by Peter Hart
Second Afghan War (1878-80) 46
Second Battle of Ypres (1915) 179
Second Ridge 79, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93, 99, 100, 101, 111, 117, 180, 181, 188, 189, 505
Second World War 460–62
Sedd el Bahr (Fort No.3) and village 13, 24, 27, 28, 67, 139, 140, 146, 150, 153, 155, 159, 162–63, 164, 211, 213, 214, 224, 231, 256, 265, 433, 439, 444, 456, 503
Sefik, Lieutenant Colonel Mehmet 76, 80, 90–93, 95, 99, 110, 193, 323
Seldon, Lieutenant 297, 298
Semerely Tepe 79
Senftleben, Major 439
Serafim Farm, Kilid Bahr Plateau 60, 123, 208, 287
Serbia 2, 3, 4, 387
Sevastopol 13
Seven Years War (1756-63) 1
Shaw, Major Harold 134, 135–36
Shaw-Stewart, Sub Lieutenant Patrick 53–54
Sheldon, Private Ridley 224, 226, 244–45, 391
Shell Green 117
Shrapnel Gully 87, 103, 106, 115, 181, 226
Shrapnel Valley 100, 506
Sillery, Major 336, 341
Simpson, John (the ‘Man with the Donkey’) 505
Simpson-Baikie, Brigadier General Sir Hugh 459
Sinai Desert 18, 22, 23
Sinclair-MacLagan, Colonel Ewen 78–79, 88–89, 90, 99, 188
Sinfield, Private Ben 29
Sitwell, Brigadier General William 345, 350, 354
Skeen, Brigadier General Andrew 279, 292, 313
Skyros island 54, 55
Smith, Captain Bertram 27, 33–34, 64, 211–12
Smith, ‘Gunboat’ 374
Smyth, General, VC 302
Sodenstern, Colonel von 209, 215
Soganlidere 208
Somme, Battle of the (1916) 333, 450, 451
Sorley-Brown, Lieutenant William 437
Souchon, Rear Admiral Wilhelm 9–13
South Atlantic Squadron (British) 14
Sphinx, the 505
Staveley, Captain 448
Steele, Lieutenant Owen 446, 447
Steele’s Post 308, 309, 422
Still, Lieutenant John 356
Stoney, Captain George 165, 166
Stopford, Lieutenant General Frederick 278, 280, 281, 282, 330, 350, 355, 359, 360, 361, 367, 368, 395
Stout, Lieutenant Tom 261, 262
Straw, Lieutenant L.H. 36
Stretch, Lieutenant Colonel Edward 446–47
Sublime Porte 3
Suez Canal 18, 449
Turkish attack on 18, 22, 23
importance to British as route to India 18, 22
AIF and NZEF deployed to ensure its safety 48
Suffren 13, 33, 36, 37
Sulajik 355, 358
Suleyman, Sergeant 86
Sultan Osman (dreadnought battleship) 8, 9
Sunata, Lieutenant Ismail 371, 372–73, 377–78
supply arrangements 234–36
Susak Kuyu sector 384
Suvla Bay 66, 67, 391
Birdwood decides to attack 276
reconsidered as a landing site 277, 278
Stopford as an unfortunate choice 278
plans for 279–83
weak defence by Anafarta Detachment 282
inexperienced units to make the new landings 283
Kemal’s faith in Sefik 323
British failure to progress as planned 318–19
Suvla: Turkish disposition 6 August 331
landings 330–68, 385
British performance at Suvla 366–67
11th Division’s frustration and casualties 370
Munro visits 398
evacuation of 401, 413–17, 420–21, 436
winter weather in 402–3
evacuation achieved without casualties 429
Suvla Plain 330, 331, 350, 353, 355, 361
August attacks 369–84
the final lines 370
streams capable of flooding 404
frostbite and hypothermia 408–9
Suvla Point 280, 339, 506
Swiftsure (pre-dreadnought) 33, 371
Sylt island, North Sea 13
Syria 3, 20, 96
T
Table Top 303, 305
Talaat, Mehmed 3, 7
Tannenberg, Battle of (1914) 14
Tasmania Post 202
Tate, Midshipman Hugh 132–33, 137–38
Tattersall, Lieutenant Norman 327–28, 393
Taylor, Sergeant William 334, 337
Taylor’s Gap 304
Tekke Bay 265
Tekke Tepe 280, 281, 282, 330, 354, 355, 356, 360
Tenedos Island 41, 74, 460
Tennant, Midshipman Christopher 233
Thames barges 277
Thierry, Corporal Charles 256–57
Third Ridge 88, 89, 91, 93, 115, 118, 204, 385, 456
Thompson, Sergeant Peter 348–49
Throssell, Second Lieutenant Hugo, VC 382–84
Thursby, Admiral Sir Cecil 108–9
Tigris river expeditions (1915) 18
Tilney, Lieutenant Colonel Leslie 330
Tirah Expedition (1897-8) 47
Tisdall, Sub Lieutenant Arthur 156
Tizard, Lieutenant Colonel Henry 140, 141, 152, 158–59, 164, 168
Tripolitania: seized by Italy (1911) 3
Tripolitanian War 96
Triumph, HMS 32, 43, 82, 196, 197, 198, 233
Troubridge, Rear Admiral Ernest 11
Troy 60, 72
Tulloch, Captain Eric 93, 97, 98
Turkey
partial coup by Young Turks (1908) 2–3, 96
half-hearted counter-revolution (1909) 3, 96
Young Turks take control 3
Italian seizures 3
political crisis (1912) 3
defeats in First Balkan War 3
relationship with Britain 4
relationship with Germany 5, 6, 7
unprepared for war 2
Great Powers’ agenda 2
modernisation 2, 3, 4
economy 2, 3
Sultan Abdul Hamid deposed 3
neutrality 7, 8, 9, 12
Russia declares war on (1914) 13
Britain declares war on 48
Churchill’s aim to remove Turkey from the war 457
surrender of (30 October 1918) 456
Turkish Army
High Command 58, 67, 95, 306
Second Army 266, 272
V Corps 266
8th Division 266, 323
10th Division 266
XIV Corps
13th Division 266
14th Division 266
Third Army 14, 18–19
IX Corps 18
Fifth Army 38, 58, 59, 61, 170, 431
Artillery 38, 59, 265
cavalry brigade 58, 60
I Corps
2nd Division 189
16th Division 179, 189
2/47th Regiment 409, 410
II Corps
4th Division 323
5th Division 58, 60, 179, 189, 264, 306
17th Regiment, 1st Battalion 425
III Corps 58, 110, 178
7th Division 58, 60, 176, 179, 209, 213, 239, 323, 353–54
19th Regiment 361
9th Division 58, 60, 90, 95, 178, 209, 213, 215, 239, 241, 306, 307, 323
25th Regiment 60, 161–62, 208
1st Battalion 123, 124
3rd Battalion 140
26th Regiment 60, 144, 208
2nd Battalion 121, 131
3rd Battalion 120, 139, 141, 159, 161, 166, 209
9th Company 161
10th Company 140, 166, 208
11th Company 159, 208
12th Company 134, 208
27th Regiment 60, 76, 80, 84, 90, 92, 95, 99, 109, 110, 111, 193
1st Battalion 84, 90, 91
2nd Battalion 79, 83–86, 89, 90
4th Company 79
3rd Battalion 84, 90, 91, 93, 95, 318
19th Division 58, 60, 90, 91, 95, 96, 179, 189, 282, 292, 323
18th Regiment 201
57th Regiment 97, 99
1st Battalion 96, 299
77th Regiment 109–10
Chanak Fortified Area Command 58
IV Corps
12th Division 179, 239, 323, 353–54, 440
35th Regiment, 2nd Battalion 371, 378
V Corps, 15th Division 179, 213
XII Corps, 11th Division, 127
Regiment 361
XV Corps 58, 170
3rd Division 58, 170, 173, 264
11th Division 58, 60, 170, 178, 179, 266
XVIII Corps 402, 420, 430
Anafarta Detachment 282
1/31st Regiment 282
Broussa Gendarmerie Battalion 282
Gallipoli Gendarmerie Battalion 282
Southern Group 215, 266
strength of viii, 59
in Balkan Wars 7
foreign military missions 2, 5
size of 59
structure 59
forced to transport troops by land routes 68
underestimated by the British 68–69
snipers 114–15, 225–26, 227, 271, 286, 340, 342, 353
construction work above V Beach 139
heavy fire at V Beach 142–46, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154
desperate need for reinforcements 159, 161, 162
defence of Hill 141 166–68
and British failure at V Beach 168–69
large reinforcement from 2nd Division 189
failed general attack by (19 May) 189–93
First Battle of Krithia 208–9
night attacks at Helles 209–10, 213, 215
German officers 210
Second Battle of Krithia 216–22
Third Battle of Krivia 238–43, 245–52
Gully Ravine attack (28 June 1915) 258–64
efforts to fool the Turks over the evacuation 414–15, 417
casualty statistics 453
Turkish Gendarmerie memorial 506
Turkish Navy dominated by foreign military missions 2
British Naval Mission 4, 5, 8
dreadnoughts issue 8–9, 12
Turko-Germany treaty (1914) 7, 11, 12
U
U-boats 231, 234, 235, 254, 401, 413
U-21 195–97, 233
Unwin, Commander Edward 149
an experienced sailor 71
commands the Hussar 71
River Clyde plans 71–73
and Turkish construction work above V Beach 139
tries to delay River Clyde’s running ashore 141–42
efforts to get the men ashore 147–48
tries to save Williams 151
rescues some wounded 155–56
on Carrington Smith’s death 157–58
on Tizard 158
V
V Beach (Ertugrul Bay) 67, 71, 73, 119, 121, 126, 128, 130, 131, 132, 137, 138, 139–69, 205, 224, 431
River Clyde plans 71–73, 169
the most ambition plan of the landings 139
the Turkish garrison 139–40
preliminary bombardment 140–41
Unwin tries to delay River Clyde’s running ashore 141–42
heavy fire from Turks 142–46, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154
Geddes’ plan thwarted 150
Hunter-Weston unaware of scale of V Beach disaster 152, 153
decision to evacuate men after dark 152
Napier’s death 153–54
Hamilton orders troops to be diverted to W Beach 154
stalemate situation 154
rescue of the wounded 155–57
troops from the River Clyde come ashore 160–61, 503
reasons for British failure 168–69
stores deposited on the beach 235
evacuation 442–45
second landing of British troops (10 November 1918) 456
V Beach Cemetery 503
Valentine, Corporal T. 226
Valley of Despair 202
Vassal, Medical Officer Joseph 172, 173
Vengeance, HMS 27, 33, 34, 36, 64, 196, 212
Vérité 13
Vickers, Private John 124, 127
Victoria Gully 412
Viney, Captain Horace 186–87
Vineyard sector 288–89, 291
W
W Beach (Tekke Bay) 67, 119, 121, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132–37, 144, 153, 154, 157, 233, 235, 250, 431, 503–4
evacuation 445–48
W Hills (Ismail Oglu Tepe) 221, 280, 281, 283, 350, 354, 355, 358, 369, 370, 506
attack on 369, 370, 376, 384
Walden Point 304
Walker, Lieutenant Colonel Frank 440–41
Walker, Major General Harold 100, 295, 311
Walker’s Ridge 100, 180, 276, 326
Wangenheim, Baron Hans Freiherr von 7
War Committee
membership 400
evacuation issue 401, 436
War Council 253, 410
Hankey as Secretary 14
membership of 16, 17–18
aim of 16
naval expedition to invade and take Gallipoli Peninsula 16, 458
troops sent to eastern Mediterranean 46
and planning for landings in Gallipoli Peninsula 63
discusses progress of the campaign 236
renamed the Dardanelles Committee 237
War Office 63, 65, 385
Warrior 11
Warwick Castle post 417
Waterfall Gully 317
Waterlow, Lieutenant Commander John 31–32, 81
Watkins, Private Charles 50, 225
Watson, Captain Thomas 407–8, 411
Watson’s Pier 422
Watts, Lieutenant 149
Wear (destroyer) 41
Weaver, Corporal Will 115–16
Weber Pasha, General (Erich Paul Weber) 170, 215
Wedgwood, Lieutenant Commander Josiah 72, 156, 160–61
Wedgwood Benn, Captain William 373–74, 376, 377
Wehib Pasha, General 266–67
Weil, Second Lieutenant Raymond 174–75, 213–14, 240, 246, 255, 257–58, 264–65, 386
Welch, Major Alfred 123
Weld-Forester, Midshipman Wolstan 231–33
Welstead, Colonel Harry 347
West Beach, Suvla Bay 345
Western Front 358, 359, 385, 395, 431, 456, 457
armies fight themselves to a standstill vii
First World War decided ix, 1, 457
BEF deployed 1, 63
trench warfare 13, 223
Second Battle of Ypres 179
delousing centres 231
shortage of munitions 236, 237
importance of artillery 265
failures of generals 274
paramount needs of 275
New Army 333
Allies prepare for autumn offensives 366
Loos attack 366
Joffre’s September offensives 386
and Monro 396
Robertson’s commitment 435
best of Gallipoli divisions despatched to 450
‘All Arms Battle’ tactics 461
Westmacott, Lieutenant Spencer 100–101
Wettern, Sapper Eric 438–39, 441, 443–44
White, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander 314
White, Colonel Brudenell 311, 414
Wigan Road 437
Will, Sergeant Joseph 185–86
Williams, Trooper Charles 315–16
Williams, Midshipman Herbert 22, 26, 30–31, 140
Williams, Private Vince 103
Williams, Lieutenant Colonel Weir De Lancey 162, 168
Williams, Able Seaman William 147, 148, 151
Williamson, Lieutenant Commander H.A. 30
Willis, Major Richard 134
Willis, Sergeant 145
Willmer, Major Wilhelm 282
Wilson, Private Bertram 182
Wire Gully 87, 116, 182, 183, 190, 426
Wolley Dod, Lieutenant Colonel Owen 138
Wolton, Lie
utenant Hubert 360
Woods, Lieutenant Percy 302
Worrall, Corporal Edgar 426–27
Wright, Lieutenant Colonel Bashi 332, 335–36, 337, 339, 340, 342–44
X
X Beach 67, 119, 121, 122, 128–29, 132, 136, 171
Y
Y Beach 67, 119, 121–28, 129, 132, 171, 209, 222
Yalta 13
Yannina 3
Yazy Tepe 206, 216
Yeni Shehr 60, 171, 172, 173, 175, 266
windmills 27
Young, Corporal 276
Young Turks
partial coup (1908) 2–3
in full control (1909) 3
increasingly dictatorial 3
regain political control 3, 4
aims 4
Z
Zeki Bey, Major 95–96, 299
Zimmerman’s Farm 210
1. Mustafa Kamel: On 25 April 1915 he was the Colonel commanding the 19th Division. Sidelined in the political infighting that had preceded the Great War, he proved the man of the moment, acting with great decisiveness to stem the advance of the ANZAC Corps. He built on this well-earned reputation throughout the war and used it as a springboard to seize power as President Kemal Attaturk in the post-war years. (IWM Q 101744)
2. General Otto Liman von Sanders: the German General appointed to command the new Turkish Fifth Army given the responsibility for the defence of the Dardanelles Straits. Liman was proved a sound general, deploying his troops to cover the various possibilities for invasion and reacting calmly to despatch his centrally controlled reserves to contain the Allied threats. His ennobled title of ‘von Sanders’ was a creation that reflected his deceased Scottish wife’s name, Sanders. (IWM Q 95324)
3. General Sir Charles Monro: The man given the poisoned chalice of replacing Hamilton and ordering the evacuation of Gallipoli. He had served on the Western Front and was convinced of the primacy of that front; what he saw of the situation at Gallipoli appalled him. (IWM Q 68187)
4. Lieutenant General Aylmer Hunter-Weston: the commander of the 29th Division and then VIII Corps responsible for operations on the main battlefront at Helles. Often caricatured by his critics he was no fool when it came to recognising the scale of the problems that faced his men on 25 April. (IWM Q 13289)
3. General Sir Ian Hamilton: the ‘Happy Warrior’ appointed to command the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. A distinguished soldier who had lived his life to the full, he was brought down by his own willingness to attempt, and keep on attempting, to achieve the impossible dream at Gallipoli. It destroyed his career and he never held a meaningful command again before his death at 94 in in 1947. Here he is leading the cheer in front of an RND detachment at a medal ceremony. (IWM Q 68187)
6. General Maurice Bailloud and General Henri Gouraud pictured by one of the dismounted Turkish guns at Sedd el Bahr. These French officers had terrible problems facing not only the chasm of the Kereves Dere in front of their lines but with shells crashing down into their backs from across the Dardanelles Straits. (IWM Q 13300)