of heroic”: Washington Post, August 26, 1964.
259 “You don’t know how they goin’ to do us!”: Belfrage, Freedom Summer, p. 197.
260 “I just want you to know”: Zoya Zeman, Oral History Collection, USM.
260 “Fine,” the registrar answered: MDAH SCR ID# 2-61-1-101-5-1-1.
261 “snowballed” and “completely out of control”: Ibid.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: “Give unto Them Beauty for Ashes”
262 “My God,” he said: Anthony Walton, Mississippi: An American Journey (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), p. 254.
263 “The longest nightmare”: Sellers and Terrell, River of No Return, p. 94.
263 “At the end of summer”: Watkins, interview, June 16, 2008.
263 “If the present increase in violence”: SNCC Papers, reel 38.
263 “are very fine people”: Mendy Samstein Papers, SHSW.
264 “I didn’t realize yet”: O’Brien, interview, November 12, 2007.
264 “Well, what was happening”: McAdam, Freedom Summer, p. 134.
264 “everything was awful”: Linda Wetmore, personal interview, March 27, 2008.
264 “You’re telling me”: Ibid.
264 “I could never kiss anybody” and “Then I guess”: Ibid.
265 “battle fatigue”: Lewis, Walking with the Wind, p. 273.
265 “Our very normal”: McAdam, Freedom Summer, p. 136.
265 “the best people I ever met”: Martinez, Letters from Mississippi, p. 259.
265 “I went from being a liberal”: McAdam, Freedom Summer, p. 127.
265 “not a very creative guy”: Ibid., p. 165.
266 “Can I now forget Mississippi?”: “The Reminiscences of Mario Savio,” Oral History Research Office Collection, Columbia University, p. 40.
266 “I’m definitely not ready”: Mills, This Little Light, p. 135.
267 “the proudest moment of my life”: Abbott, Mississippi Writers, p. 329.
267 “welling out like poison”: Ibid.
267 “The Negro girls feel neglected”: Olson, Freedom’s Daughters, p. 309.
267 “just seemed to hate me”: McAdam, Freedom Summer, p. 124.
267 “do what the spirit say do”: Lewis, Walking with the Wind, p. 294.
267 “We must decide”: Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 146.
267 “too many people high on freedom”: Casey Hayden, in Curry et al., Deep in Our Hearts, p. 364.
268 “the average white person doesn’t realize”: Casey Hayden and Mary King, “Women in the Movement,” Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee position paper, The Sixties Project Web site, http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources /Primary/Manifestos /SNCC_women.html .
268 “hardly caused a ripple”: Hayden, in Curry et al., Deep in Our Hearts, p. 365.
268 “brutally aggressive hostility”: King, Freedom Song, p. 450.
268 impending “coup”: Lewis, Walking with the Wind, p. 300.
268 “bullshitting Negroes”: Adickes, Legacy of a Freedom School, p. 135.
268 “take orders from white folks!”: Ibid.
268 “Typical day”: Samuel Walker Papers, SHSW.
268 “morphing into a different kind”: Tillinghast, interview, December 16, 2008.
269 “cold”: Andrew Kopkind, “The Future of ‘Black Power’: A Movement in Search of a Program,” New Republic, January 7, 1967, p. 17.
269 “Mrs. Hamer is no longer relevant”: Payne, I’ve Got the Light, pp. 365, 372.
269 “an unfortunate choice of words”: Carson, In Struggle, p. 210.
269 “a growing litany”: Ibid., p. 238.
269 “I got the feeling”: Whitehead, Attack on Terror, p. 161.
269 “We’ve got to get Goatee”: Ibid.
270 “King was calling the shots”: Branch, Pillar of Fire, p. 535.
270 “Now is the time”“: Whitehead, Attack on Terror, p. 172.
270 “our investigation has been curtailed”: Mars, Witness in Philadelphia, p. 130.
270 “put the fear of God”: Branch, Pillar of Fire, p. 535.
270 a “floater,” a “hustler”: Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, p. 432.
270 “I’m going to see your ass in jail”: Branch, Pillar of Fire, p. 498.
270 “Killen said they had three civil rights”: MIBURN, 4-81.
271 “the nigger-communist invasion”: Ball, Murder in Mississippi, p. 55.
271 “a volley of shots”: MIBURN, 4-77.
271 “Everyone follow me”: MIBURN, 4-75, and Jackson Clarion-Ledger, December 2, 1967, p. 1A.
272 “They will be under twenty feet of dirt”: MIBURN, 4-73.
272 “Someone go and get the operator”: Ibid., 4-74.
272 “We have a place to bury them”: Ibid., 4-46, and Erenrich, Freedom Is a Constant Struggle, p. 348.
272 “Are you that nigger lover?” and “Sir, I know just how you feel”: MIBURN, 4-47.
272 “Save one for me!” and “You didn’t leave me anything but”: Ibid., 4-45-48.
273 “I’ll kill anyone who talks”: Ibid., 4-50; Jackson Clarion-Ledger, July 12, 2005.
273 “Ol’ Rainey could be elected”: Los Angeles Times, December 11, 1964.
273 “a feeling that we hit”: Jack Bales, ed., Conversations with Willie Morris (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), p. 103.
273 “I favor dropping an atom bomb”: Letters, Time, December 25, 1964, p. 10.
274 “Here’s to the state of Mississippi”: Phil Ochs, “Here’s to the State of Mississippi,” I Ain’t Marching Anymore, Elektra Records, 1965.
274 “that wall of Never”: Trillin, “Letter from Jackson,” p. 85.
274 “equal
treatment under the law”: McComb Enterprise-Journal, November 17, 1964.
274 “The waitress smiled”: Paul Good, “A Bowl of Gumbo for Curtis Bryant,” Reporter, December 31, 1964, p. 19.
275 “Okay, who’s first?”: Newfield, Prophetic Minority, p. 95.
275 “a lawyer’s dream case”: Kunstler, in Curry et al., Deep in My Heart, p. 345.
276 “every Congressman from the Potomac”: Ibid., p. 349.
276 “I’m not crying for myself ”: New York Times, September 18, 1965.
Epilogue
277 “these vicious and morally bankrupt criminals”: Ibid., p. 237.
278 “niggers on a voting drive”: Zinn, SNCC, p. 204.
278 “the burning of draft cards”: Testimony of Charles Johnson, U.S. v. Price et al. (“Mississippi Burning” trial), http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/Johnson.html.
278 “to get young Negro males”: Whitehead, Attack on Terror, p. 237.
279 “Who is the author”: Los Angeles Times, October 9, 1967, p. 7.
279 “I’m not going to allow”: Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, p. 446.
279 “a white, Christian, militant organization”: Whitehead, Attack on Terror, p. 187.
279 “You ain’t joined no Boy Scout group”: Washington Post, October 10, 1967.
279 “It was the first time”: Testimony of Delmar Dennis, Famous Trials Web site, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/Dennis.html.
279 “What did he mean by elimination?” Ibid.
279 “a Judas witness”: Los Angeles Times, October 19, 1967; Ball, Murder in Mississippi, p. 127.
279 “salt of the earth kind of people”: Ibid., pp. 128, 130.
279 “in church every time”: Ibid., p. 128.
279 “low-class riffraff”: Whitehead, Attack on Terror, p. 280.
279 “It may well be: Ibid.
279 “The federal government is not invading”: John Doar, Summary for the Prosecution, on Famous Trials Web site, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/doarclose.htm.
280 “The strong arm”: H. C. Watkins, Summary for the Defense, on Famous Trials Web site, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/watkinsclos.html.
280 “could never convict a preacher”: Ball, Murder in Mississippi, p. 133.
280 “They killed one nigger”: O’Reilly, “Racial Matters,” pp. 175-76.
280 “the best thing that’s ever happened”: Washington Post, October 21, 1967.
280 “landmark decision”: New York Times, October 21, 1967.
280 “They did better than I thought”: Ibid.
280 “I want you to write me”: Woods, LBJ, p. 480.
280 “to insure that they did not die in vain”: Congressional Record 111, pt. 10 (June 22, 1965): S 13931.
281 “the broadest possible scope”: Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman, eds., Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965-1990 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 138.
281 “After Freedom Summer, we met black people”: John Howell, personal interview, March 11, 2008.
282 “I never dreamed I’d live to see”: Wirt, Politics of Southern Equality, p. 160.
282 “Hands that picked cotton”: Cambridge Encyclopedia, vol. 1, s.v. “Charles (James) Evers,” http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/185/-James-Charles-Evers.html.
282 “I count Mayor Evers as a friend”: Skates, Mississippi, pp. 168-69.
282 “Seg academies”: Wilkie, Dixie, p. 35.
282 “I can’t make people integrate”: Woods, LBJ, pp. 479-80.
283 “The Promised Land is still far off”: Hodding Carter III, e-mail interview, September 26, 2008.
283 “I believe that despite the terrible racist image”: Margaret Walker, “Mississippi and the Nation in the 1980s,” in Abbott, Mississippi Writers, p. 612.
283 “Not in Mississippi!”: Erenrich, Freedom Is a Constant Struggle, p. 409.
284 “There has not been meaningful change”: Adickes, Legacy of a Freedom School, p. 163.
284 “rosier and rosier”: O’Brien, interview, November 12, 2007.
284 “stepped into a hornet’s nest”: Ibid.
284 “It’s a good thing they got that Communist”: Ibid.
284 “It had been a rather quiet summer”: O’Brien, “Journey into Light,” p. 285.
285 “One might as well hold a skunk”: Ibid., p. 288.
285 “I never really had the time”: Fran O’Brien, e-mail correspondence, October 17, 2008.
285 “Yes, I know it sounds a bit wild”: Winn, correspondence, no date.
285 “I was so glad”: Winn, correspondence, September 15, 1964.
286 “They got Giles!”: Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
286 “Janell and I are coming home”: Winn, correspondence, no date.
286 “We don’t need you”: Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
286 “ fell in with another crowd”: Ibid.
286 “The fact that I”: Ibid.
286 “took some time to fuck off”: Ibid.
287 “Someone asked me”: Ibid.
287 “too containing”: Tillinghast, interview, December 16, 2008.
287 “I was born with a fighting nature”: Ibid.
287 “It was like going to war”: Ibid.
288 “Chrisnpenny”: Chris Williams, e-mail correspondence, October 17, 2008.
288 “I felt I’d given it a good shot”: Ibid.
289 “ragged and lost”: Penny Patch, in Curry et al., Deep in Our Hearts, p. 165.
289 “Mississippi without fear”: Williams, interview, September 21, 2008.
289 “Other people went to Vietnam”: Ibid.
290 “the ultimate Mississippi”: McAdam, Freedom Summer, p. 229.
290 “I am prouder of being there”: Adickes, Legacy of a Freedom School, p. 159.
290 “almost Jesus like aura”: Burner, And Gently He Shall Lead Them, p. 200.
291 “Like working with sharecroppers”: Bob Moses, personal interview, December 10, 2008.
292 “To me, it was sort of like a plane crash”: Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, p. 454.
292 “I was quite delighted”: Ibid., p. xv.
293 “Had I done it”: Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1978.
293 “I’m not going to say they were wrong”: New York Times, January 7, 2005.
293 “It was what I’d been wanting”: New York Times, June 12, 2005.
293 “The media has profited”: Ibid.
293 “Communists invaded”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger, June 18, 2005.
293 “as strong for segregation”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger, June 12, 2005.
294 “If you want my forgiveness”: New York Times, August 21, 2007.
294 “Mighty long time”: New York Times, January 7, 1905.
295 “it really hit me”: Williams, dir., Ten Days.
295 “She just wrapped her arms”: Ibid.
295 “if he had anything to do with those boys”: New York Times, June 18, 2005.
295 “J. E. never come back”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger, June 19, 2005.
295 “I thought it was unusual”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger, June 20, 2005.
295 “nothing but stirring”: Ibid.
295 “Do your duty”: Ibid.
295 “She believes the life of her son”: New York Times, June 22, 2005.
296 “day of great importance”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger, June 22, 2005.
296 “in a calculated”: Arkansas Delta Truth and Justice Center, “Neshoba Murders Case—A Chronology,” Civil Rights Movement Veterans Web site, http://www.crmvet.org.
296 “Other cold cases”: Jerry Mitchell, personal interview, October 9, 2008.
296 “That was the time of the hippies”: Hampton, “Mississippi—Is This America? ”
296 “changed Mississippi forever”: Charlie Cobb, Oral History Collection, USM.
297
“the greatest sociological experiment”: Burner, And Gently He Shall Lead Them, p. 166.
297 “Christ-like”: Marsh, God’s Long Summer, p. 45.
297 “They were the best friends we ever met”: Ibid.
297 “Freedom Summer injected a new spirit”: John Lewis, personal interview, September 12, 2008.
297 “Why can’t it be”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger, November 6, 2008, p. 1.
298 “This is history, woman”: “Students Asked Not to Say Obama’s Name,” WAPT, Channel 16, Jackson, Miss., http://www.wapt.com/video/17928161/index.html.
298 “I voted for Obama”: Wayne Drash, “Crossing the Railroad Tracks amid a New Time in History,” CNN, January 16, 2009, http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/12/crossing.railroad.tracks/.
298 “Oh, if he’d just been able”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger, January 21, 2009.
298 “It’s the most wonderful day”: Delta Democrat-Times, January 21, 2009.
298 “where the stage was set”: “Pulitzer Prize-Winning Writer Alice Walker and Civil Rights Leader Bob Moses Reflect on an Obama Presidency and the Struggle for African Americans to Vote,” Democracy Now! January 20, 2009, http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/20/pulitzer_prize_winning_writer_alice_walker.
298 “My fellow citizens”: New York Times, January 21, 2009.
299 “They saw America as bigger”: Ibid.
299 “the closest thing to a perfect day”: Fran O’Brien, e-mail correspondence, January 21, 2009.
299 “What the cynics fail to understand”: New York Times, January 21, 2009.
299 “and why a man whose father”: Ibid.
299 “It took forty-five years”: Linda Wetmore Halpern, e-mail correspondence, January 21, 2009.
300 “At the end of it all”: Williams, e-mail correspondence, January 21, 2009.
Bibliography
Archives
Barber, Rims. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Cobb, Charles. Oral History Collection. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Dahl, Kathleen. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. Mississippi Burning Case, File 44-25706.
Glass, Jinny. Papers. McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi.
Freedom Summer Page 44