Irish Independent , 2 June 1914.
Irish Independent , 28 May 1914.
Irish Citizen , 2 May 1914.
Press cutting of letter from Agnes O’Farrelly in scrapbook in Sheehy Skeffington papers, MS 21,616–56, National Library of Ireland. Neither name of paper or exact date is given, but 1911 is written in pencil in margin.
Irish Citizen , 30 May 1914.
Bean na hÉireann , April 1909.
Ibid .
Constance Markievicz writing in Bean na hÉireann , July 1909, under her pen-name of Maca.
Copy of letter from P.H. Pearse to C. Doyle, 30 November 1913, MS 10,486, National Library of Ireland.
Irish Volunteer , 4 April 1914.
Irish Citizen , 11 April 1914. At a meeting of Galway city branch of Cumann na mBan in August 1914, it was regretted that only a hundred men had joined the Volunteers; women present were asked to use their influence to get their brothers and sweethearts to join.
Urquhart, Diane, ‘“The female of the species is more deadly than the male”? The Ulster Women’s Unionist Council, 1911–40’, in Holmes, Janice, and Urquhart, Diane (eds), Coming into the light: the work, politics and religion of women in Ulster 1840–1940 , IIS, Belfast 1994, p. 94.
Freeman’s Journal , 6 May 1914.
Irish Independent , 8 May 1914.
Ibid .
Irish Citizen , 8 August 1914.
Minutes of the conference of women delegates to the all-Ireland conference, 12 May 1917, later known as Cumann na dTeachtaire, Sheehy Skeffington papers, MS 21,194, National Library of Ireland. Among the women in attendance at this or at subsequent meetings were Dr Kathleen Lynn, Áine Ceannt, Madeleine Ffrench-Mullen, Helena Molony, Mabel FitzGerald, Kathleen Clarke, Louise Gavan Duffy, Dulcibella Barton, Winifred Carney, Marie Perolz and Alice Ginnell.
Copy of letter sent to Sinn Féin executive, 1 August 1917, Ibid . The women proposed by the delegates were Kathleen Clarke, Áine Ceannt, Kathleen Lynn, Jennie Wyse Power, Helena Molony and Mrs Ginnell.
Ibid ., 17 September 1917.
Ibid ., 25 September 1917.
Ibid ., 2 October 1917.
Ibid ., 16 October 1917.
Irish Citizen , November 1917.
Cumann na dTeachtaire minutes, 2 April 1918, general meeting.
Ibid .
Ibid ., 30 January 1919.
For details see Cullen Owens, Rosemary, Smashing times: a history of the Irish women’s suffrage movement 1889–1922 , Attic, Dublin 1984, pp. 120– 22.
Sinn Féin , 21 September 1907.
Cullen Owens, Smashing times , pp. 122–24.
Irish Citizen , August 1918.
Ibid .
Ibid ., December 1918.
See Cullen Owens, Louie Bennett , p. 76–7. Manoeuvrings between Labour and Sinn Féin as to whether Labour should contest this election may have played a role in Bennett’s decision. Ultimately, Labour withdrew from the election.
Sinn Féin, An appeal to the women of Ireland , Sinn Féin, Dublin 1918.
Sinn Fein, Tenth convention report , October 1917.
Irish Citizen , December 1918.
Sheehy Skeffington papers, MS 24, 107, National Library of Ireland.
Irish Citizen , April 1919.
Irish Citizen , November 1917.
Doyle, Damien, ‘Rosamund Jacob (1888–1960)’, in Cullen, Mary and Luddy, Maria (eds), Female activists: Irish women and change 1900–1960 , Woodfield, Dublin, 2001, p. 176.
Farrell, Brian, ‘Markievicz and the women of the revolution’, in Martin, F.X. (ed.), Leaders and men of the 1916 Rising: Dublin 1916 , Methuen, London, 1967, p. 235.
Irish Citizen , May 1919.
Ward, Margaret, Hanna Sheehy Skeffington: a life , Attic, Cork, 1997, p. 221, citing minutes of Cumann na dTeachtaire, 20 September 1917, Sheehy Skeffington papers 24,104,National Library of Ireland.
Irish Citizen , September–December 1920. (The paper had just recently become a quarterly publication).
Ward, Hanna Sheehy Skeffington , p. 221.
O’Callaghan, Margaret, ‘Women and politics in independent Ireland, 1921–68’, in Bourke, Angela et al. (eds), The Field Day anthology of Irish writing , vol. v, CUP, Cork, 2002, p. 122.
O’Hegarty, P.S., The victory of Sinn Féin , Talbot, Dublin, 1924, p. 58.
Ibid . pp. 102–5
Quoted in Gialanella Valiulis, Maryann, ‘Defining their role in the new state: Irishwomen’s protest against the Juries Act of 1927’ in Canadian Journal of Irish Studies , vol. xviii, no. 1, July 1992, p. 44.
Clancy, Mary, ‘Aspects of women’s contribution to the Oireachtas debate in the Irish Free State, 1922–1937’, in Luddy, Maria, and Murphy, Cliona (eds), Women surviving: studies in Irish women’s history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , Poolbeg, Dublin 1989, p. 218.
Quoted in Gialanella Valiulis, Maryann, ‘Power, gender and identity in the Irish Free State’, in Journal of women’s history , vol. vi, no. 4, vol. vii, no. 1, 1995, winter – spring 1995, p. 123.
Quoted in Gialanella Valiulis, Maryann, ‘Engendering citizenship: women’s relationship to the state in Ireland and the United States in the post-suffrage period’, in Gialanella Valiulis, Maryann and O’Dowd, Mary (eds), Women and Irish history , Wolfhound, Dublin, 1997, p. 164.
Quoted in Valiulis, ‘Defining their role’, p. 54.
With changes in membership during the lifetime of the Joint Committee, groups in the early years included the Girls Friendly Society, the Girl Guides, Irish Countrywomen’s Association, Irish Matrons’ Association, the Irish Save the Children Fund, Irish Women Workers’ Union, Irish Schoolmistresses’ Association, The Legion of Mary, the Mothers’ Union, National Council of Women, Women Graduates Association of Trinity College, Women Citizens’ Association, Women’s National Health Association, the Holy Child Association, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and the University College Dublin Women Graduates’ Association.
Report of Commission into the civil service 1932–1935, addendum C, p.185.
Irish Citizen , July 1917.
Irish Citizen , February 1920.
Jones, Mary, These obstreperous lassies: a history of the Irish Women Workers’ Union , Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 1988, p. 59.
Irish Citizen , November 1919.
Irish Citizen , December 1919.
Cahalan, C., ‘Women and the Irish labour movement’, in Dublin labour year book , Dublin Trades Council, Dublin, 1930, p. 48.
Molony, Helena, ‘James Connolly and women’, Ibid ., p. 32.
Daly, Mary, ‘Women and trade unions’, in Nevin, Donal (ed.), Trade union century , Dublin, 1994, pp. 106–16.
McLaughlin, Astrid, ‘“Received with politeness, treated with contempt”: The story of women’s protests in Ireland against the regressive implications of sections of the Conditions of Employment Act (1936) and Bunreacht na hÉireann, the Irish constitution of 1937’, unpublished MA thesis, University College Dublin, 1996, 123.
It should be noted that section sixteen of the final Act had been section twelve during most of its drafting stages.
ITUC Report , 1935.
Ibid .
Ibid .
The Irish Times , 11 July 1935, cited in McLaughlin, ‘“Received with politeness”’, p. 26.
IWWU, Executive minutes, 5 September 1935, Irish Women Workers Archive, Irish Labour History Museum, Dublin.
The deputies in question were Helena Concannon and Margaret Pearse (Fianna Fáil), and Bridget Redmond (Cumann na nGaedhael).
Ward, Margaret, Unmanageable revolutionaries: women and Irish nationalism , Pluto, London, 1983, p. 236.
Clancy, ‘Aspects of women’s contribution’, p. 220.
Beaumont, Catriona A., ‘Women and the politics of equality: the Irish women’s movement, 1930–1943’, in Valiulis and O’Dowd (eds), Women and Irish history , p. 8.
Whyte, J.H., Church and state in modern Ireland 1923–1979, 2nd edition , Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 1980, pp. 33–34.
&n
bsp; O’Dowd, Liam, ‘Church, state and women: the aftermath of partition’, in Curtin, Chris, Jackson, Pauline and O’Connor, Barbara (eds), Gender in Irish society , GUP, Galway, 1987, p. 7.
Quoted by Margaret MacCurtain in ‘Fullness of life: defining female spirituality in twentieth century Ireland’, in Luddy and Murphy (eds), Women surviving , p. 243.
IWCA Report in United Irishwomen, 1925–6, pp. 10–11.
McLaughlin, ‘“Received with politeness”’, p. 33.
Clancy, ‘Aspects of women’s contribution’, p. 225.
Robinson, Mary, ‘Women and the new Irish state’, in MacCurtain and Ó Corrain (eds), Women in Irish society , p. 58.
Clancy, ‘Aspects of women’s contribution’, p. 206.
Beaumont, ‘Women and the politics of equality’, p. 175.
Irish Citizen , May 1919.
‘Shot in cold blood’: military law and Irish perceptions in the suppression of the 1916 rebellion
Asquith to King George V, 27 April 1916, CAB 37 146, National Archives, Kew.
Statements by Sir Reginald Brade, secretary of the Army Council, and Sir Neville Macready, adjutant general, as quoted in Barton, Brian, From behind a closed door: secret court martial records of the 1916 Rising , Blackstaff, Belfast, 2002, p. 31.
‘Report on the state of Ireland since the rebellion’, 24 June 1916, CAB 37 150/18, p. 2, National Archives, Kew.
Alison Philips, W., The revolution in Ireland , Longmans, London, p. 109.
Ibid ., p. 108.
Irish Times , 8 May 1916.
See Townshend, Charles, Easter 1916: the Irish rebellion , Allen Lane, London, 2005, p. 300.
Defence of the Realm (Amendment), no. 2, Act 1915.
For a facsimile reproduction of the ‘Schedule’, containing details of charge, plea, verdict and other information in the case of Constance Markiewicz see Barton, From behind a closed door , p. 81.
Defence of the Realm (No. 2) Act 1914.
See chapter 1 of Gearty, Conor and Ewing, Keith, The struggle for civil liberties: political freedom and the rule of law in Britain, 1914–1945 , OUP, Oxford, 2000.
The memoir referred to was the basis of a book by the late Leon Ó Broin, which dealt with Wylie’s activities during this period. Ó Bróin, Leon, W.E. Wylie and Irish revolution , Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 1989.
Ibid ., p. 21.
Ibid ., pp. 22–23.
Barton, From behind a closed door , pp. 72–73
De Valera papers, 150/512, UCD Archives.
Ibid .
See Townshend, Easter 1916 , p. 290.
Ó Bróin, W.E. Wylie and Irish revolution , pp. 23–24.
Ibid ., p. 24.
For O’Dwyer see aan de Wiel, Jérôme, The Catholic church in Ireland 1914– 1918: war and politics , IAP, Dublin, 2003, p. 106.
Jeffery, Keith (ed.), Hamilton Norway, Mary Louisa and Arthur, The Sinn Féin rebellion as they saw it , IAP edition, Dublin, 1998, p. 54.
Notes by Eoin MacNeill, MacNeill papers, MS 11437, National Library of Ireland, as cited in Martin, F.X. (ed.), Tierney, Michael, Eoin MacNeill: scholar and man of action, 1867–1945 , Clarendon, Oxford, 1980, p. 224.
Wells, Warre B., An Irish apologia , Maunsel, Dublin, 1917, p. 66.
The case is reported as the R. v. Governor of Lewes Prison, ex parte Doyle [1917] 2 KB 254
Ibid . at 273.
Ibid . at 272.
Scott v. Scott [1913] AC 417.
[1917] 2 KB 254 at 272.
Liversidge v. Anderson [1942] AC 206 at 244.
De Valera papers, 150/512, UCD Archives.
Law officers’ opinion, 31 January 1917, WO 141/27, National Archives, Kew.
Memorandum by Brade, WO 141/27, National Archives, Kew.
Ibid .
Minute by adjutant general, 10 January 1917, WO 141/27, National Archives, Kew.
Winborne to Maxwell, 3 May, 1916, de Valera papers, 150/512, UCD Archives.
Asquith, Lady Cynthia, Diaries 1915–1918 , Hutchinson, London, 1968, p. 163.
See footnote 1.
Irish Times , 8 May 1916.
Memorial by influential persons, Asquith papers, MS 42, Bodleian library, Oxford.
Report of the Royal Commission on the arrest on 25th April and subsequent treatment of Mr Francis Sheehy Skeffington, Mr Thomas Dickson and Mr Patrick James McIntyre, 1916 [cd.8376] xi 311, para 42.
Ibid ., para 55(3).
Cabinet minutes 28 April 1916, CAB 42/12, National Archives, Kew.
General Macready to Major General Jeudwine, 10 December 1920, Jeud-wine papers, Imperial War Museum as cited in Townshend, Charles, The British campaign in Ireland 1919–1921: the development of political and military policies , OUP, Oxford, 1975, p. 138.
Memorandum by Asquith, 19 May 1916, Bonar Law papers, 63/C/5, House of Lords Record Office.
The debate on the condition of Ireland, from which this quote is taken, is to be found in House of Commons debates, vol. lxxxiv, cols 2,106–21.
Law officers’ opinion contained in de Valera papers, 150/512, UCD Archives.
‘Report on the state of Ireland since the rebellion’, 24 June 1916, CAB 37 150/18, National Archives, Kew.
De Valera papers, 150/512, UCD Archives.
Ibid .
Cited in de Wiel, Jérôme, The Catholic church in Ireland 1914–1918 , p.106.
Keane, Ronan, ‘Martial law in Ireland, 1535–1924’ in Irish Jurist , vols. xv–xvii, 1990–2, pp.150–80.
Ibid ., p. 161.
Ibid ., p. 180.
De Valera papers, 150/512, UCD Archives.
Letter from Byrne dated 28 April 1916, WO 32 4307, National Archives, Kew, quoted in Townshend, Charles, Easter 1916: the Irish rebellion , Allen Lane, London, 2005, p. 276.
Ibid .
2 NIJR 185.
Ó Broin, W.E. Wylie and Irish revolution , p. 26.
Fingal, Countess of, Seventy years young: memories of Elizabeth, countess of Fingal , Lilliput, Dublin, 1991, p. 376.
For the case of W.T. Cosgrave see Ó Broin, W.E. Wylie and Irish revolution , pp. 28–9.
Barton, From behind a closed door .
Ibid ., pp. 33–34.
Ibid ., pp. 181–97 (Ceannt), and 267–79 (Mallin).
See 50 ILTR, 1916, at 128.
Ibid .
Ibid . at 318.
Notes by Eoin MacNeill cited in Martin (ed.), Eoin MacNeill , p. 225.
Ibid ., p. 227.
Ibid ., p. 229.
Martin (ed.), Eoin MacNeill , p. 229.
Notes by Eoin MacNeill cited in Martin (ed.), Eoin MacNeill , pp. 232–33.
Ibid ., p. 228.
Ibid ., p. 239.
Ibid ., pp. 223–25.
See footnote 2.
The Catholic church, the Holy See and the 1916 Rising
Whyte, John J., ’1916 – revolution and religion’ in Martin, F.X. (ed.), Leaders and men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916 , Methuen, London, 1967, pp. 203–14.
See Morrissey, Thomas J., William J. Walsh, archbishop of Dublin, 1841–1921 , Four Courts, Dublin, 2000; (also Walsh, Patrick J., William J. Walsh, archbishop of Dublin, Talbot, Dublin, 1938.) Walsh is very extensively covered in aan de Weil, Jérôme, The Catholic church in Ireland 1914–1918 , IAP, Dublin, 2003. See also his ‘Archbishop Walsh and Mgr Curran’s opposition to the British war effort in Dublin, 1914–1916’, in The Irish Sword , vol. xxii, no. 88, winter 2000, pp. 193–204; and my The Vatican, the bishops and Irish politics, 1919–1939 , CUP, Cambridge, 1986.
Miller, David W., Church, state and nation in Ireland, 1898–1921 , Gill Macmillan, Dublin, 1973, p. 14.
Statement by Fr Michael Curran, WS 687 (section 1), Bureau of Military History, Military Archives, Cathal Brugha Barracks, Dublin.
Statement by Seán T. O’Kelly, WS 1765, Bureau of Military History, Military Archives, Cathal Brugha Barracks, Dublin.
Curran became vice rector of the College in 1919 following O’Riordan’s death, before succeeding Hagan as rector
in 1930.
1916 Page 57