86. Quoted in Muir, Tactics, 219.
87. Quoted in Duffy, Military Experience, 219.
88. Quoted in Muir, Tactics, 191.
89. Philip Haythornthwaite, The Armies of Wellington (London: Arms and Armour, 1994), picture caption between 224 and 225.
90. Quoted in Muir, Tactics, 66.
91. Quoted in ibid., 178.
92. Quoted in Duffy, Military Experience, 220.
93. Richard Holmes, Acts of War: The Behavior of Men in Battle (New York: Free Press, 1985), 348.
94. Quoted in Muir, Tactics, 221.
95. Quoted in ibid., and Fitchett, Wellington’s Men, 159.
96. Quoted in Fitchett, Wellington’s Men, 163.
97. George Robert Gleig, The Subaltern: A Chronicle of the Peninsular War (1825; repr., Leo Cooper/Pen and Sword, 2001), 114.
98. Sylvia R. Frey, The British Soldier in America: A Social History of Military Life in the Revolutionary Period (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 135.
99. Quoted in John W. Shy, “Hearts and Minds: The Case of ‘Long Bill Scott,’ ” in Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution, 1760–1791, ed. Richard D. Brown (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1992), 209.
100. Quoted in Duffy, Military Experience, 171.
101. Quoted in Holmes, Redcoat, 164.
102. Quoted in Fitchett, Wellington’s Men, 98.
103. Quoted in ibid., 91.
104. Luvaas, Frederick the Great, 77.
105. John C. Dann, ed., The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness Accounts of the War of Independence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 183.
106. Quoted in Fitchett, Wellington’s Men, 146.
107. Martin, Narrative, 143.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008), 253.
2. Ambrose Bierce, “The Coup de Grâce,” in Tales of Soldiers and Civilians and Other Stories (New York: Penguin, 2000), 57.
3. Faust, Republic of Suffering, 252.
4. Ibid., 256.
5. George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 194.
6. Faust, Republic of Suffering, 3.
7. William F. Fox, Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861–1865 (Albany, 1889) Reprint, Gulf Breeze, FL: eBooksonDisk.com, 2002, 24. See also Faust, Republic of Suffering, 255, and Gerald F. Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (New York: Free Press, 1987), 115.
8. Adams, Doctors in Blue, 3.
9. Faust, Republic of Suffering, 3, 147.
10. Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–65 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957), 6.
11. Faust, Republic of Suffering, 260.
12. Fox, Regimental Losses, 46.
13. Faust, Republic of Suffering, 47.
14. Paddy Griffith, Battle Tactics of the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 174.
15. Fox, Regimental Losses, 27.
16. Richard Moe, The Last Full Measure: The Life and Death of the First Minnesota Volunteers (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1993), 275.
17. Linderman, Embattled Courage, 62.
18. Griffith, Battle Tactics, 174.
19. Fox, Regimental Losses, 27.
20. Grady McWhiney and Perry D. Jamieson, Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982).
21. Quoted in ibid., 108.
22. Brent Nosworthy, The Bloody Crucible of Courage: Fighting Methods and Combat Experience of the Civil War (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2003), 186. Also see Brent Nosworthy, Roll Call to Destiny: The Soldier’s Eye View of Civil War Battles (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 25.
23. Griffith, Battle Tactics, 80.
24. Jack Coggins, Arms and Equipment of the Civil War (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962), 38.
25. Ibid., 38–39.
26. Ibid., 39.
27. For example, see Nosworthy, Bloody Crucible, 588.
28. Fox, Regimental Losses, 62.
29. Griffith, Battle Tactics, 87.
30. Quoted in Rod Gragg, Covered with Glory: The 26th North Carolina Infantry at the Battle of Gettysburg (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 120.
31. Quoted in Earl J. Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 80.
32. Ibid., 74.
33. Paddy Griffith, Forward into Battle: Fighting Tactics from Waterloo to the Near Future (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1981), 78.
34. Hess, Union Soldier, 84.
35. Coggins, Arms and Equipment, 32.
36. Quoted in Nosworthy, Bloody Crucible, 616–17.
37. Quoted in Griffith, Battle Tactics, 142.
38. Henry Steele Commager, ed., The Blue and the Gray: The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950), 355–56.
39. Griffith, Battle Tactics, 110.
40. Quoted in Hess, Union Soldier, 94.
41. Quoted in Coggins, Arms and Equipment, 29.
42. Quoted in Commager, Blue and the Gray, 306.
43. Quoted in ibid., 367.
44. Quoted in McWhiney and Jamieson, Attack and Die, 45.
45. Quoted in Commager, Blue and the Gray, 306.
46. Don Congdon, ed., Combat: The Civil War (New York: Mallard Press, 1967), 239.
47. Cited in Nosworthy, Bloody Crucible, 583.
48. Quoted in ibid., 579.
49. Quoted in ibid., 578.
50. John W. Busey and David C. Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses of Gettysburg (Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1986), 238, 280.
51. “The Regimental Hospital,” Shotgun’s Home of the American Civil War, http://www.civilwarhome.com/regimentalhospital.htm.
52. David J. Eicher, The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 791.
53. “Regimental Hospital.”
54. Cited in Eicher, Longest Night, 790.
55. Quoted in Hess, Union Soldier, 29.
56. Quoted in ibid., 28.
57. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 138.
58. Quoted in ibid., 139.
59. Griffith, Battle Tactics, 155.
60. Quoted in Eicher, Longest Night, 100.
61. Both quoted in Hess, Union Soldier, 26.
62. Griffith, Battle Tactics, 171.
63. Nosworthy, Bloody Crucible, 435.
64. Coggins, Arms and Equipment, 76–77.
65. Quoted in Commager, Blue and the Gray, 636.
66. Quoted in Gragg, Covered with Glory, 174.
67. Quoted in ibid., 632.
68. Quoted in Eicher, Longest Night, 146.
69. Quoted in McWhiney and Jamieson, Attack and Die, 115.
70. Livermore, Numbers & Losses, 69–70.
71. Linderman, Embattled Courage, 15.
72. Quoted in McWhiney and Jamieson, Attack and Die, 171.
73. Quoted in ibid., 172.
74. Fox, Regimental Losses, 38.
75. McWhiney and Jamieson, Attack and Die, 14.
76. Eicher, Longest Night, 774–75.
77. Ibid., 571.
78. McWhiney and Jamieson, Attack and Die, 189.
79. Linderman, Embattled Courage, 142.
80. Quoted in Commager, Blue and the Gray, 363.
81. Quoted in ibid., 46.
82. Cited in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 46.
83. Quoted in ibid., 24–25.
84. Quoted in Eicher, Longest Night, 678.
85. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 27.
86. Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1952), 81.
87. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 206.
88. Quoted in ibid.,
207.
89. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs (1885; repr., New York: Penguin, 1999), 285.
90. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 178.
91. Quoted in ibid., 178.
92. Quoted in ibid.
93. Quoted in ibid., 203.
94. Quoted in ibid.
95. Quoted in Hess, Union Soldier, 8.
96. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 124.
97. Quoted in ibid., 128.
98. Quoted in Hess, Union Soldier, 140.
99. Quoted in Eicher, Longest Night, 488.
100. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 65.
101. Quoted in Faust, Republic of Suffering, 20.
102. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 101.
103. Quoted in Faust, Republic of Suffering, 59.
104. Quoted in Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers: Their Expectations and Their Experiences (New York: Viking, 1988), 64.
105. Quoted in Wiley, Billy Yank, 79.
106. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 244.
107. Quoted in ibid., 254.
108. Quoted in ibid., 217.
109. Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970), 88.
110. Quoted in Hess, Union Soldier, 24.
111. Quoted in Commager, Blue and the Gray, 307.
112. Quoted in Hess, Union Soldier, 93.
113. Quoted in ibid., 149.
114. Quoted in Faust, Republic of Suffering, 36–37.
115. Cited in ibid., 45.
116. Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers, 193.
117. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 237.
118. Quoted in Wiley, Billy Yank, 352.
119. Scott Walker, Hell’s Broke Loose in Georgia: Survival in a Civil War Regiment (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2005), 84.
120. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 238.
121. Quoted in ibid., 72.
122. Quoted in ibid., 148.
123. Quoted in Commager, Blue and the Gray, 248.
124. Nosworthy, Bloody Crucible, 229–30.
125. Faust, Republic of Suffering, 117.
126. Ibid., 92.
127. Quoted in ibid., 71.
128. Quoted in Linderman, Embattled Courage, 127.
129. Quoted in ibid., 127, 159.
130. Ibid., 282.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Cyrus Townsend Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters (1904; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 339–40.
2. Quoted in Thomas Goodrich, Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865–1879 (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole, 1997), 8.
3. Patrick M. Malone, The Skulking Way of War: Technology and Tactics Among the New England Indians (Lanham, MD: Madison, 1991), 80.
4. Ross Hassig, Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988), 79.
5. Victor Davis Hanson, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power (New York: Anchor Books, 2001), 211.
6. Quoted in Brady, Indian Fights, 334.
7. Quoted in Donald R. Morris, The Washing of the Spears: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), 350.
8. Roger Ford, The Grim Reaper: Machine-Guns and Machine-Gunners in Action (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1996), 17. Byron Farwell asserts that Gatlings were first used at the battle of Charasia in Afghanistan on October 6, 1879. See Byron Farwell, Queen Victoria’s Little Wars (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 209.
9. Quoted in Michael Barthorp, The Zulu War: A Pictorial History (Blandford, 1980), 56.
10. Farwell, Little Wars, 272.
11. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 172.
12. Quoted in Brady, Indian Fights, 178.
13. Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 30.
14. Hanson, Carnage and Culture, 204.
15. Quoted in ibid., 191.
16. Ibid., 215.
17. John D. McDermott, A Guide to the Indian Wars of the West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 75.
18. Quoted in John Rhodehamel, ed., The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence (New York: Library of America, 2001), 487–88.
19. Quoted in Brady, Indian Fights, 69.
20. Quoted in ibid., 118.
21. Douglas D. Scott, P. Willey, and Melissa A. Connor, They Died with Custer: Soldiers’ Bones from the Battle of the Little Big Horn (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), 312.
22. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 260.
23. Hanson, Carnage and Culture, 282.
24. Morris, Washing of the Spears, 486.
25. Brady, Indian Fights, 32.
26. Scott, Willey, and Connor, They Died with Custer, 308.
27. McDermott, Indian Wars, 165–66.
28. Quoted in ibid., 285.
29. Ibid.
30. Farwell, Little Wars, 213.
31. Brady, Indian Fights, 55.
32. Ibid., 58.
33. Quoted in Donald Featherstone, Victorian Colonial Warfare: Africa (London: Blandford 1992), 23.
34. Quoted in John Ellis, The Social History of the Machine Gun (London: Croom Helm, 1975), 13.
35. Quoted in ibid., 26–27.
36. Quoted in ibid., 84.
37. Quoted in Ford, Grim Reaper, 31–32.
38. Ibid., 32.
39. Quoted in ibid., 53.
40. Quoted in ibid., 47–48.
41. Bryan Perrett, The Battle Book (London: Arms and Armour, 1992), 79, 188.
42. Douglas Porch, Wars of Empire (London: Cassell, 2000), 164.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Quoted in Richard Holmes, Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front, 1914–1918 (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 31.
2. Quoted in Ian Passingham, All the Kaiser’s Men: The Life and Death of the German Army on the Western Front, 1914–1918 (Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2003), 112.
3. Roger Ford, The Grim Reaper: Machine-Guns and Machine-Gunners in Action (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1996), 92.
4. Philip J. Haythornthwaite, The World War One Source Book (London: Arms and Armour, 1992), 54.
5. http://www1.va.gov/opa/fact/amwars.asp.
6. Gary Mead, The Good Soldier: The Biography of Douglas Haig (London: Atlantic, 2007), 344.
7. Haythornthwaite, Source Book, 55. Some historians put the ratio at four to one. See, for example, Ford, Grim Reaper, 107.
8. Passingham, Kaiser’s Men, 107.
9. Quoted in ibid., 124–26.
10. Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun, 1916 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1963), 327.
11. Haythornthwaite, Source Book, 54; and J. M. Winter, The Great War and the British People (London: Macmillan, 1986), 99. Revisionist historians such as Paddy Griffith tend to take issue with what they see as a hysterical focus on high casualties. There were “many instances” of units having had a pretty cushy time (the implication is that this was more representative than the hellishly lethal experience portrayed in so many other accounts): “A ‘quiet’ sector of the front could be very quiet indeed, almost entirely devoid of the irony conveyed by the title of E. M. Remarque’s book All Quiet on the Western Front, and this happy condition might apply to over two-thirds of the line on any given day.… One battalion … ‘fought’ pretty continuously in the trenches for a whole year, yet suffered a total officer casualty list of just a single individual. So much for the misleading popular idea that the infantry subaltern’s life expectancy in the BEF was no more than a fortnight!” Paddy Griffith, Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army’s Art of Attack (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), 15.
12. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 61.
13. Richard Holmes, Acts of War: The Behavior of Men in Battle (New York: Free Press, 1986), 346.
14. Robert Graves, Good-bye to All That (1929; repr., London: Penguin, 1960), 134.
15. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 582.
&nbs
p; 16. Quoted in ibid., 297.
17. Ibid., 14.
18. Captain J. C. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, 1914–1919 (1938; repr., London: Cardinal, 1989), 80, 148.
19. Griffith, Battle Tactics, 43.
20. Ibid., 228. The division was the Ninth (Scottish).
21. Ford, Grim Reaper, 133.
22. John Ellis, The Social History of the Machine Gun (London: Croom Helm, 1975), 35.
23. Ibid., 16.
24. Ibid., 39. See also Ford, Grim Reaper, 95, 114.
25. Ibid., 99.
26. George Coppard, With a Machine Gun to Cambrai (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1969), 37.
27. Haythornthwaite, Source Book, 71.
28. Quoted in Ellis, Social History, 131.
29. Graves, Good-bye, 131.
30. Frederic Manning, Her Privates We (first published as The Middle Parts of Fortune, 1929) (London: Hogarth, 1986), 212.
31. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 279.
32. Ernst Jünger, Storm of Steel, trans. Allen Lane (1920; repr., London: Penguin, 2003), 80.
33. P. J. Campbell, In the Cannon’s Mouth (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977), 34.
34. Henri Barbusse, Under Fire (first published in French as Le feu [1916]), trans. Robin Buss (London: Penguin, 2003), 197–98.
35. Holmes, Tommy, 497–98.
36. Campell, Cannon’s Mouth, 42.
37. Philip Katcher, The Civil War Source Book, 66–67.
38. Haythornthwaite, Source Book, 83.
39. Ibid., 86.
40. Joseph Jobé, ed., Guns: An Illustrated History of Artillery (New York: Cresent, 1971), 164.
41. Ibid., 89.
42. Griffith, Battle Tactics, 85.
43. Haythornthwaite, Source Book, 74.
44. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 167.
45. Holmes, Acts of War, 170. Holmes cites J. T. MacCurdy’s The Structure of Morale (1943), with the caveat that “although he marshals no evidence in support of this assertion, it may not be altogether wide of the mark.”
46. Haythornthwaite, Source Book, 87.
47. Max Arthur, Forgotten Voices of the Great War: A History of World War I in the Words of the Men and Women Who Were There (London: Ebury, 2002), 190.
48. Barbusse, Under Fire, 226.
49. Campbell, Cannon’s Mouth, 80.
50. Passingham, Kaiser’s Men, 107.
51. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 401.
52. Jünger, Storm of Steel, 227.
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