by Andrea Wulf
59 “mortified”: TJ to GW, 8 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 292.
60 “thunderstruck”: TJ to JA, 17 July 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 302.
61 TJ explaining situation to GW: TJ to GW, 8 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, pp. 291–93.
62 JA would be “displeased”: TJ to JM, 9 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 293.
63 change of itinerary: Ibid.
64 TJ and JM meeting political allies in NY: Axelrod 1967, pp. 201ff; JM to TJ, 1 May 1791; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 15 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, pp. 336, 416.
65 “brother agriculturalist”: TJ to Robert Livingston, 20 April 1812, TJ Papers RS, vol. 4, p. 638.
66 “upstart attorney”: Chernow 2004, p. 237.
67 “a pasionate courtship”: Robert Troup to AH, 15 June 1791, AH Papers, vol. 8, p. 478. According to Robert Troup, Jefferson and Madison met Livingston and Burr. (Robert Troup to AH, 15 June 1791, AH Papers, vol. 8, p. 478.) Clinton may or may have not been in New York at that time. (Young 1967, p. 198.)
68 Livingston and AH’s fiscal policies: Robert Livingston to TJ, 20 February 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 19, p. 296.
69 “twistings, combinations, and”: Robert Troup to AH, 19 January 1791, AH Papers, vol. 7, p. 445, and 15 June 1791, AH Papers, vol. 8, p. 478.
70 “Ghost of Antifederalism”: James Tillary to AH, January 1791, AH Papers, vol. 7, p. 615.
71 TJ and JM leave NY: TJ, 21 May 1791, TJ Memorandum, vol. 2, p. 819.
72 list of taverns: JM, “Notes on Hudson Valley Lodgings,” after 24 April 1791, JM Papers, vol. 14, p. 14.
73 descriptions of tour: Unless otherwise referenced TJ, “Journal of the Tour,” 29 May 1791; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 5 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, pp. 454–55, 465; TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 31 May 1791, Betts and Bear 1986, p. 84.
74 “you should … not permit”: TJ to Peter Carr, 19 August 1785, TJ Papers, vol. 8, p. 407.
75 satisfy JM’s botanical curiosity: JM to Ambrose Madison, 2 March 1791, JM Papers, vol. 13, p. 402.
76 “either unknown or rare”: TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 5 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 465.
77 TJ and list of inns: TJ, “Table of Distances and Ratings of Inns,” 17 May–19 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, pp. 471–73.
78 “loaded richly with large flowers”: TJ, “Journal of the Tour,” 24 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 453.
79 “the richest shrub”: TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 5 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 465; Rhododendron periclymenoides was then called Azalea nudiflora.
80 “I am sorry we did”: TJ to JM, 21 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 560.
81 “the most beautiful water”: TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 31 May 1791, Betts and Bear 1986, p. 84.
82 “honey suckle of the gardens”: TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 5 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 465.
83 letters on birch bark paper: TJ to Maria Jefferson, 30 May 1791; TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 31 May 1791, Betts and Bear 1986, pp. 83–84.
84 TJ’s horticultural instructions: TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 5 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 465.
85 “the botanical objects”: Ibid.
86 “the drudgery of business”: TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 23 June 1791, Betts and Bear 1986, p. 85.
87 JM and TJ seed exchange: JM to TJ, 15 May 1787 and 6 June 1787, TJ Papers, vol. 11, pp. 363, 402; JM to TJ, 24 October 1787, TJ Papers, vol. 12, p. 270; TJ to JM, 17 September 1787, JM to TJ, 9 December 1787 and 6 February 1788, TJ Papers, vol. 12, pp. 137, 408–9, 412, 568–69; on 27 January 1788 TJ pays for two boxes of seeds that had been sent by JM, Betts 1944, p. 133.
88 inhabitants NY and Philadelphia: North 1974, p. 68.
89 “Each man … owns”: Weld 1807, vol. 1, p. 233.
90 “meadows, newly snatched”: Brissot de Warville, 9 August 1788, Brissot de Warville 1970, vol. 1, p. 125.
91 “mixture of romantic wilderness”: Rochefoucauld-Liancourt 1799, vol. 1, p. 4.
92 TJ, notes on the Hessian fly: 24 May–18 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, pp. 456–61.
93 Hessian fly at Mount Vernon: GW, 22 July 1786, GW Diaries, vol. 5, p. 13.
94 “whole continent will be over-run”: American Museum 1787, quoted in Pauly 2007, p. 38.
95 questionnaire on Hessian fly: TJ to Benjamin Smith Barton and Others, 12 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 395; about the committee at the APS: TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 1 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 341.
96 Hessian fly and Britain: Joseph Banks to Lord Carmarthen, 4 June 1788; Joseph Banks to Charles Jenkinson, 23 February 1789, Chambers 2007, vol. 3, pp. 406–7; 462–66.
97 “only a political manoeuvre”: Thomas Paine to TJ, 16 February 1789, TJ Papers, vol. 14, p. 567.
98 “to do us injury”: TJ to Benjamin Vaughan, 17 May 1789, TJ Papers, vol. 15, p. 134.
99 “obloquy”: Joseph Banks, quoted in Pauly 2007, p. 46.
100 “scourge of Heaven”: Duke of Grafton, quoted in Pauly 2007, p. 46.
101 “to proselyte … a commercial war”: Sir John Temple to Duke of Leeds, 23 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 435.
102 “favorite objects in behalf of France”: George Beckwith to Grenville, 14 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 439.
103 TJ and distillery owner: TJ to Seth Jenkins, 21 June 1791. TJ had met Jen-kins on 25 May 1791: TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 559.
104 sugar maples: TJ to Benjamin Vaughan, 27 June 1790, TJ Papers, vol. 16, pp. 578–80.
105 “supply themselves sugar”: TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 1 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 341.
106 facts and figures: TJ to Benjamin Vaughan, 27 June 1790; TJ to GW, 1 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 16, pp. 578–80; vol. 20, p. 343.
107 sugar samples: TJ to GW, 1 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 343; GW to Edward Newenham, 5 September 1791, GW Papers PS, vol. 8, p. 496; GW sent sugar maple seeds to his estate manager at Mount Vernon: GW to Anthony Whitting, 4 November 1792, GW Papers PS, vol. 11, p. 331.
108 Rush on sugar maple: Benjamin Rush to TJ, “An Account of the Sugar Maple Tree,” 10 July 1791, Butterfield 1951, vol. 1, pp. 587–97. Jefferson must have also known about Tench Coxe’s 1790 report on sugar imports and the calculations of sugar maple yields. (Coxe 1965, pp. 78–80.)
109 Bennington: William Loughton Smith, August 1790, Smith Loughton 1917, p. 51.
110 balsam poplar: TJ to JM, 21 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 560.
111 “young groves”: Joseph Fay to TJ, 9 August 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 22, p. 18.
112 “attention to our sugar”: The Vermont Gazette, 13 June 1791.
113 “feel the pulse of the country”: George Beckwith to Grenville, 14 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 439.
114 “Charles Fox of America”: The Pennsylvania Mercury, 9 June 1791, but also reprinted in New York Daily Advertiser, 6 June 1791, Federal Gazette, 8 June 1791, and the Gazette of the United States, 8 June 1791.
115 “entered … itinerary conversations”: JM to Margaret Bayard Smith, September 1830, Madison 1865, vol. 4, p. 112.
116 “party Jugglings”: James Tillary to Alexander Hamilton, January 1791, AH Papers, vol. 7, p. 614.
117 “disseminating the doctrines”: TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 15 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 416; sending Gazette during tour: TJ to Henry Remsen, 16 and 28 May 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, pp. 419, 462.
118 “defects of British Government” and changing his opinion: Joseph Fay to TJ, 20 September 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 22, p. 150.
119 “secured to themselves”: The Vermont Gazette, 13 June 1791.
120 “soil good but” and following quotes: JM Journal, 31 May, 2, 3, 4 June 1791, JM Papers, vol. 14, pp. 26–28.
121 “ridiculed, J___n & M__n’s Tour”: Nathaniel Hazard to AH, 25 November 1791, AH Papers, vol. 9, p. 534.
122 “dwindled … to the insignificant leader”: John Trumbull to JA, 5 February 1791, MHS AP reel 374.
123 Trumbull’s satire: Nathaniel Hazard to AH
, 25 November 1791, AH Papers, vol. 9, p. 534. Trumbull called TJ and JM the “Southern Smoke” and the force of the Federalists a “North-East Gale.”
124 Prince’s nursery: TJ, 15 June 1791, TJ Memorandum Book, vol. 2, p. 822; see also Prince 1790.
125 JM, GW and JA at Prince’s nursery: JM to TJ, 9 December 1787, TJ Papers, vol. 12, p. 408; GW, 10 October 1789, GW Diaries, vol. 5, p. 458; Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 11 October 1789, AFC, vol. 8, p. 421.
126 “shrubs were trifling”: GW, 10 October 1789, GW Diaries, vol. 5, p. 458.
127 “all you have”: TJ to William Prince, 6 July 1791. The first part of this letter refers to the note that Jefferson had left with Prince on 15 June 1791; see also Prince’s delivery invoice, 8 November 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, pp. 603–4; vol. 22, pp. 268–69.
128 AH’s industrial city: Cooke 1975, pp. 370–92; Chernow 2004, pp. 372–74.
129 AH and manufacturing: AH, Report on Manufactures, 5 December 1791, AH Papers, vol. 10, p. 253; Chernow 2004, p. 376; JA to Tench Coxe, May 1792, MHS, Misc. Bound Coll.
130 “one of the finest situations”: William Hall to AH, 29 August 1791, quoted in Cooke 1975, p. 386.
131 Niagara Falls “worth a voiage”: TJ to Maria Cosway, 12 October 1786, TJ Papers, vol. 10, p. 447.
132 no sugar in US: TJ to William Short, 25 November 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 22, p. 334.
133 TJ and Prince’s nursery: TJ to JM, 6 July 1791; JM to TJ, 10 July 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, pp. 603, 616.
134 failure of sugar maple at Monticello: Thomas Mann Randolph to TJ, 27 March 1792, TJ Papers, vol. 23, p. 347.
135 “too hopeful an object”: TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 19 April 1792, TJ Papers, vol. 23, p. 435.
136 “Mr. Madison’s health”: TJ to GW, 20 June 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, pp. 558–59.
137 TJ’s headache had disappeared: TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 23 June 1791, Betts and Bear 1986, p. 85.
138 essays by “Publicola”: Over the next two months, eleven essays were published in the Columbian Centinel.
139 “eternal buzz”: JM to TJ, 10 July 1791, TJ Papers, vol. 20, p. 617.
140 fortunes and morals: TJ to John Taylor, 28 May 1816, DLC.
141 JA refusing to invest in national bank: AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 10 October 1790, AFC, vol. 9, pp. 130–31.
142 “I regret—deeply regret”: GW to TJ, 18 October 1792, TJ Papers, vol. 24, p. 499.
143 “the hint of which”: Philip Freneau to TJ, 4 August 1791, TJ Papers vol. 20, p. 754.
144 “the pretext of”: Hamilton 1859, vol. 4, p. 506.
145 “made us immediate companions” and following quote: JM to Margaret Bayard Smith, September 1830, Madison 1865, vol. 4, p. 111.
5 “POLITICAL PLANTS GROW IN THE SHADE”: THE SUMMER OF 1796
1 “I will not sit here”: JA to AA, 1 April 1796, MHS online.
2 “I long for rural sceanes”: JA to AA, 16 March 1777, MHS online.
3 “I want to take a Walk with you”: JA to AA, 22 May 1776; see also JA to AA, May 1772, 17 May 1777, 21 May 1777, 1 May 1789, 27 January 1793, 7 March 1796, 1 April 1796, 16 April 1796, MHS online; JA to TJ, 11 May 1794, TJ Papers, vol. 28, p. 71.
4 JA complained: JA to AA, 29 January 1796, MHS online.
5 AA’s letters: AA to JA throughout spring 1796, MHS online.
6 “No Letter for The Vice President”: JA to AA, 26 January 1796, MHS online.
7 JA’s nature rambles: See for example JA Diary, January 1759, 10 June 1760, 25 June 1760, 23 October 1762, 19 August 1770, 1 May 1771, 28 February 1774, 16 March 1777, MHS online.
8 JA’s dreams about farm and garden: See for example JA Diary, 24 October 1762, 23 August 1773, 12 September 1774, 18 September 1775; JA to AA, 1 May 1771, 29 June 1774, 17 August 1774, 17 July 1774, 17 July 1783, 22 January 1794, 23 June 1795; 13 March 1796, MHS online.
9 JA’s excursion outside Philadelphia: JA to AA, 24 June 1795, MHS online; see also Thomas Boylston Adams to JA, 14 May 1794, MHS AP reel 377.
10 “Oh my farm”: JA to AA, 12 May 1794, and JA to AA, 27 February 1793, MHS online.
11 Jay Treaty: Elkins and McKitrick 1993, pp. 431ff.
12 Jay’s quip about burning effigies: Stahr 2005, p. 337.
13 “occasions some smoke”: JA to Oliver Wolcott, 16 September 1795, Wolcott Papers, Connecticut Historical Society.
14 “in the Mire”: JA to Charles Adams, 24 April 1796, MHS, Seymour Coll., Adams Papers; JA to AA, 24 April 1796, MHS online.
15 “the Ultimate Object”: JA to AA, 3 December 1778, MHS online.
16 JA requested leave of absence: JA to AA, 3 May 1796, MHS online.
17 “the most worrying”: JM to TJ, 1 May 1796, TJ Papers, vol. 29, p. 94.
18 “fortify the Republican cause”: JM to TJ, 22 May 1796, TJ Papers, vol. 29, p. 29.
19 “absolutely deceased”: William Cobbett writing as “Peter Porcupine,” May 1796, quoted in Ketcham 1990, p. 365.
20 JM leaves Philadelphia defeated: JA to AA, 28 April 1796, MHS online; see also Ketcham 1990, p. 365.
21 GW exhausted: GW to John Jay, 8 May 1796; GW to David Humphreys, 12 June 1796, GWW, vol. 35, pp. 37, 91–92; GW attacked by opposition, see Ellis 2002, pp. 126–27; Freeman 1948–57, vol. 7, p. 398.
22 “North and South will hang together”: TJ to GW, 23 May 1792, TJ Papers, vol. 23, p. 539.
23 “their heads shorn by”: TJ to Philip Mazzei, 24 April 1796, TJ Papers, vol. 29, p. 82.
24 “Be upon your guard”: Anonymous to GW, 3 January 1792, GW Papers PS, vol. 9, p. 369.
25 “Old Hero looks very grave”: JA to AA, MHS, 9 April 1796, MHS online.
26 “turpitude of their attacks”: JA to AA, 1 March 1796, MHS online.
27 GW wants to retire: GW to John Jay, 8 May 1796; GW to David Humphreys, 12 June 1796, GWW, vol. 35, pp. 37, 91–92.
28 “like an Antediluvian patriarch”: TJ to Edward Rutledge, 30 November 1795, TJ Papers, vol. 28, p. 541.
29 “politics, a subject I never loved”: TJ to JA, 28 February 1796, TJ Papers, vol. 28, p. 618.
30 TJ conversing only about agriculture: TJ to William Branch Giles, 27 April 1795, TJ Papers, vol. 28, p. 337.
31 “execrable” treaty and “against the legislature”: TJ to Edward Rutledge, 30 November 1795, TJ Papers, vol. 28, p. 542.
32 JA working next to his laborers: JA Diary, 15 July 1796, 46:33, MHS online.
33 “never saved any thing”: AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 10 October 1790, AFC, vol. 9, p. 131.
34 TJ and harvest: TJ, Diary of Harvest, June and July 1796, Betts 1944, p. 246.
35 GW as successful businessman: Fusonie and Fusonie 1998, pp. 37–49.
36 GW discussing pineapples: Carlos Martinez de Yrujo to GW, 31 July 1796, DLC.
37 GW and merits of ploughs: Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 16–17 July 1796; Lee 2006, p. 64.
38 JA and manure: JA Diary, entries throughout July and August 1796, MHS online; AA to Thomas Boylston Adams, 16 August 1796, MHS AP reel 382.
39 JM and mill: JM to JM Sr., 10 August 1796, JM Papers, vol. 16, p. 390.
40 JA in his fields: JA Diary, entries August 1796, MHS online.
41 TJ and agricultural inventions: TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 19 August 1796, TJ Papers, vol. 29, p. 170.
42 agricultural correspondence in 1796: For example, JA to TJ, 31 January 1796, TJ Papers, vol. 28, p. 800; TJ to GW, 19 June 1796 and GW to TJ, 6 July 1796, TJ Papers, vol. 29, pp. 12, 144.
43 “I have Spent my Summer”: JA to TJ, 21 November 1794, TJ Papers, vol. 28, p. 208.
44 “This has been the most quiet”: JA to Thomas Boylston Adams, 8 August 1796; see also AA to Thomas Boylston Adams, 16 August 1796, MHS AP reel 382.
45 plants in JA’s garden: Mary Smith Cranch to AA, 27 June 1797, MHS AP reel 384; AA to Catherine Nuth Johnson, 8 May 1801, MHS AP reel 400; AA to JA, 31 May 1789, MHS online; Lacy 1997, p. 8.
46 “humble citizen”: AA to Catherine Nuth Johnson, 8 May 1801, MHS AP reel 400.
47 fruit trees and vegetables in JA’s garden: AA to JA, 31 May 1789, MHS online; JA Diary, 27 July 1796, 46:43, MHS online; AA to Catherine Nuth Johnson, 8 May 1801, MHS AP reel 400; AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 10 October 1790 and 18 April 1791, AFC, vol. 9, pp. 131, 211; Mary Smith Cranch to AA, 27 June 1797, MHS AP reel 384.
48 JA only happy when working the soil: JA to AA 15 May 1777, 15 March 1796, MHS online; JA to John Trumbull, 18 March 1793, deCoppett Collection, Princeton University; JA to Francis Adriaan van der Kemp, 30 December 1794, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
49 “I should prefer the Delights of a Garden”: JA to AA, 16 March 1777, MHS online.
50 “I had rather build stone Wall”: JA to AA, 18 August 1776, MHS online.
51 “unpleasant Moments”: JA to JQA, 19 May 1796, MHS AP reel 381.
52 “no Paris advocate”: Rochefoucauld-Liancourt 1799, vol. 1, p. 408.
53 JA’s land: In late 1788 or early 1789 Cotton Tufts calculated that the Adamses’ real estate was 446 acres. In 1790 Adams added another 30 acres (bordering their land to the north) and in 1791 20 acres of woodland to the west of their land. In addition, Abigail purchased 1,650 acres in Vermont in 1782 and a year later inherited from her father a half share in an 86-acre farm in Medford, Massachusetts. MHS, “Schedule of Adamses’ Real Estate in Braintree and Milton,” post 1787; Adams Papers, Topical Supplements: Wills and Deeds, folder 3; AFC, vol. 7, p. 459, n. 1; AFC, vol. 5, p. 249, n. 3.
54 house in Quincy: Mary Cranch Smith to AA, 22 April 1787; Cotton Tufts to JA, 13 June 1787; AA to Cotton Tufts, 1 July 1787; Mary Cranch Smith to AA, 23 September 1787; AA to Cotton Tufts, 6 November 1787, AFC, vol. 8, pp. 20, 89, 104, 170–71, 201.
55 “it feels like a wren’s house”: AA to AA2, 7 July 1788, AFC, vol. 8, p. 278.
56 garden a “wilderness”: AA to AA2, 6 August 1788, AFC, vol. 8, p. 284.
57 best orchard: AA to JA, 27 December 1783, MHS online.
58 “two or three spots”: JA to Thomas Brand-Hollis, 3 December 1788, MHS AP reel 371.
59 JA and improving his land: JA Diary, 28 February 1774, 20:2, MHS online.
60 “My Farm gallops”: JA to JQA, 26 March 1795, MHS AP reel 379.
61 work on the new house and farm: AA to Cotton Tufts, 6 November 1787; AA to AA2, 6 June 1788, AFC, vol. 8, pp. 202, 284; AA to JA, 26 April 1789, MHS online; Lacy 1997, p. 10.