On killing

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Bray, D., 198, 238

  in military, 306-08

  Brennan, Matt, 92

  by movies and television, 302, 308-11

  Bridger, Barry, 110

  Clausewitz, Carl von, 13, 71, 96, 128

  British Airborne Brigade, 82

  close-range assault, 80, 81

  British army, class structure in, 168

  close-range killing, 110, 114-37, 341-42.

  British Defense Operational Analysis

  See also executions

  Establishment, 16

  of civilians. See civilians, close-range British Gurkha battalions, 126

  killing of

  British Royal Air Force, 100

  remorse for, 236-37

  Broadfoot, Barry, 70

  Cold Harbor, Battle of, 25-27

  Brown, R. K., 335

  combat addiction, 234-36

  buck fever, 29, 231

  combat simulators, 177-78

  356

  I N D E X

  commandos, 129, 180

  cultural distance, 158, 160-64, 188, 190,

  compulsive states, 47

  209

  comrades, accountability to, 149-51,

  Custer's cavalry, 57

  152—53, 173, 233. See also bonding;

  peer pressure

  darkness, effect of, 72, 169, 172

  comrades, recent loss of, 179, 189, 330, 342

  Davidson, S., 335

  concentration camps. See Nazi

  Dearden, Harold, 200

  concentration camps

  death

  condemnation, of Vietnam veterans, 250,

  empowerment through, 206

  276-80, 288-89, 290

  instinct (Thanatos), 37, 332

  conditioning. See also drill, military obsession with, 47

  for ambush or raid patrols, 61

  democracies, 340

  of assassins, 161, 306-07

  Dengler, Dieter, 117

  authority, role of, 260-61, 303, 314,319

  denial, 137, 237, 279

  effectiveness of, 257-59, 341

  of atrocities, 211-13, 215

  for hand-to-hand combat, 132, 190

  cracks in veil of, 156—58

  to increase firing rate, 18, 35, 177-79,

  in executions, 201

  181, 189, 233

  by firing squads, 343

  to increase firing rates, 334

  by leaders, 148

  post-traumatic stress disorder and,

  of mass murders, 209

  283-84, 291

  of midrange killing, 111-12

  posturing, effect on, 13

  as response to killing, 91-93

  in Vietnam era, 178, 250, 252-55

  social distance and, 168

  violence in U.S. and, 302-03,

  denial defense mechanisms, 255-56, 260, 261

  306-16, 325

  depression, 84-85, 149, 150

  confusional states, 45-46

  desensitization, 161, 256, 307—08

  Congo, atrocities in, 217-21

  Vietnam era, 161, 251-52, 259-60, 304

  Conrad, Joseph, 214, 342

  violence in U.S. and, 261, 304, 311, 328

  conscientious objectors, 1, 25, 29

  Detmer, Douglas, 278, 280

  continuous combat, 43—45, 48, 84

  Devereux, James, 147

  exhaustion and, 69

  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental fraternization with enemy during,

  Disorders (DSM-III-R), 77, 84, 182,

  158-60

  282, 340

  Contras, 14, 224

  Dilulio.JohnJ., 301

  conversion hysteria, 46—47

  Dinter, E., 92, 149

  convulsive attacks, 46

  Disraeli, Benjamin, 339

  cooldown period, 271-73, 285-86, 293

  distance, effect of, 97-99, 188-89, 341

  Cooper, Jeff, 207

  American violence and, 303

  courage, 83-84, 224

  emotional distance, 98, 156-70, 303

  cowardice, 31, 84

  in executions, 201

  Cramer, Chuck, 254

  face of victim as factor in, 128

  crew-served weapons, 153, 340. See also

  physical distance. See physical distance, artillery; bomber crews

  effect of

  Crimean War, 122, 144

  divorce, effect of, 290, 291, 322, 345

  Crook, General, 12

  Douhet, Giulio, 55

  cult killings, 210, 211

  Doyle, Edward, 197

  I N D E X

  357

  Dresden, firebombing of, 101

  epileptoid character reactions, 48

  drill, military, 17-18, 20, 24, 27

  Eros (life instinct), 37, 332

  drill sergeants, 190, 317-19

  euphoria, post-killing. See exhilaration, of drug use

  killing

  American violence and, 303, 304

  evacuation syndrome, 48-49

  by Vietnam veterans, 290, 345

  executions, 128, 191-92, 201-02

  in Vietnam War, 269, 270-71, 345

  defined, 201

  DSM-III-R. See Diagnostic and Statistical

  mass, 208-10

  Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-

  of prisoners, 201, 209, 216

  III-R)

  refusal to participate in, 224, 225-26

  Du Picq, Ardant, 9-10, 12, 21, 23, 107,

  resistance to killing and, 209

  125, 127, 128, 131, 143, 150, 151,

  of surrendering soldiers, 199-202

  171, 333

  exhaustion

  Dupuy, Trevor, 161

  combat, 44, 51, 54, 67-73, 94

  Dye, Dale, 255

  emotional, 83-85, 94

  Dyer, Gwynne, 6, 15-16, 18, 30, 59, 61,

  in Nazi death camps, 78

  79, 91, 100, 101, 102, 107-08, 110,

  in training, 67-68

  150, 164, 180, 181, 184, 191, 199,

  Well of Fortitude and, 83-86

  209, 250, 251-52, 265, 302, 312,

  exhilaration, of killing, 111-12, 115, 231,

  333, 344

  234-36, 241, 242, 243-45

  expectancy of return to combat, 49, 269

  Early, John, 90

  edged-weapons range, 120—30

  ego, 37

  Falklands War, 13, 126, 136, 178, 256,

  Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I., 343

  257-58, 273, 293

  1812, War of, 166

  families, dissolution of, 322, 323

  elation, post-killing. See exhilaration, of fatigue cases, 45

  killing

  fear, 30, 51-66

  elderly, return of memories to, 75

  of atrocities, 207

  elements, effect of. See weather, effect of by civilian victims, 54-57, 65

  emotional distance, effect of, 98, 156-70,

  of death and injury, 52-54

  303. See also psychological distance

  of facing aggression, 76-78

  emotional exhaustion, 83-85, 94

  fortitude to face, 83

  emotional hypertension, 47

  of medical personnel, 62-64

  emotional response to killing. See killing of naval personnel, 58-59, 65

  response stages

  of not supporting comrades, 53, 90

  empathic distance, effect of, 97, 98

  of officers, 64-65

  empathy

  patrols behind enemy lines and,

  absence of, 182-83

  60-62, 65

  aggression and, 160

  of prisoners of war, 57-58, 65

  for soldiers, 105

  fearlessness, 84

  for victims, 105, 106, 237

  Fergusson, General, 94

  enemy

  fighter pilots. See pilots

  fraternization with, 158-60

  fig
ht-or-flight dichotomy, 5-9, 21, 69,

  identification with, 110, 237, 238, 244

  71, 94

  enemy lines, patrols behind, 60-62

  firing, ineffective, 9-15. See also nonfirers 358

  I N D E X

  firing rates. See also hit rates, of soldiers; GI Bill, 287

  kill rates

  Goodwin, Jim, 268, 276, 286

  Korean War. See Korean War

  Graham, Douglas, 12

  training to increase, 35, 177—78, 189,

  Grant, Robert, 63

  334

  Grant, Ulysses S., 25

  Vietnam War. See Vietnam War

  Graves, Jim, 208

  World War II. See World War II

  Gray, J. Glenn, 17, 33, 38, 96, 97,105, 107,

  firing squads, 191-92, 224, 225, 343

  137, 194, 223, 225, 227

  fixation, 343

  Greek military forces, 145-46

  on killing, 233, 234-36, 344

  Greene, Bob, 276, 278, 279

  on not killing, 233

  Grenada conflict, 273

  flight, 5-9, 21, 57

  Griffith, Paddy, 7, 10, 20, 21, 24, 118, 126,

  back stabbing during, 127-29, 173

  127, 184, 333, 344

  from bayonets, 122, 125-27

  group, role of, 149-51, 263-64, 268-70,

  exhaustion and, 69, 71, 94

  293, 334, 340. See also peer pressure food deprivation, 69, 72, 94

  group absolution, 108, 109, 110, 149-55,

  forebrain, 8

  187-88, 209, 341. See also

  fortitude, 51, 83-86

  responsibility, diffusion of

  depression and, 84—85

  anonymity and, 151-53

  individuals and, 83-84

  in atrocities, 224-25

  replenishment of, 85

  guerrilla warfare, 163, 194, 196-99

  units, depletion in, 85—86

  guilt, 51, 53, 54, 87-89, 111, 112,115, 231,

  forward treatment, 49, 269

  235, 236-37, 289, 343

  Foster, John, 237

  ability to kill without, 180

  4-F, classification as, 43

  for atrocities, 223

  Fowler, Bob, 179

  for comrades' deaths, 75

  Frank, Jerome, 25

  condemnation and, 279

  Frankl, Victor, 78, 335

  for enemy deaths, 75

  fraternization with enemy, 158—60

  exhilaration and, 243-45

  Frederick the Great, 17

  fortitude to face, 83

  Freeman, John Barry, 146

  of leaders, 90-91, 147-48

  French Dahomey expedition, 175

  of mass murders, 209

  Freud, Sigmund, 31, 32, 37, 142, 324, 337

  murder-suicides, 241

  Fromm, Erich, 160

  of nations, 242

  Fussell, Paul, 80, 104

  of nonkillers, 89-91, 260

  psychologists' inadequate response to,

  Gabriel, Richard, 12, 21, 30, 41, 43, 45, 47,

  96, 293

  48,49, 57-58,94,149,272,276-77,

  Gulf War, 169, 242, 273, 293, 342, 344

  333, 334, 345

  gunpowder, 9, 154

  gain through illness theory, 56-57, 59, 61

  guns. See also specific guns, e.g., muskets gang leaders, 145, 210, 303

  role in American violence, 303—04, 347

  gangs, behavior of, 6-7, 211, 303, 321, 342

  sex-aggression linkage, 135

  Ganzer syndrome, 45-46

  gas, use of, 95, 331

  Hadley, Arthur, 271

  Gavin, James, 174

  hallucinations, 67-68, 71

  Geneva conventions, 203, 204, 263

  Hamburg, bombing of, 100-01, 104-05

  Gettysburg, Battle of, 21-22, 24, 25

  hand-grenade killing, 112-13

  INDEX

  359

  hand-to-hand combat, 98, 131-33, 337

  Japan, treatment of Chinese prisoners by,

  Harris, Bob, 68

  209

  Hartmann, Erich, 181-82

  Jenkins, Simon, 327

  Harvey, J. Douglas, 104

  John, Dr., 15

  hate, 51, 54, 80-81, 126. See also Wind Jordan, Bill, 256

  of Hate

  Jung, Carl, 184

  in daily lives, 76-78

  Junger, Ernst, 200

  fortitude to face, 82, 83

  in Nazi death camps, 78-79

  karate, 131-32, 337

  Hathcock, Carlos, 254

  Kathman, Michael, 2, 155

  hearing, sense of, 74

  Keegan, John, 10, 87, 88, 113, 114, 115,

  Heckler, Richard, 5, 100, 137, 184, 241,

  118, 122, 130, 223,344

  299, 330, 331

  Keen, Sam, 12

  Heinlein, Robert, 3

  Keenan, George, 83

  helmets, 174

  Kent, J. A., 234

  heroism, 83

  killing

  Hiroshima, bombing of, 102, 105, 108

  empowerment by, 208—10

  Hider, Adolf, 161

  murder-suicides, 241—43

  hit rates, of soldiers, 10—12. See also firing obsession with, 233, 234-36

  rates; kill rates

  societal fascination with, 3

  Civil War, 19, 24-25, 25-27

  killing, burden of, 87-93, 95

  Hobbes, Thomas, 324

  killing, enabling of, 187

  Holmes, Richard, 10, 11-12, 38, 71, 75,

  American violence and, 303—05

  84, 87, 88, 94-95, 108, 111, 112,

  conditioning, effect of. See conditioning 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 123, 125,

  distance as factor in. See distance, effect of 130, 136, 160, 165, 169, 170, 175,

  groups, effect of, 149-55

  178, 186, 195, 199-200, 223, 232,

  leadership, effect of, 143-46

  235, 252, 256, 258, 282, 333, 344

  in media, 328, 331

  homelessness, of Vietnam veterans, 290

  peer pressure effect on. See peer pressure honors, value of, 91, 263, 264

  recent loss, effect of, 179, 189

  Horowitz, David, 212

  target attractiveness, model of, 171, 189

  horror, of combat, 31, 51, 54, 74-75, 83,

  killing, in combat, 2,3-4,30-31,32-34,66

  94-95, 290

  distance, effect of. See distance, effect of hostile intent, in war, 105-06

  means and opportunity, 171-73, 189

  hostility. See aggression

  model of, 341-42

  hypertension, emotional, 47

  motive for, 171, 173-76, 189

  hysteria, 46-47, 47

  murder distinguished from, 195

  of noble enemy, 195-96

  id, 37

  predisposition to, 124, 176-85, 187,

  illness, gain through. See gain through 189, 340, 341, 342

  illness theory

  to preserve freedom, 226-27

  imprisonment rates, American, 299-301

  social stigma of enjoying, 236

  ineffective firing, 9-15

  stages of emotional response to, 111-12

  intent, in war, 105-06

  killing, resistance to, 1 -4,29-30,36,37-39,

  intentional miss, 9-15

  59-60, 87, 334

  Israeli military forces, 43, 52, 175, 273

  American violence and, 304

  Itzin, Catherine, 325

  bayoneting, 122, 123

  360

  INDEX

  killing, resistance to (continued)

  killing of, 174

  in Civil War, 22, 24, 25, 27

  motivation of troops by, 90, 143-46,

  at close range, 118-19, 131, 132-33

  168, 334

  in executions, 209

  Lee, Robert
E., 26

  factors affecting, 186—92

  legal affirmation, 165—67

  increase at 50% casualty point, 149

  Leinbaugh, Harold, 333

  society's need to overcome, 226-27

  Leonhard, Robert, 80

  training to overcome, 250-61

  Levin, Jack, 346

  in treatment of surrendering soldiers, 200

  life instinct (Eros), 37, 332

  killing response stages, 111-12, 231-45,

  Lind, William, 80, 333

  343-44

  long-range killing, 108-10

  actual kill, 231, 233, 343

  Lord, F. A., 21

  concern, 231, 232—33

  Lorenz, Konrad, 6, 151

  exhilaration. Sec exhilaration, of killing

  Lost Battalion of World War I, 148

  murder-suicides, 241-43

  of nonkillers, 244

  Mac Arthur, Douglas, 69

  rationalization/acceptance. See

  machine-gun crews, 18, 108, 153

  rationalization and acceptance, of

  machine guns, 11, 104, 154

  killing

  Majdalany, Fred, 126

  remorse, 231, 235, 236-37, 241, 243

  Manchester, William, 75, 87-88, 115-16,

  kill rates, 10-12, 333-34

  179, 337

  Rhodesia, 178-79

  maneuver warfare, 80

  Vietnam War, 254, 334, 336

  Marchand, W. E., 43-44, 61,180,181,184,

  World War II, 30,110,161-62,184-85

  189, 235

  Kinnard, General, 333

  Marcus Aurelius, 38

  knife range, 129-30

  Marin, Peter, 35-36, 91, 96

  Knight-Adkin, James H„ 94, 335

  Marine Corps, U.S., 82, 147, 253

  Koch, Traute, 101

  Marks, T. P., 200

  Korean War, 280

  Marsh, Peter, 6

  exhaustion in, 69

  Marshall, John Douglas, 333—34

  firing rate, 35, 181, 251, 344

  MarshaU, S. L. A., 1, 3, 15-16, 20, 29-30,

  posturing in, 8

  33, 35, 118, 139, 144, 150, 181,

  rear, attack from, 81

  184-85, 189, 251, 333-34, 344

  Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth, 231

  Master, John, 18

  Mater, Milton, 27-28, 34-35, 333

  law-enforcement agencies, 320, 339

  Mauldin, Bill, 69, 147

  shoot-no shoot program, 257, 260, 315

  Mau Mau Uprising, 162

  training of, 256

  maximum-range killing, 107-08

  Lawrence, T. E., 195-96

  Mclntyre, Benjamin, 11

  leaders, 334

  McKenna, Bob, 121

  in atrocities, 224

  means of killing, 171-73, 189

  bonding to, 144, 210-11

  mechanical distance, 108, 109, 158, 160,

  denial by, 148, 168

  169-70, 189, 340

  fears of, 64-65

  medals. See honors, value of

  fortitude replenished by, 85

  media. See also movies, violence in;

  guilt of, 90-91, 147-48

  television, violence in; video games,

  honors for, 91

  violence in

  INDEX

  361

  sex-aggression linkage, 135

  Murry, Simon, 72, 94

 

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