by Earl J. Hess
17. Geary to Perkins, September 15, 1864, and Pardee to Creigh, August 10, 1864, OR, 38(2):140, 200; Snodgrass to Graham, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(3):897.
18. Wright to Creigh, September 8, 1864; McConnell to Creigh, September 12, 1864; and Flynn to Creigh, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(2):184, 187–88, 192; John W. Houtz Diaries, July 20–21, 1864, OHS; Ike to Ed. P., August 16, 1864, Unidentified Civil War Union Soldier Letter, GHS.
19. Lockman to not stated, no date, and Warner to Mindil, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(2):236, 252; Darling to friends, July 23, 1864, Marcellus Warner Darling Papers, UI; J.W.M. to editor, July 21, 1864, Indianapolis Daily Journal, July 26, 1864; William Harper quoted in Dunkelman, “‘Worst Sight,’” 73.
20. Elliott to Lamont, [March 21, 1895], SOR, pt. 1, 7:22–23.
21. Candy to Forbes, August 1, 1864, and Pardee to Creigh, August 10, 1864, OR, 38(2):158, 200–201; Ives to Graham, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(3):896.
22. Lockman to not stated, no date, and Cresson to Lee, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(2):236, 261.
23. Barnum to Forbes, September 11, 1864, and Elliott to Wheelock, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(2):273, 285.
24. Zulich to Wheelock, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):314.
25. Barnum to Forbes, September 11, 1864, and Barnum to Wheelock, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):273, 302.
26. Barnum to Wheelock, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):302–4; G. Collins, Memoirs, 278; Beyer and Keydel, Deeds of Valor, 378–79.
27. Chatfield to Wheelock, September 16, 1864, and Van Voorhis to [Wheelock], September 8, 1864, OR, 38(2):291, 299.
28. Walker to Wheelock, no date, OR, 38(2):318; Boyle, Soldiers True, 232, 235–36.
29. Boyle, Soldiers True, 237–38; Walker to Wheelock, no date, OR, 38(2):318.
30. Barnum to Wheelock, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):302–3; G. Collins, Memoirs, 278–79, 281.
31. Kirkup to Creigh, September 9, 1864, and Pardee to Creigh, August 10, 1864, OR, 38(2):174, 200.
32. Bundy to Reynolds, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):482.
33. Ibid., and Reynolds to Brannan, September 9, 1864, OR, 38(2):482, 471; Loring to West, September 15, 1864, OR, 38(3):877.
34. Clarke, “The Fight for the Battery at Peach Tree Creek.”
35. Kirkup to Creigh, September 9, 1864; Pardee to Creigh, August 10, 1864; Barnum to Forbes, September 11, 1864; Elliott to Wheelock, September 8, 1864; Bundy to Reynolds, September 7, 1864; and Reynolds to Brannan, September 9, 1864, OR, 38(2):175, 200, 273, 285, 482, 471.
36. Kirkup to Creigh, September 9, 1864; Pardee to Creigh, August 10, 1864; and Bundy to Reynolds, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):174–75, 200–201, 482; Elliott to Lamont, [March 21, 1895], SOR, pt. 1, 7:23.
37. Candy to Forbes, August 1, 1864; Lockman to not stated, no date; Reynolds to Brannan, September 9, 1864; Bundy to Reynolds, September 7, 1864; and Sloan to Reynolds, September 6, 1864, OR, 38(2):158, 236, 471, 482, 487.
38. Geary to Perkins, September 15, 1864, OR, 38(2):140; Elliott to Lamont, [March 21, 1895], SOR, pt. 1, 7:23.
39. Pierson, “From Chattanooga to Atlanta,” 352.
40. Scott to Robinson, July 23, 1864; Ives to Graham, July 24, 1864; and Nelson to Graham, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(3):895–96, 898; record of events, Comp. L, 12th Louisiana, SOR, pt. 2, 24:272–73.
41. Scott to Robinson, July 23, 1864; Milligan to [Graham], July 24, 1864; and Snodgrass to Graham, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(3):895, 897; Vanaernam to Liz, July 24, 1864, Henry Vanaernam Letters, GLIAH; diary, July 20, 1864, Marcellus Warner Darling Papers, UI; Cresson to Lee, September 8, 1864, and Barnum to Forbes, September 11, 1864, OR, 38(2):261, 273.
42. Cox, Atlanta, 156; Geary to Perkins, September 15, 1864; Jones to Forbes, August 1, 1864; Barnum to Forbes, September 11, 1864; and Barnum to Wheelock, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):138–40, 213–14, 273, 303; Blair, A Politician Goes to War, 189; Elliott to Lamont, [March 21, 1895], SOR, pt. 1, 7:24.
43. Geary to Perkins, September 15, 1864, and Pardee to Creigh, August 10, 1864, OR, 38(2):140, 201.
44. Geary to Perkins, September 15, 1864, OR, 38(2):140.
45. Geary to Perkins, September 15, 1864; Alexander to [Lee], September 7, 1864; and Barnum to Forbes, September 11, 1864, OR, 38(2):141, 267, 273; Dunkelman and Winey, Hardtack Regiment, 230; Dunkelman, “‘Worst Sight,’” 74.
46. Scott to Robinson, July 23, 1864, and Nelson to Graham, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(3):895, 898; McGuire, McGuire Papers, 27; record of events (regimental field and staff), 12th Louisiana and Comp. G, 12th Louisiana, SOR, pt. 2, 24:249, 264; “Terrible Losses of the Rebel Army Near Atlanta,” unidentified newspaper clipping, Lewis A. Labadie Papers, DPL. For differing estimates of losses in the 55th Alabama, see Miller, Forgotten Regiment, 61, and in Scott’s Brigade, see R. Jenkins, Battle of Peach Tree Creek, 186–87.
47. Milligan to [Graham], July 24, 1864, OR, 38(3):897; [Murphree], “Autobiography and Civil War Letters,” 185–87; Talbot letter quoted in R. Jenkins, Battle of Peach Tree Creek, 187–88.
48. Cannon, Inside of Rebeldom, 238; McGuire, McGuire Papers, 27; [Murphree], “Autobiography and Civil War Letters,” 185; Milligan to [Graham], July 24, 1864, OR, 38(3):897.
49. Stewart to Mason, January 12, 1865, and Loring to West, September 15, 1864, OR, 38(3):871, 877. For a differing estimate of losses in Loring’s Division, see R. Jenkins, Battle of Peach Tree Creek, 399.
Chapter 8
1. Warner, Generals in Gray, 325–26; Walthall to Gale, January 14, 1865, OR, 38(3):925–26.
2. Walthall to Gale, January 14, 1865, OR, 38(3):925; Garrett, Atlanta, 1:613.
3. Garrett, Atlanta, 1:613.
4. Warner, Generals in Gray, 226; O’Neal to Barksdale, July 31, 1864, OR, 38(3):941; Zorn, Hold at All Hazards, 86; G. Osborn, “Civil War Letters,” 216.
5. O’Neal to Barksdale, July 31, 1864, OR, 38(3):941; G. Osborn, “Civil War Letters,” 216; Orlando S. Holland to Hood, no date, John B. Hood Papers, NARA; Holland to not stated, July 22, 1864, in S. Hood, Lost Papers, 72, 74; cards and Orlando S. Holland to Samuel Cooper, July 6, 1864, plus endorsements by Edward A. O’Neal, Edward C. Walthall, Alexander P. Stewart, and Joseph E. Johnston, Samuel W. Jones service record, 37th Mississippi, NARA.
6. O’Neal to Barksdale, July 31, 1864, OR, 38(3):941; Garrett, Atlanta, 1:613; Crumpton, “In the Atlanta Campaign,” 381; Bryan to Smith, July 22, 1864, in S. Hood, Lost Papers, 80.
7. Warner, Generals in Blue, 559–60.
8. Williams to Perkins, September 12, 1864, OR, 38(2):33; diary, July 20, 1864, Max Schlund Papers, NL; J.W.M. to editor, July 21, 1864, Indianapolis Daily Journal, July 26, 1864; Cox, Atlanta, 156.
9. Cox, Atlanta, 156–57; Williams to Perkins, September 12, 1864; Ruger to Pittman, September 11, 1864; Reynolds to Brannan, September 9, 1864; and Woodbury to Pittman, September 13, 1864, OR, 38(2):33–34, 62, 470–71, 479.
10. Williams to Perkins, September 12, 1864, and Ruger to Pittman, September 11, 1864, OR, 38(2):33, 62.
11. Irving Bronson, “Recollections of the Civil War,” 49, TC.
12. Warner, Generals in Blue, 406–7; Robinson to Pittman, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(2):91.
13. Boughton to Lee, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(2):106–7.
14. Garrett to Lee, September 10, 1864, OR, 38(2):109; Wallace, “At Peach Tree Creek.”
15. Williams to Perkins, September 12, 1864, and Robinson to Pittman, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(2):34, 91.
16. Atlanta: Voices of the Civil War, 102; Thomson to Lee, September 10, 1864, OR, 38(2):111; Foos testimony in Dewitt C. Foos Court-Martial Case File, NARA.
17. Warner, Generals in Blue, 272–73; Marvin, Fifth Regiment Connecticut, 327.
18. Bauer, Soldiering, 146–47; Knipe to Pittman, September 13, 1864, and Rogers to Palmer, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):43, 50; William Clark McLean Diary, July 20, 1864, McLean Family Papers, NYSL; Goundrey, “The Twentieth Corps: Some Further Criticisms concerning Its Disputed Actions and Achievements.”
19. Bauer, Soldiering, 148–51.
20. Ibid., 147–48; Morhous, Reminiscences, 110–11; Rogers to Palmer, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):50; Alanson B. Cone Personal Narrative, July 20, 1864, NYSL; diary, July 20, Albert M. Cook Papers, SU.
21. O’Neal to Barksdale, July 31, 1864, OR, 38(3):941.
22. Walthall to Gale, January 14, 1865, and O’Neal to Barksdale, July 31, 1864, OR, 38(3):925, 941; B. Smith, Palmetto Boy, 98–99; E. Jones, Enlisted for the War, 177, 179; Furman to wife, July 21, 1864, Charles Manning Furman Papers, USC; J. A. Stevenson to Capers, August 28, 1885, Ellison Capers Papers, DU.
23. Boughton to Lee, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(2):107; Morhous, Reminiscences, 111.
24. Williams to Perkins, September 12, 1864; Ruger to Pittman, September 11, 1864:; and Ketcham to Fay, September 6, 1864, OR, 38(2):34, 62, 80; Bartlett, “Dutchess County Regiment,” 99–100.
25. Morhous, Reminiscences, 112.
26. Bauer, Soldiering, 149–50.
27. Selfridge to Palmer, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(2):57; Bauer, Soldiering, 150.
28. Bauer, Soldiering, 149.
29. Ibid., 149, 150–51.
30. Morhous, Reminiscences, 113–14.
31. Ibid., 116–17.
32. Padgett, “With Sherman,” 301–2; Rogers to Palmer, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):50; Bauer, Soldiering, 151.
33. Knipe to Pittman, September 13, 1864, and Selfridge to Palmer, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(2):43, 56; Shimp to wife, July 26, 1864, William T. Shimp Papers, USAMHI.
34. Williams to Perkins, September 12, 1864, and Ruger to Pittman, September 11, 1864, OR, 38(2):34, 62; Cox, Atlanta, 157; E. Brown, Twenty-Seventh Indiana, 518, 521–22.
35. E. Brown, Twenty-Seventh Indiana, 519–21; Bryant, History of the Third Regiment, 256; Fesler to Fay, September 6, 1864, OR, 38(2):64.
36. E. Brown, Twenty-Seventh Indiana, 520; Fesler to Fay, September 6, 1864, OR, 38(2):64.
37. E. Brown, Twenty-Seventh Indiana, 522.
38. Williams to Perkins, September 12, 1864; Robinson to Pittman, July 24, 1864; and Le Sage to Lee, September 7, 1864, OR, 38(2):34, 91, 103.
39. Salomon to Boughton, September 15, 1864, OR, 38(2):100; diary, July 20, 1864, Max Schlund Papers, NL.
40. Salomon to Boughton, September 15, 1864, OR, 38(2):100; diary, July 20, 1864, Max Schlund Papers, NL; Hess, Rifle Musket, 100–104; Hess, Ezra Church, 198–99.
41. Warner, Generals in Blue, 415–16; Bryant, History of the Third Regiment, 254, 256; Carrier to wife, July 21, 1864, William H. Carrier Letters, WHS; Sawyer to Nancy, July 21, 1864, James F. Sawyer Letters, WHS; Holzhueter, “William Wallace’s Civil War Letters,” 102; Cogswell to Fay, September 8, 1864, and Carman to Fay, September 6, 1864, OR, 38(2):65, 72; Quint, Record of the Second Massachusetts, 240; Morse, Letters Written during the War, 181; Comey, A Legacy of Valor, 182; John Emerson Anderson Memoirs, 154, LC; Tappan, Civil War Journal, 140–41.
42. William Merrell, “Personal Memoirs of the Civil War,” LMU.
43. Ibid.; Compton to Palmer, September 9, 1864, OR, 38(2):53; Shimp to wife, July 26, 1864, William T. Shimp Papers, USAMHI.
44. E. Bauer, Soldiering, 149; Compton to Palmer, September 9, 1864, OR, 38(2):53.
45. Crumpton, Book of Memories, 86–87.
46. Ibid., 88–89; O’Neal to Barksdale, July 31, 1864, OR, 38(3):941; Holland to not stated, July 22, 1864, and Bryan to Smith, July 22, 1864, in S. Hood, Lost Papers, 74, 80; Bauer, Soldiering, 149.
47. Carrier to wife, July 21, 1864, William H. Carrier Letters, WHS; Williams to Perkins, September 12, 1864; Gill to Foye, September 27, 1864; and Robinson to Pittman, July 24, 1864, OR, 38(2):34, 38–39, 91.
48. Winegar to Mickle, September 7, 1864, and Woodbury to Pittman, September 13, 1864, OR, 38(2):476–77, 479.
49. Williams to Perkins, September 12, 1864; Knipe to Pittman, September 13, 1864; Packer to assistant adjutant general, First Brigade, First Division, Twentieth Corps, September 12, 1864; Rogers to Palmer, September 7, 1864; and Selfridge to Palmer, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(2):34, 43, 46, 50, 57; Quaife, From the Cannon’s Mouth, 335; Shimp to wife, July 26, 1864, William T. Shimp Papers, USAMHI; Marvin, Fifth Regiment Connecticut, 328–29.
50. O’Neal to Barksdale, July 31, 1864, OR, 38(3):941–42; G. Osborn, “Civil War Letters,” 216. For an evocative photograph of the torn jeans belonging to John E. Johnson of the 29th Alabama, damaged when he was killed at Peach Tree Creek, see Atlanta: Voices of the Civil War, 103. See also R. Jenkins, Battle of Peach Tree Creek, 298, for more information about Johnson.
51. Warner, Generals in Gray, 255–56; Quarles to Barksdale, July 25, 1864, and Reynolds to Barksdale, July 25, 1864, OR, 38(3):930, 938.
52. Quarles to Barksdale, July 25, 1864, and Reynolds to Barksdale, July 25, 1864, OR, 38(3):930–31, 938; Galloway to Wilburn, July 25, 1864, in S. Hood, Lost Papers, 77; Dacus, Reminiscences, not paginated.
53. Reynolds to Barksdale, July 25, 1864, OR, 38(3):938; Bunn to Wilburn, July 25, 1864, in S. Hood, Lost Papers, 75; Dacus, Reminiscences, not paginated; Leeper, Rebels Valiant, 239.
54. Thomas to Hooker, July 20, 1864, 3 P.M., OR, 38(5):204; Ruger to Pittman, September 11, 1864, OR, 38(2):62; Hapeman to Ford, September 5, 1864, and Moore to Smith, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(1):537, 602.
55. Record of the Ninety-Fourth, 71; Adolphson, “Incident of Valor,” 413; Hapeman to Ford, September 5, 1864, OR, 38(1):537; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Regiment of Illinois, 220–21, 333; McDowell, “Fifteenth Kentucky,” 252–53.
56. Hapeman to Ford, September 5, 1864, and Briant to not stated, no date, OR, 38(1):537, 542–43; Bunn to Wilburn, July 25, 1864, and Galloway to Wilburn, July 25, 1864, in S. Hood, Lost Papers, 75, 77.
57. Douglas Hapeman Diaries, July 20, 1864, ALPL; Hapeman to Ford, September 5, 1864: Halpin to Ford, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(1):537–38, 546–47; Adolphson, “Incident of Valor,” 414–15.
58. Douglas Hapeman Diaries, July 20, 1864, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Regiment of Illinois, 221, 223–25; Gould and Kennedy, Memoirs of a Dutch Mudsill, 270.
59. Hapeman to Ford, September 5, 1864, OR, 38(1):537–38; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Regiment of Illinois, 221; Adolphson, “Incident of Valor,” 415–16; Bunn to Wilburn, July 25, 1864, in S. Hood, Lost Papers, 75; Rory, “Peach Tree Creek.”
60. Douglas Hapeman Diaries, July 20, 1864, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Regiment of Illinois, 221–21; Briant to not stated, no date; Minshall to Ford, September, no date, 1864; Hutchins to Ford, September 11, 1864; and Fitch to Ford, September 5, 1864, OR, 38(1):543, 551, 554, 557; diary, July 20, 1864, Charles Richard Pomeroy Papers, DU; diary, July 20, 1864, James M. Randall Diary and Letters, www.ehistory.com; McDowell, “Fifteenth Kentucky,” 253; Horrall, History of the Forty-Second, 234; Record of the Ninety-Fourth, 72; Ruger to Pittman, September 11, 1864, OR, 38(2):62; Bryant, History of the Third Regiment, 256. For a highly exaggerated account of the participation of the 21st Wisconsin in the battle of July 20, see Gould and Kennedy, Memoirs of a Dutch Mudsill, 270.
61. Hapeman to Ford, September 5, 1864, OR, 38(1):538; Douglas Hapeman Diaries, July 20, 1864, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Regiment of Illinois, 222–25 (includes Strawn quote); Hess to wife, July 24, 1864, Frederick Christian Hess Letters, UC.
62. Adolphson, “Incident of Valor,” 418.
63. Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Regiment of Illinois, 222, 224.
64. Douglas Hapeman Diaries, July 20, 1864, ALPL; Record of the Ninety-Fourth, 72; Briant to not stated, no date; Minshall to Ford, September, no date, 1864; Hutchins to Ford, September 11, 1864; and Fitch to Ford, September 5, 1864, OR, 38(1):543, 551, 554, 557.
65. Dacus, Reminiscences, not paginated; Galloway to Wilburn, July 25, 1864, in S. Hood, Lost Papers, 77–79; Reynolds to Barksdale, July 25, 1864, OR, 38(3):938.
66. Kendall, “Recollections of a Confederate Officer,” 1175, 1192.
67. Stewart to Mason, January 12, 1865; Walthall to Gale, January 14, 1865; and O’Neal to Barksdale, J
uly 31, 1864, OR, 38(3):871, 925, 941.
68. Walthall to Gale, January 14, 1865; Reynolds to Barksdale, July 25, 1864; and Lovelace to West, September 15, 1864, OR, 38(3):925–26, 938, 969; J. A. Stevenson to Capers, August 28, 1885, Ellison Capers Papers, DU; F. Halsey Wigfall to Lou, July 20, 1864, and to Mama, July 31, 1864, Louis Trezevant Wigfall Family Papers, LC; Castel, Decision in the West, 378; Daniel, Cannoneers in Gray, 157.
69. Reynolds to Barksdale, July 25, 1864; Watkins to Myrick, September 14, 1864; and Lovelace to West, September 15, 1864, OR, 38(3):938, 967–69.
70. Moore to Smith, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(1):602; Griffin to wife, July 30, 1864, Daniel F. Griffin Papers, ISL.
71. Johnson, A Soldier’s Reminiscences, 281.
72. Warner, Generals in Gray, 93–94.
73. Jack to French, [July 20, 1864], OR, 38(5):896; Stewart to Mason, January 12, 1865; French to Jack, July 25, 1864; French to Gale, December 6, 1864; and Cockrell to Sanders, September 20, 1864, OR, 38(3):871, 902–3, 917; French, Two Wars, 218–19. R. Jenkins, Battle of Peach Tree Creek, 340–41, argues that Gates’s Brigade supported Reynolds’s attack. He bases this on some accounts that give a relatively high casualty rate for the brigade. But other accounts offer low estimates of brigade casualties, and it is difficult to see how Gates could have supported Reynolds when Ector’s Brigade was positioned next to Reynolds, not Gates. R. Jenkins, Battle Rages Higher, 231–32, argues that Ector supported Reynolds, but I see no evidence to suggest this scenario. See also Bevier, History of the First and Second Missouri, 240.
74. French to Jack, July 25, 1864, OR, 38(3):902; Gottschalk, In Deadly Earnest, 382.
75. French to Jack, July 25, 1864, OR, 38(3):902.
76. Moore to Smith, September 8, 1864, OR, 38(1):602; Griffin to wife, July 27, 1864, Daniel F. Griffin Papers, ISL; Blackburn, Letters from the Front, 215; Winter, Joseph Boyce, 169; French to Jack, July 25, 1864, and Cockrell to Sanders, September 20, 1864, OR, 38(3):902, 917; Gottschalk, In Deadly Earnest, 382.
77. Johnson to McClurg, August, no date, 1864, and “Journal of the First Brigade,” OR, 38(1):524, 532; extracts of report by Surg. Charles W. Jones, SOR, pt. 1, 7:72.