Parker, Watson. Gold in the Black Hills. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966.
Paul, R. Eli, ed. Autobiography of Red Cloud, War Leader of the Oglalas. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1997.
———. Blue Water Creek and the First Sioux War, 1854–1856. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004.
———.” An Early Reference to Crazy Horse.” Nebraska History 75, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 189–90.
———., ed. The Nebraska Indian Wars Reader, 1865–1877. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
Pearson, Jeffrey V. “Nelson A. Miles, Crazy Horse, and the Battle of Wolf Mountains.” Montana, the Magazine of Western History 51, no. 4 (2001): 52–67.
Poole, D. C. Among the Sioux of Dakota: Eighteen Months’ Experience as an Indian Agent, 1869–70. Reprint, St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1988.
Porter, Joseph C. Paper Medicine Man: John Gregory Bourke and His American West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
Powell, Peter J. People of the Sacred Mountain: A History of the Northern Cheyenne Chiefs and Warrior Societies, 1830–1879, With an Epilog 1969–1974. 2 vols. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1981.
———. Sweet Medicine: The Continuing Role of the Sacred Arrows, the Sun Dance, and the Sacred Buffalo hat in Northern Cheyenne History. 2 vols. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969.
Powers, Marla N. Oglala Women: Myth, Ritual, and Reality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Powers, William K. Oglala Religion. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1977.
———. Sacred Language: The Nature of Supernatural Discourse in Lakota. Norman: University of Nebraska Press, 1986.
———. A Winter Count of the Oglala. Reprint, Kendall Park, N.J.: Lakota Books, 1994.
———. Yuwipi: Vision and Experience in Oglala Ritual. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
Price, Catherine. The Oglala People, 1841–1879: A Political History. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.
Quivey, Addison M. “The Yellowstone Expedition of 1874.” Montana Historical Society Contributions 1 (1876): 268–84.
Rankin, Charles E., ed. Legacy: New Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1996.
“Red Cloud’s Mission to Crazy Horse, 1877: Source Material.” Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly 22 (1986): 9–13.
Riggs, Stephen R. A Dakota-English Dictionary. Reprint, St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1992.
Riley, Paul D., ed. “Oglala Sources on the Life of Crazy Horse: Interviews given to Eleanor H. Hinman.” Nebraska History 57, no. 1 (Spring 1976): 1–51.
Robinson, Doane. A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians. Reprint, Minneapolis, Minn.: Ross and Haines, 1967.
Ruby, Robert H. The Oglala Sioux: Warriors in Transition. New York: Vantage Press, 1955.
Sajna, Mike. Crazy Horse: The Life Behind the Legend. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2000.
Sandoz, Mari. Crazy Horse, the Strange Man of the Oglalas: A Biography. New York: Hastings House, 1944; Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961.
Sarf, Wayne Michael. The Little Bighorn Campaign, March-September 1876. Conshohocken, Pa.: Combined Publishing, 2000.
Schmitt, Martin F. General George Crook, His Autobiography. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.
Schmutterer, Gerhard M. Tomahawk and Cross: Lutheran Missionaries among the Northern Plains Tribes, 1858–1866. Sioux Falls, S. Dak.: The Center for Western Studies, Augustana College, 1989.
Scott, Douglas D., and Peter Bleed. A Good Walk Around the Boundary: Archeological Inventory of the Dyck and Other Properties Adjacent to Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. Lincoln: Nebraska Association of Professional Archeologists and the Nebraska State Historical Society, 1997.
Scott, Douglas D., and Richard A. Fox, Jr. Archaeological Insights into The Custer Battle: An Assessment of the 1984 Field Season. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.
Simonin, Louis L. The Rocky Mountain West in 1867.Trans. Wilson O. Clough. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967.
Sklenar, Larry. To Hell with Honor: Custer and the Little Bighorn. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000.
Sneve, Virginia Driving Hawk. Dakota’s Heritage: A Compilation of Indian Place Names in South Dakota. Sioux Falls, S. Dak.: Brevet Press, 1973.
Spring, Agnes Wright. Caspar Collins: The Life and Exploits of an Indian Fighter of the Sixties. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969.
———. “Old Letter Book Discloses Economic History of Fort Laramie, 1858–1871.” Annals of Wyoming 13 (Oct. 1941).
Standing Bear, Luther. Land of the Spotted Eagle. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978.
———. My People the Sioux. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975.
Stands in Timber, John and Margot Liberty. Cheyenne Memories. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967.
Stanley, Henry M. My Early Travels and Adventures in America. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
Steinmetz, Paul B. Pipe, Bible and Peyote among the Oglala Lakota: A Study in Religious Identity. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1998.
Stewart, Edgar I. Custer’s Luck. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955.
———., ed. March of the Montana Column. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Sunder, John E. The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri, 1840–1865. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965.
Taunton, Francis B. “Yellowstone Interlude: Custer’s Earlier Fights with the Sioux.” In More Sidelights of the Sioux Wars, ed. Barry C. Johnson and Francis B. Taunton, 69–90. London: English Westerners’ Society, 2004.
Taunton, Francis B., with Brian C. Pohanka. Custer’s Field: “A Scene of Sickening Ghastly Horror.” London: The Johnson-Taunton Military Press, 1987.
Taylor, Colin F, and Hugh A. Dempsey, eds. Military Art, Warfare and Change. Vol. 1 of The People of the Buffalo: The Plains Indians of North America, Essays in Honor of John C. Ewers. Wyk auf Foehr, Germany: Tatanka Press, 2003.
Trenholm, Virginia Cole. The Arapahoes, Our People. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
Twitchell, Phillip G. “Camp Robinson Letters of Angeline Johnson, 1876–1879.” Nebraska History 77, no. 2 (Summer 1996).
Unrau, William E., ed. Tending the Talking Wire: A Buck Soldier’s View of Indian Country, 1863–1866. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1979.
Utley, Robert M. Cavalier in Buckskin: George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988.
———. “Crazy Horse—Will We Ever Know You?” Montana, the Magazine of Western History, 49, no. 4 (1999): 72–73.
———. Custer and the Great Controversy: The Origin and Development of a Legend. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
———. Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
———. Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848–1865. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981.
———. The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846–1890. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.
———. The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1993.
———. Little Bighorn Battlefield. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1994.
———. “War Houses in the Sioux Country.” In The Great Sioux War, 1876–77, ed. Paul L. Hedren, 253–63. Helena: Montana State Historical Society Press, 1991.
Vaughn, J. W The Battle of Platte Bridge. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
———. Indian Fights: New Facts on Seven Encounters. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966.
———. The Reynolds Campaign on Powder River. Norman: University of Oklahoma P
ress, 1966.
———. With Crook at the Rosebud. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1956.
Vestal, Stanley. “The Man Who Killed Custer.” American Heritage 8, no. 2 (Feb. 1957): 6–7.
———. New Sources of Plains Indian History, 1850–1891. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1934.
———. Sitting Bull, Champion of the Sioux. Reprint, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1957.
———. Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
Viola, Herman J. Little Bighorn Remembered: The Untold Indian Story of Custer’s Last Stand. New York: Times Books, 1999.
Walker, James R. Lakota Belief and Ritual. Ed. Raymond J. DeMallie and Elaine A. Jahner. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980.
———. Lakota Society. Ed. Raymond J. DeMallie. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
———. “The Sun Dance and Other Ceremonies of the Oglala Division of the Teton Dakota.” American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 16, pt. 2 (1917): 50–221.
Ware, Eugene F. The Indian War of 1864. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.
“The War on Whiskey in the Fur Trade.” South Dakota Historical Collections 9 (1918).
Webb, George W. Chronological List of Engagements Between the Regular Army of the United States and Various Tribes of Hostile Indians Which Occurred During the Years 1790 to 1898, Inclusive. Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1976.
White, Richard M. The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.
———. “The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” Journal of American History 65, no. 2 (Sept. 1978): 319–43.
Wissler, Clark. “Societies and Ceremonial Associations in the Oglala Division of the Teton-Dakota.” American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 11, pt. 1 (1912): 1–99.
Workers of the South Dakota Writers’ Project, Work Projects Administration. Legends of the Mighty Sioux. Reprint, Interior, S. Dak.: Badlands Natural History Association, 1987.
“Yellow Nose Tells of Custer’s Last Stand.” Bighorn Yellowstone Journal 1, no. 3 (Summer 1992): 14–17.
INDEX
Page numbers for photographs are italicized.
A | B | C | D | E
F | G | H | I | J
K | L | M | N | O
P | R | S | T | U
V | W | Y
A
Accommodation of white settlement, 53–56, 91–94. See also Iwastela; White settlement
Acculturation, 300, 333, 396. See also Education
Adams, David, 9
Akicita: communal hunts and, 8, 15;
Crazy Horse (formerly Curly Hair) interest in, 72;
grand council of 1851 and, 19;
leadership role of, 120;
police actions of, 35, 46, 137;
surrender negotiations and, 253–54, 262
American alliance, 17–22, 30, 54, 60
American Horse, 97, 101–104, 121, 139, 176, 274, 279–80, 284, 308, 315, 332, 343–45, 354–56, 362–65, 379–84, 387–88
Annuities. See Treaty annuities
Appleton, Frank, 175
Arapahos: as army scouts, 248, 315, 336–37;
call to fight Americans, 78;
grand council of 1851 and, 19–21;
Lakota alliance with, 7, 94, 96–97, 134–35, 151;
Lakota attack on, 56–57;
land cessions, 74–75;
Male Crow’s death and, 10;
reservation, 280;
white encroachment on, 74, 184. See also Atsina Arapahos
Arikaras, 165, 168, 202, 214, 217, 220, 241
Army scouts: Arapahos as, 248, 336–37;
Arikaras as, 165, 168, 202, 214, 217, 220;
Cheyennes as, 248, 274;
Crazy Horse (formerly Curly Hair) as, 71, 298–99, 303;
Crow, 205–208, 247, 250–51;
Delawares as, 52;
Lakota as, 248, 266, 315–16, 333–34;
Nez Perce campaign and, 336–44;
Oglalas as, 274, 282, 336–37;
Pawnees as, 86–87;
Red Cloud as, 274;
Shoshone, 205–208, 242;
as spies, 248;
Winnebagos as, 86–87, 89, 92
Artillery units, U.S. Army, 31, 85–88, 169, 178, 245–48, 255–58
Asiatic cholera, 19
Assimilation. See Accommodation of white settlement;Acculturation
Assiniboins, 185, 241
Atkinson, Jack, 393
Atsina Arapahos, 56–57, 185, 410n16, 410n20
Augur, Christopher C., 124–25, 128
B
Bad Face (Oglala band), 12–13, 28, 70, 89–95, 103–108, 115–18, 125–40, 153–54, 161, 178, 194, 265, 321–22, 332, 356, 379–80, 394, 422n35, 453n13
Badger Eaters (Oglala band), 23, 145–46, 309–10, 341, 361–65, 404n3
Badger vision, 64
Bad Heart Bull, 138, 144–46, 209, 218, 237–38, 299
Baker, Eugene M., 162
Bald-Face Horse, 154–56
Baldwin, Frank D., 251
Bands, organization of, 8, 332
Bannocks, 61, 248, 411n20
Barry, David F., 224
Bates. A. E., 179
Battle of Slim Buttes, 242–45
Battle of the Little Bighorn, 215–34, 287;
army column approaches to, 212–14;
attack by Reno on village, 215–22;
Crazy Horse leadership in, 227–28, 236–38, 302;
Custer engagement in, 222–27;
Custer retreat and defeat, 228–33;
Custer tactics in, 238–40;
Indian victory celebrations of, 235–36;
Sun Dance reenactment of, 311–12
Battle of the Rosebud, 65, 205–12, 237, 438n25
Battle of the Washita, 222
Battle of the Yellowstone, 167–69
Battle of Wolf Mountains, 255–59
Bear Butte, 73, 105, 151, 273, 401n1
Bear Lodge Butte, 152, 190, 193, 270–76
Bear Ribs, 44, 54–55, 73–74
Bear visions, 12, 59
Beauvais, G. P., 80
Beaver Creek: Agency locations at, 365;
approval of agency at, 320, 327–29;
arrest of Crazy Horse at, 367–77;
CH agency at, 276, 297, 307, 317, 453n1
Belle Fourche council of 1857, 409n11
Belle Fourche River, 53
Benteen, Frederick W., 217, 222, 227, 239
Big Crow, 258, 378
Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition, 202, 212, 245
Big Horn Expedition, 133–36, 139, 148–49
Bighorn Mountains, 64, 73, 78, 92, 117, 235, 246, 249, 304
Bighorn River, 63, 138, 246, 336
Big Mouth, 80, 93, 134
Big Nose, 99, 400n1
Big Partisan, 34, 403n9
Big Road, 93, 124, 127, 133, 152–53, 181, 213, 236, 275, 292, 299, 316, 331, 346, 350, 362, 379, 382–84, 392–97, 454n31
Big Robber, 62
Big Woman (CH sister), 6, 263–64, 429n27
Black Buffalo Woman, 130–31, 140, 143–49, 158, 172, 425n16, 427n1, 428n13
Black Elk (CH cousin), 203, 216, 218, 232, 247, 251, 264, 269–75
Black Elk (CH uncle), 101, 326
Black Elk Speaks (Neihardt), 277
Blackfeet Indians, 80, 134, 179
Blackfoot Sioux. See Sihasapa
Black Fox (CH cousin), 70, 242, 310, 314, 334, 357–65, 392
Black Heart’s Son, 32
Black Hills (Paha Sapa): army encroachment into, 180–81;
Belle Fourche council of 1857, 409n11;
Commission of 1875, 430n7;
Crazy Horse raids in, 240–43;
/> gold discovery in, 175–80, 189–90;
as Lakota hunting ground, 64, 151;
sale of, 182–83, 191, 246;
sanctity of, 54–55, 187;
white settlement in, 243
Black Hills Trail, 202
Black Shawl, 127–31, 147–52, 159, 170–75, 185, 191, 263–64, 268–73, 293, 297 ’, 322–24, 352, 363–67, 392, 396–97, 424n3, 428n13, 432n34, 476n23
Black Shield, 63, 96, 175, 188, 249, 260, 270, 314, 351
Black Twin, 28, 93, 113–15, 124, 130, 145–46, 153, 160–61, 170, 175–83, 189–90, 193–94
Blotahunka ataya, 93
Blotahunka war council: Bighorns, 102, 108;
Crazy Horse, 159, 164, 185, 334;
Crow wars, 126, 416n13;
High Backbone, 56, 96–98;
Little Bighorn, 236;
Red Cloud, 416n13;
Sand Creek revenge, 84;
warrior societies and, 89
Blue Water Creek, 33–35, 43–44, 407n1, 408n15
Bordeaux, James, 31, 53, 80, 310
Bordeaux, Louis, 366–69, 374–77, 393
Bordeaux Bettelyoun, Susan, 71
Bourke, John G., 208, 220, 284, 307, 347
Bozeman, John, 73
Bozeman Trail, 73–78, 91
Bozeman Trail War: 1865 army campaign, 86–89;
1865 Indian planning, 83–84;
1865 Platte Bridge hostilities, 84–86;
1865 truce talks, 89–90;
1866 Fetterman Battle, 98–102;
1866 Fort Kearny attack, 96–98;
1866 hostilities, 94–96;
1866 Sun Dance, 93;
Crazy Horse (formerly Curly Hair) and, 129–30;
peace treaty for, 120
Braden, Charles, 168
Bradley, Luther P., 306, 312, 316–18, 326–27, 335–36, 342–61, 371–81, 387, 462n17
Braeuninger, Moritz, 414n2
Brave Bear, 77, 121, 136
Brave Wolf, 68–69
Bridger, Jim, 78
Brown Eyes. See Larrabee, Nellie (Brown Eyes)
Brule (Lakota tribal division): accommodation of white settlement, 53;
Blue Water Creek action, 33–35, 43–44;
Curly Hair relationship with, 11, 45, 49, 408n15;
grand council of 1851 and, 19–21;
Grattan “Massacre” and, 30–32, 407n1;
impact of white migration on, 18–19;
Scattering Bear and, 21;
Spotted Tail Agency, 301;
surrender of, 80, 262, 270;
CRAZY HORSE Page 77