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On killing

Page 40

by Unknown


  violence in, 34, 88, 324-30

  muskets, 9, 10, 11, 18-19, 20, 21-25

  medical personnel, 62—64, 335

  My Lai incident, 104, 136, 145, 163, 187,

  medical technology, 301, 304

  190-91, 314

  Medved, Michael, 326, 328

  memorials. See monuments, role of

  Nagasaki, bombing of, 108

  memory, effect of, 75, 95-96

  name-calling, 161, 252

  mentally ill. See psychiatric casualties Napoleon, 17, 67, 70, 154

  mercenaries, 145, 180, 224

  Napoleonic Wars, 8, 9, 10, 122, 184, 333

  Metelmann, Henry, 158-59

  Narut, Dr., 306-07

  midbrain, 8, 9

  natural soldiers, 61, 180—85

  midrange killing, 110-12, 118

  naval personnel

  Milgram, Stanley, 141-43, 144, 187-89,

  fear of, 58-59

  190

  killing by, 107-08

  Military Academy, U.S., 82

  psychiatric casualties, 58-59

  military history, role of, 33-34

  resistance to killing by, 59

  miss, intentional, 9-15

  Navy, U.S., 68, 160

  missile crews, 108

  Nazi concentration camps, 102—05, 106,

  mock firing, 21—25

  215

  Moluccan train siege, 159

  denial of, 211-12

  Montgomery, Field Marshal, 85-86

  hate in, 78-79

  monuments, role of, 264, 274-75. See also Nazis, 161-62

  Vietnam Veterans Memorial

  atrocities, 195, 206, 208-09

  moral distance, 99, 158, 160, 164-67, 189,

  war against Russia, 214

  209, 339-40

  New Guinea tribes, 12

  moral framework

  Newson, Elizabeth, 328

  of conditioning, 292-93

  nightmares, 47

  for killing, 180, 196-202, 226-27,

  night-vision devices, 169, 172

  337-39

  noble enemy, killing of, 195-96

  prisoners, treatment of, 203—04

  Nock, Arthur, 12

  moral pain. See guilt

  noise

  Moran, Lord, 58, 63, 72, 83, 84, 85, 86,

  as posturing, 8—9

  125, 205, 234, 276

  trauma caused by, 112—13, 116

  Morris, Jim, 201

  noncombatants, killing of, 174-76, 194

  Moskos, Charles C, Jr., 344, 345

  nonfirers, 15-16, 29

  motive, for killing, 171, 173-76, 189

  in Falklands War, 178, 258

  movies, violence in, 34, 95, 261, 302,

  in U.S. Civil War, 17-27

  323-30

  in Vietnam War, 250

  classical conditioning, 308-11

  in World War I, 27-28

  role models, 319-22

  in World War II, 3-4

  murder, 174, 195, 337, 342

  nonkillers, 62-64, 233

  in America, 299-301, 304

  at close range, 118-19

  mass, 208-10

  group influence and, 155

  medical technology and, 301, 304

  guilt of, 89-91

  of prisoners and civilians, 199-205

  at midrange, 118

  murder-suicides, 241—43

  post-traumatic stress disorder and,

  Murphy, Audie, 155

  284-85

  362

  I N D E X

  nonkillers (continued)

  physical revulsion, 115, 236, 241, 295

  response to killing by, 244

  physiological exhaustion, 69—71

  who are prepared to kill, 259-60

  piercing, of enemy's body, 120-21

  Norris, W., 46

  pikes, use of, 120, 154

  pilots

  obedience-demanding authority, 141—48,

  combat addiction of, 234, 235

  182, 187, 209, 295, 334, 341, 342

  killing by, 30, 59-60, 79, 107, 110,

  in atrocities, 221, 224—26

  181-82, 184

  training to accept, 260-61, 319

  police. See law-enforcement agencies

  video games and, 303, 314

  political will, for war, 340

  O'Brien, Tim, 190

  post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 77,

  obsessions, 47-48, 233, 234-36

  281-89

  officers. See leaders

  intensity of trauma and, 283, 285

  older comrades, role of, 263, 265

  killing and, 282-84

  Ooley, Robert, 91

  manifestations of, 282

  operant conditioning, 177, 252-53, 255,

  medical personnel, 335

  302, 313-16, 317, 340

  of nonkillers, 284-85

  opportunity to kill, 171-73, 189

  social support and, 283, 285, 287, 289,

  oppressed peoples, disloyalty of, 205

  334-35, 345

  treatment of, 293

  Palmer, Dave, 248

  of Vietnam veterans, 47, 48, 248, 279,

  Panama invasion, 13, 240, 257-58, 273

  282, 287-89, 291, 344

  parades, role of, 264,274, 276,280,286,293

  of World War II veterans, 285-87

  paranoid trends, 48

  posturing, 5-9, 11, 12, 13, 21, 71,

  parasympathetic nervous system, 70

  126-27, 181

  paratroopers, 68, 206

  poverty, effect of, 303

  Pastora, Eden, 14

  Pratchett, Terry, 340-41

  patrols behind enemy lines, 60-62

  prisoners of war

  Pavlov, I. P., 252-53, 255

  bombing of, 57-58, 79

  Pavlovian conditioning. See classical executions of, 216

  conditioning

  fears of, 57-58

  peer pressure, 27, 30, 89-90, 150, 224-26

  murder of, 199-205, 209

  Perrin, Noel, 330

  uses of, 204-05

  Perry, Ted, 291

  proximity of medical treatment, 49, 269

  personal kills. See close-range killing Prussian military, 10-11, 19

  phalanx, 146, 153-54

  psychiatric casualties, 43-50,94-96. See also physical danger, pursuit of, 76

  post-traumatic stress disorder

  physical distance, effect of, 97-137, 187,

  (PTSD); trauma, psychological

  188, 340

  civilian victims of war, 55-57

  close-range killing, 110, 114-37

  drugs to treat, 270-71

  edged-weapons range, 120-30

  fear as cause of, 51—66

  hand-grenade range, 112-13

  guilt and, 91

  hand-to-hand-combat range, 131—33

  loss of fortitude and, 83

  long-range killing, 108-10

  manifestations of, 45-48

  maximum-range killing, 107-08

  medical personnel, 62-64, 335

  midrange killing, 110-12

  naval combat, 58-59

  sexual range, 134—37

  officers, 64-65

  INDEX

  363

  patrols behind enemy lines, 60—62

  role models, 303, 317-23

  prisoners of war, 57—58

  Roman military forces, 121, 145—46, 154,

  treatment of, 48-50, 293

  336

  Vietnam War, 269, 277-78

  Rorkes Drift batUe, 11

  World War II, 269

  Rosenthal, A. M., 327

  psychological distance, 128, 160, 169, 324.

  Roupell, George, 12, 333

  See also emotional distance, effect of Rwanda, 121

  psychopaths, aggressive, 50, 61, 124,

  Ryan, Cornelius, 211

  180-85, 189, 235 />
  as Nazi death camp officers, 78-79

  post-war behavior of, 181

  safe areas, 263, 267-68, 287-88

  psychotic personality, 48

  sailors. See naval personnel

  PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder Santoli, Al, 267

  (PTSD)

  scapegoats, 210-11

  punishment justification, 165, 167, 339

  schizoid trends, 48

  screams. See noise

  Seaton, Albert, 211

  quick kill, 253, 257

  secret police, 210

  self-deception, 33

  racism, effect of, 303. See also cultural self-defense, 173, 174, 195

  distance

  self-inflicted wounds, 78

  raids behind enemy lines, 60—61

  self-preservation, 27, 225, 226

  Rand Corporation air-raid study, 56, 65

  Seligman, Martin, 81

  rape, 77, 137, 210-11, 220-21, 285

  senses, effect of combat on, 74—75

  rationalization and acceptance

  Sepoy Mutiny, 121, 162

  of killing, 231, 233, 237-40, 243,

  sexuality, 31—32

  262-80, 343

  aggression and, 134-37

  of not killing, 233

  piercing of enemy's body, sexual

  rear, attack from, 81. See also safe areas connotations of, 121

  recent loss, effect of, 179, 189, 330, 342

  sexual range, killing at, 134—37

  reconnaissance patrols, 60

  Shalit, Ben, 31, 52-53, 136, 144, 151, 156,

  refugees, 81

  161, 171, 173, 187, 189, 273, 317

  religiosity, extreme, 48

  Sherman, William Tecumseh, 74

  Remarque, Erich Maria, 125

  shoot-no shoot program, 257, 260, 315

  remorse. See guilt

  Sidney, Philip, 85

  resensitization, 325-32

  Skinner, B. F., 177, 252, 253, 255, 313,

  reserve forces, 71

  316, 340

  responsibility, diffusion of, 225, 295, 303.

  sleep, lack of, 71-72

  See also group absolution

  Slim, Field Marshal, 112, 235

  rest and recuperation, 49

  smell, sense of, 74

  revenge, 179, 320

  smoothbore muskets, 10, 19

  Revolutionary War, U.S., 166

  snipers, 108-09, 336, 340

  Rhodesia, 178-79, 258, 340

  combat fixation of, 235

  Richardson, Frank, 116

  training of, 254-55

  rifled muskets, 18-19

  in Vietnam War, 172-73

  rifles, 9

  social distance, 158, 160, 167-69, 188, 209

  Rogel, William, 232

  social learning, 303, 306, 317-22

  364

  I N D E X

  social support structure, 264, 274-80, 293,

  sympathetic nervous system, 70

  294, 334-35, 340-41. See also

  condemnation, of Vietnam veterans

  tank fire, 108

  for leaden, 91

  target attractiveness, model of, 171,295,341

  post-traumatic stress disorder and, 283,

  taste, sense of, 74

  285, 287, 289, 345

  Taylor, James, 200

  for World War II veterans, 286-87

  technological advantages, 172

  sociopaths, 180, 182-83, 185, 321, 340

  technological distance, 169—70

  Soldier of Fortune magazine, 343

  teenagers, in Vietnam War, 264-65, 287

  Somalia, 258

  television, violence in, 261, 302, 308-11,

  Somme, Battle of, 122

  325-30, 347

  Soviet Union, 212, 215

  terrorism, 207-08, 225

  spears, use of, 120-21

  Thanatos (death instinct), 37, 332

  special forces, 61, 68, 129, 180, 257

  thermal-imagery devices, 169, 172

  Spiegel, H. X., 335

  Thompson, Jack, 13, 234, 244

  stabbing, 98, 336

  Tiananmen Square Massacre, 215

  Staff, Peter, 109-10

  Toffler, Alvin, 316

  Stellman, Jeanne and Steven, 283, 284, 293

  Tokyo, bombing of, 101—02

  Stewart, Harry, 116, 336

  Torah, 132, 337-39

  Stockholm syndrome, 159

  totalitarian governments, 210, 340

  Stouffer, S. A., 53, 162, 344, 345

  touch, sense of, 74

  Strasser, Peter, 164

  training, 18. See also conditioning

  Strategic Bombing Survey, U.S., 80

  of assassins, 306—07

  stress, combat, 36, 44-45, 48, 61-62, 66, 76

  basic, 190, 317

  aggression and, 77

  bayonet, 190

  exhaustion and, 70

  Civil War, 20

  fear as factor in, 52, 53

  denial defense mechanisms, 255—56

  psychiatric casualties caused by, 95

  desensitization, 251—52

  training for, 68, 81-82

  for exhaustion, 67—68

  in Vietnam War, 271

  posturing, effect on, 13

  Stuart-Smyth, Alan, 146, 217-21

  on prisoner treatment, 199, 203—04

  sublimation, 324—25

  simulators, 177-78

  submarine crews, 108

  for stress, 68, 81-82

  submission, 5—6, 15, 21—25, 71

  trauma, psychological, 36, 86, 89, 343. See suicides, 78, 150

  also psychiatric casualties

  of leaders, 148

  amount of resistance and, 191

  mass, 150

  of atrocities, 222-26

  murder-suicides, 241-43

  of close-range killing, 115-16

  of Vietnam veterans, 290, 345

  in daily lives, 76-78

  Summers, Harry, 258

  edged-weapons use and, 122, 124

  superego, 37

  of executions, 201

  surrender, 147-48, 150, 174, 175-76,

  of guerrilla warfare, 198

  199-201

  of hand-grenade killing, 112-13

  sustained combat. See continuous combat maximum-range killing and, 108

  Swank, R. L., 43-44, 61, 180, 181, 184,

  of midrange killing, 112

  189, 235

  of nonkillers, 90, 233, 259-60

  swords, use of, 121

  training for, 68

  I N D E X

  365

  Trochu, General, 122

  kill rates, 254, 334, 336

  Truby, D.J., 109, 174

  long-range killing in, 109

  Truman, Harry S., 242-43

  loss of, 273-74

  medical personnel, 335

  My Lai incident. See My Lai incident

  Uhernik, Nick, 266

  nonkillers in, 118, 259-60

  United Nations, 167, 174, 217

  personal kills in, 114-15

  prisoners killed in, 199

  Vagts, Alfred, 33-34, 164-65

  psychiatric casualties in, 269, 277-78.

  veterans. See also post-traumatic stress See also post-traumatic stress

  disorder (PTSD)

  disorder (PTSD)

  condemnation of. See condemnation, of rationalizing killing in, 237-40, 262-80

  Vietnam veterans

  snipers in, 109, 172-73, 336

  cooldown period for, 271-73,

  social support structure for, 274—80

  285-86, 293

  U.S. close combat superiority in, 258

  readjustment to civilian life of, 260,

  youth of combatants in, 264—67, 287

  291-92, 344, 345-46

  violence in America, 299—332

  Veterans Administration, 9
6

  movies and, 308-11

  Vicksburg battle, 11

  statistics on, 299-302, 304, 346-47

  victims. See also specific victims, e.g., violent ideation, institutionalization of, 252

  children

  virtual reality, 316

  in movies, 321

  nature of, 171-76, 189

  Wagenbach, James W., 276

  victory

  Wake Island battle, 147

  fortitude replenished by, 85

  Waldron, Adelbert F., 172-73, 336

  role of, 264, 273-74

  war criminals, 105, 205

  video games, violence in, 261,303,314-16,

  Waterloo, Battle of, 122

  323, 324, 326

  Watson, Peter, 25, 35, 49, 52, 149, 161,

  Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 275, 276, 293

  306, 307

  Vietnam War, 38, 248-95, 340, 344-45

  Wavell, Lord, 51

  atrocities in, 163, 207-08, 215. See also weather, effect of, 69, 72-73, 94

  My Lai incident

  Weinberg, S. K., 335

  automatic weapons distribution in,

  Weinberger, Caspar, 292

  334, 336

  Weinberger doctrine, 292

  close-range killing in, 116-17

  Weinstein, E. A., 335

  cooldown period for returning

  Well of Fortitude, 83-86

  veterans, 271-73

  Whitdesey, C. W„ 148

  cultural distance in, 162-63

  Willis, Captain, 118, 155

  drug use in, 269, 270-71, 345

  will to fight, 80

  exhaustion in, 69

  Wilson, James Q., 301

  firing rates, 35, 181, 250, 251, 344

  Wilson, Woodrow, 226

  group role in, 268-70, 275-76, 287-88

  Wind of Hate, 65, 66, 76-82, 80, 95,

  ineffective firing in, 12

  208

  inescapability of, 267-68, 287-88

  Wissembourg, Batde of, 12

  killing female Vietcong in, 175

  women. See also rape

  killing of civilians in, 196-98, 265-67,

  killing of, 174-75, 266

  267, 287

  as scapegoats, 210-11

  366

  I N D E X

  Wood, Evelyn, 31

  bombings in, 55-57, 65, 80, 99-102,

  World War 1

  104, 105

  artillery bombardments, 80

  bonding in, 269

  edged-weapons combat in, 122,

  cooldown period, 272, 285-86

  123-24, 125

  cultural distance in, 161—62, 163

  ending of, 273-74

  exhaustion in, 69, 71-72, 85-86

  exhaustion in, 69, 86

  fear acceptable in, 53

  fraternization with enemy, 160

  firing rates, 3-4, 15-16, 144, 153,

  gas used in, 95, 331

  181, 333

  hand grenades used in, 112-13

  fraternization with enemy, 158-59

  ineffective firing in, 12

  killing rates, 30, 110, 161-62, 184-85

  Lost Battalion, 148

  knife killing in, 130

  machine guns in, 154

  leadership in, 147

  nobility in, 195-96

  nonfirers in, 3—4, 15-16

  nonfirers in, 27-28, 34

  nonkillers in, 118

  psychiatric casualties in, 44

 

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