153. Quoted in Ginzburg, Ecstasies, 304.
154. Schiff, “Ergot,” 98.
155. Hofmann, LSD, 29; for first mention of ergot, see Ginzburg, Ecstasies, 304.
156. Dawson, Leechbook or Collection, 173, 245, 271.
157. Ibid., 199, 245.
158. Miller, Encyclopedia of Addictive Drugs, 61.
159. Long and Macleane, Decii Junii, satire 1, 10: “Occurrit matrona potens, quae molle Calenum, [p]orrectura viro miscet sitiente rubetam.”
160. Throop, Hildegard of Bingen’s Physica, 231.
161. Dante, Divine Comedy, vol. 1: Inferno, canto 20, line 115, p. 311.
162. Quoted in Brown, Enquiry, 253: “mirabilia pulvis”; “. . . bufones tenentes venenum . . . ponantur in quo vase unde non valeant exire”; “Postea accipe anfodillos recentes et eleboram album in bona quantitate extrahe inde succum cum eis quantum pones pone succum in vase illo quo sunt rane et dimitte eas bibere per ix dies . . . ”; “. . . pone ipsam furno ita ut animalia comburantur combustione sufficienti”; “inde ea et tere diligenter et cum opus fuerit de pulere [reading pulere as “pennyroyal” (I am working from an incomplete scan)]”; “. . . mutat ipsum . . .”; also Thorndike, History of Magic, vol. 2, 337.
163. Zwinger, Opus de venenas, 232: “. . . et natura sputi eorum, est adhuc magis venenosa quam sit natura sanguinis eorum, & natura vaporum eorum cum aere expulsorum per eorum expirationem, praecipue cum irati sunt, est stupefactiua.”
164. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 522: “. . . ‘divine’ und ‘sorciere’ . . .”; “. . . Macete dit aussi, que ou temps dessus dit, elle ouy dire et entendi desdites femmes, ses voisines oue se la femme qui feroit ou vouldroit faire les choses dessus dites, par elle divisées, vouloit qu’il empirast plus grandement à sondit mary, ou à celui ou ceulx pour qui et en quell entencion elle feroit ou vouldroit faire ces choses, qu’il convendroit que l’en prenist deux botereaux, et a la prinse que l’en feroit d’un chascun d’iceulx, qui seroient mis separéement et diviséement chascun en un pot de terre neuf, convendroit que quant l’en vouldroit prendre iceulx et l’en les verroit, que par trois fois l’en appellast en son avde ledit Luciafer, deist aussi par trois fois l’euvangile saint Jehan, la paternoster et Ave Amria, et que eulx mis en icelux poz de terre . . .”
165. Quoted in Lea, History of the Inquisition, vol. 3, 657: “. . . et inter alia quinque imagines cereas diversis temporibus successive fecisti et fabricasti; et quamplurima venenosa etiam immiscendo; et sanguinem bufonis terribili et horribili modo extractum . . .”
166. Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons, 132.
167. Quoted in Benton, Self and Society, 217–18.
168. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 53: “. . . N. fecit et figuravit duas ymagines de cera cum plumbo . . . congregates et collectis muscis, araneis, ranis et buffonibus, spolio serpentis et quibusdam rebus aliis plurimis infra ymagines repositis et inclusis cum coniurationibus et invocationibus demonum, extracto etiam sanguine de aliqua parte sui corporis et commixto cum sanguine buffonis et oblate seu dato daemonibus invocates loco sacrificii in honorem et reverentiam eorumdem . . .”
169. Ibid., 48: “. . . item, de fatis mulieribus quas vocant ‘bona res’ que . . . vadunt de nocte”; “. . . collection herbarum flexis genibus versa facie ad orientem cum oration dominica . . .”
170. De la Fons, “Des Sorciers,” 437–38: “. . . crapaud avec les cérémonies usitées pour le baptême des chrétiens . . .”
171. Klose, Darstellung der inneren, 101: “Anna Bromm hat Georg Beckern ihr eignes Wasser zu trinken gegeben. Georg Kromern hat sie Kröten gesten [reading “gestern”] mit ihrer Mutter und mit einer andern Frauen; dafür sie einen Kaninchen Pelz genommen. Ingleichen [reading “In gleichen”] Barthelu hat sie auch ihr eigens Wasser gegeben. Ihrem Manne hat sie ihren eignen Schweis, den sie genommen, wenn sie zum Bade gegangen ist, zu trinken gegeben. Endlich hat sie bekant [reading “bekannt”]: Dass die Zeysse Magdalena zu Schebitz ihr solche Zauberei geleret habe. Sie ist Montag nach Michael, 1481 ersäuft worden.”
172. R. Trevor Davies, Four Centuries, 67; Morgan, Toads and Toadstools, 84–87.
CHAPTER 5. VENEFICIA
Epigraph 1. Quoted in Weyer, Witches, Devils, and Doctors, 338.
Epigraph 2. Ibid., 279.
1. Quoted in Fernie, Herbal Simples, 164.
2. Thompson, Chronicon Angliae, 98: “. . . herbarum potentium succos . . .”
3. Lea, History of the Inquisition, vol. 3, 463.
4. Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials, 119, 121.
5. Kieckhefer, “Avenging the Blood,” 96.
6. Kieckhefer., European Witch Trials, 125.
7. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 167: “per pulveres amatorios aut pocula vel houppellos amatorios . . . intoxicaciones procurant plurimas.”
8. Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials, 58.
9. Quoted in Bever, Realities of Witchcraft, 132.
10. Ibid., 133.
11. Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials, 97.
12. Weyer, Witches, Devils, and Doctors, 230–31.
13. Ibid., 408–9.
14. Quoted in Giles, Laughter of the Saints, 49: “Y saca de licor una ampolleta [reading “amapola”] . . . Echo el licor; d’ enganos ordeno. Que la hizo dormer . . . Abracala a sabor y a plazer toca . . . Ora le besa el pecho, ora la boca . . .”
15. Payne, Decameron, 272.
16. Ibid., 236.
17. Quoted in Byloff, Hexenglaube und Hexenverfolgung, 109; also Duerr, Dreamtime, 137.
18. Quoted in Bever, Realities of Witchcraft, 132.
19. Ibid., 130.
20. Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons, 218.
21. Going by Lilienskiold’s records, only seventeen of the eighty-three show evidence of ergot inspired witches’ rites. See Torbjørn Alm, “The Witch Trials of Finnmark,” 406–11.
22. Cellini, Autobiography, 134–35.
23. Kieckhefer, Forbidden Rites, 152.
24. Magnus, De vegetabiblius, 527: “Qui autem in nigromanticis student, tradunt characterem iusquiami pictum debere esse in homine, quando faciunt daemonum invocationes.”
25. Agrippa, Three Books, 133.
26. Ibid., 134.
27. Kieckhefer, Magic in the Middle Ages, 156.
28. Ibid., 163.
29. Psellus, Fourteen Byzantine Rulers, book 3, chapter 26, 81 (for Cedrenus, see fn. 41).
30. Popular Educator, 89; also Wepfer, Cicutae aquaticae historia, 230–33.
31. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, 255–56.
32. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 228.
33. Ward, Secretes of the Reverent Maister, 257.
34. Paracelsus, Hermetic and Alchemical Writings, vol. 2, 158.
35. Easlea, Witch-hunting, 39.
CHAPTER 6. SOPORIFIC SPELLS
Epigraph 1. Della Porta, Natural Magick, 10.
Epigraph 2. Quoted in Duerr, Dreamtime, 156.
1. Ginzburg, Ecstasies, 297.
2. Mormando, Preacher’s Demons, 88–89.
3. Orlandi, Saint Bernardine of Siena, 166
4. Mormando, Preacher’s Demons, 15.
5. Orlandi, Saint Bernardine of Siena, 166.
6. Ibid., 166.
7. Mormando, Preacher’s Demons, 60.
8. Orlandi, Saint Bernardine of Siena, 166.
9. Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle Ages, 227.
10. McNeill and Gamer, Medieval Handbooks, 330.
11. Lea, History of the Inquisition, vol. 3, 381.
12. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 43–44: “. . . augures et ydolatras.”
13. Ibid., 48: “. . . carmina verborum poma et herbas . . .”; “. . . de collection herbarum flexis genibus versa facie ad orientem cum oration dominica . . . ”; “. . . de fatis mulieribus quas vocant ‘bona res’ que, ut dicunt, vadunt de nocte . . .”
14. Quoted in Keickhefer, Magic in the Middle Ages, 68.
15. Pollington, Leechcraft, 247.
16.
Martin of Arles, Tractatus de superstitionibus.
17. Knight, Account of the Remains, 165–66.
18. Gentilcore, From Bishop to Witch, 134.
19. Martin, Tractatus de superstitionibus, 9 (f. A8v): “Nec tamen negare debemus lilas herbas habere virtutem medicinalem ad fumationes faciendas contra infirmitates puerorum et etiam iumentorum; non tamen hoc prove-nit ex coilectione precise taus diei, nec ex coilectione ante soils ortum vei post solis ortum, ut quidam fatue credunt, sed ex virtute naturali earum herbarum, quam etiani eo tempore jam attingunt.”
20. Orlandi, Saint Bernardine of Siena, 167.
21. Mormando, Preacher’s Demons, 63.
22. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 110: “Et inter cetera pueros in cunabulis iacentes maleficiis infecit, quos ex post sanando, dum converteretur in hominem, mercedem usurpavit.”
23. Quoted in Mormando, Preacher’s Demons, 64.
24. Conti, Preachers and Confessors, 140.
25. Mormando, phone conversation with author, February, 23, 2012.
26. Dehn, Book of Abramelin, 24.
27. Ibid., 12.
28. Ibid., 20–21.
29. Ibid., 23.
30. Barto, Tannhäuser, 2–3.
31. Barber, Holy Grail, 9–10.
32. Ten Brink, Early English Literature, 173.
33. De Troyes, Four Arthurian Romances, 8.
34. Barto, Tannhäuser, xix.
35. Fontenrose, Python, 541.
36. Ibid., 7.
37. Barto, Tannhäuser, 10–11.
38. Ibid., 47.
39. Remy, “Origin of the Tannhäuser-legend,” 42.
40. Quoted in Barto, Tannhäuser, 17.
41. Nider, Preceptorium divine legis, book 1, chapter 11, G: “. . . an veritas aliqua subsit his quae dicuntur de Monte Veneris, ubi cum pulcherrimis feminis dicuntur quidam frui luxuria et voluptate ad placitum[?]”
42. Piccolomini, Opera quae extant omnia, 531–32: “Nursia ubi præruptus mons inge tem speluncam facit . . .”; “. . . artes ediscunt magicas . . .”
43. Quoted in Barto, Tannhäuser, 19–20. In this version, Tannhäuser marries Venus (see Remy, “Origin”).
44. Remy, “Origin of the Tannhäuser-legend,” 48.
45. Ibid., 49.
46. Faber, Evagatorium, 153: “Non autem solum viridarium Venus suo consecraverat ritui, sed montem civitati superimminentem libidinosis sevit plantulis et umbrosas cavernas in monte . . . Aliquas cavernas fecit ad flendum in eis Adonidem, aliquas ad luxuriandum.”
47. Behringer, “How Waldensians Became Witches,” 102.
48. Plantsch, Opusculum de sagis, book 1, p. 13: “Secudo hoc hominu damnatu genus attentat per maleficia sua, face re [reading “facere”] mutationes locales sui ipsius uP [?] aliarum rerum corporalium . . . sic enim dicitur quorum usu catulorum seu aliarua bestiarum, usu furcarum, aut baculo scobarum aut aliarua rerum equitent ad cellaria divitua & eorunde vina luxuriando ebibant, aut ad foeni, vulgo Herberg dictum, ubi choreisando [reading “scherzando”] laeta celebrent convivia . . .”
49. Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 437: “Die ersten tund wider das gebot, die unholda sind, die vil unglucks tribent und salb machent und enweg farent. Als ainost aime, du saß in ain mult, du stund uff aim tisch, und wand ouch, si wölt über den Höwberg faren und hottet nun fast in der mult und fiel in des tufels namen undern tisch, das du mult uff ir lag. Sie fiel ouch gewiß nit in gotz namen. Wer solt sollichs volcks nit lachen, das also an deu wenden gant, es sind unholdan.” (Thanks to Gerhild Williams for translation from German.)
50. Nider, Formicarius, book 2, chapter 4 (unpaged): “. . . feminam quandam demantatem . . .”; “. . . cum fida dignis hominibus . . .”; “Southern swath” from Bailey, Battling Demons, 96. Ginzburg, in Ecstasies, translates vetula as “heifer” (see pp. 185 and 198, fn. 16); Aberdeen Bestiary (12th century), f.93r.: “[I]n the same way vetula, a little old woman, comes from vetustus, aged”; “Hinc et vetula quasi vetusta.”
51. Bailey, Battling Demons, 39.
52. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 88: “Cui pater: Sines ergo me esse presentem, cum de proximo recedes. Respondit illa: Ita placet, et me recedere videbis presentibus (si placet) testibus idoneis. Igitur ut deyram animarum zelator convinceret . . . cum fidedignis hominibus . . .”
53. Ibid.: “. . . opere demonis . . .”; “Ubi queso es? Non cum Diana fuisti . . . nonquam de cubella recessisti? . . . Ex his igitur gestis et menditanibus verbis salutiferis animum ad sui erroris detestationem devexit.”
54. See Bailey, Battling Demons; Ostorero, Bagliani, Tremp, and Chène, L’ imaginaire du Sabbat, 213–20.
55. Levack, Witch-Hunt, 34.
56. Bailey, Battling Demons, 12, 32, 91–95, 140.
57. Klaniczay, “The Process of Trance,” 206.
58. For vetula as being synonymous with witch, see Cardini, Magia, stregoneria, 202.
59. Bailey, Battling Demons, 96–97.
60. Nider, Preceptorium, book 1, chapter 10.
61. Ibid.: “. . . tenet in somnis deludēs . . .”; “transiturā dixit vesus dominam herodiadem vel venerem . . .”
62. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 93: “. . . De solidiori huius materia unguentum facimus nostris voluntatibus et artibus ac transmutationibus accomodatum”; “. . . universalem ecclesiam . . .”
63. See Ginzburg, Ecstasies, 94–95. The trend of associating certain folk practices with this fertility goddess was not exclusive to Nider.
64. Bailey, Battling Demons, 125.
65. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 108: “Et patet, quod iste sit sensus litterae, quia cum dicitur . . . et qui rectam fidem non habet . . . sed illius, in quem credit, id est diaboli. . . . Hoc autem est, quia credunt Dianam deam esse, et tamen Diana est diabolus.”
66. Ibid., 109: “. . . ideo negandum non est, mulieres maleficas et etiam viros, factis quibusdam nefandis caeremoniis et unctionibus a dæmonibus assume et per diversa loca portari, et multos huius generis in unum locum convenire, et daemonibus honorem quondam exhibere ac libidini et omni turpitudini vacare.”
67. Ibid., 109: “. . . nam quaedam mixtiones sunt, quibus si ungantur, partes corpis, quae urendae vel secandae sunt, non erit sensus doloris. Scimus quoque, genus unctionis esse, quo tanta fit mentis alienatio et abstractio hominis a se ipso, ut per certum temporis spacium nulla sensatio inveniatur in eo . . .”; “Sunt enim mulieres quaedam, quas maleficas vocamus, quae profitentur facta quandam unctione cum certis verborum observationibus ire, quando voluerint, ad diversa loca, viros et foeminas convenire, ubi omnium voluptatum generibus, tam in cibis quam in complexibus perfruantur.”
CHAPTER 7. INCEPTION OF THE SATANIC WITCH
Epigraph 1: Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 48: “. . . item, de fatis mulieribus quas vocant ‘bona res’ que, ut dicunt, vadunt de nocte.”
Epigraph 2: De Bergerac, “Letter Against Witches,” 117.
1. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 92: “. . . grandis maleficus . . .”
2. Bailey, Battling Demons, 48.
3. Ibid., 44–45.
4. Ibid., 44.
5. D’Auvergne, Opera Omnia, vol. 1, chapter 27, 89: “Quare declaratum est tibi figuras, & characteres hujusmodi non ex virtute sua aliqua naturali operari mirifica illa, sed ex Daemonum pacto.”
6. Scot, Discoverie of Witchcraft, book 15, chapter 11, 219–20.
7. Weyer, Witches, Devils, and Doctors, 263.
8. Orlandi, Saint Bernardine of Siena, 166.
9. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 5: “. . . quamplures esse solo nomine christianos . . .”; “et pactum faciunt cum inferno, daemonibus namque immolant, hos adorant, fabricant ac fabricari procurant imagines, annulum vel speculum vel phialam vel rem quamcunque aliam magice . . .”
10. Ibid., 56–57: “. . . captum et infatuatum fuisse amore cuiusdam mulieris ad finem libidinis exercende fecisse quod fecit, an crimini detrahatur, cum furiosus et demens fecerit.”
11. Kors
and Peters, Witchcraft in Europe, 122.
12. Quoted in Levack, Witchcraft Sourcebook, 48.
13. Peters, Magician, 135.
14. Bailey, “Benedek Láng,” 324.
15. Quoted in Levack, Witchcraft Sourcebook, 39.
16. Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials, 58.
17. Guiley, Encyclopedia of Witches, 38. Guiley’s passage, however, seems to have been taken almost verbatim from Buckland, Buckland’s Complete Book of Witchcraft, 7.
18. For an exhaustive litany of superstitions involving brooms, see Thorpe, Northern Mythology, 22, 151, 157, 175. Another work from the same period is Kelly, Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition, 225–28. Weyer, Witches, Devils, and Doctors, 265, also describes a local rite where a broom is dipped in water and shaken in the air.
19. Harner, Hallucinogens and Shamanism, 131; Rudgley, Encyclopaedia, 47; Harrison, Roots of Witchcraft, 194–96; accessed via: http://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Magick/The%20Roots%20of%20Witchcraft.pdf
20. Lea, Materials, vol. 1, 174.
21. Näsström, “Freyja and Frigg,” 88.
22. Paxsom, Essential Asatru, 81.
23. Pope, Homilies, vol. 2, “On the False Gods,” 667–68.
24. Näsström, “Freyja and Frigg,” 88–89.
25. Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle Ages, 256.
26. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 460: “. . . ad ‘factium’ sive ad synagogam accessisti, in unam baculum ministerio dicti dyaboli equitando . . .”
27. Ibid., 462: “. . . ad certos synagogas ad ‘factum’ de nocte et in diversis locis, ibidemque certos infantes cum sua comictiva comedit et uno baculo ministerio dicti dyaboli equictando [reading “equitando”].”
28. Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle Ages, 256–68.
29. Joseph Hansen, Quellen und untersuchungen, 465: “. . . quia equitabat quilibet ipsorum baculum et ibant tamquam ventus.”
30. Ibid., 541–43: “Item illum dyabolum adorabat tanquam deum de nocte genibus flexis, deinde vertendo culum versus solis ortum, et faciebat crucem in terra et desuper expuebat ter, et ter pedem sinistrum ponebat desuper et mingebat et stercorabat, et ubicumque crucem videbat, contra eam expuebat et ter deum renegabat”; “. . . cum ipse et alii de secta in ictu occuli super stercore muli vel equi . . .”; “in die festis. Johannis Baptiste certas herbas colligebat pro medicinis . . .”; “ex basilisco, buffone, serpent, aranea vel scorpione. Item plus dixit, quod de dicto veneno dedit cuidam vocato Conrado in civitate de Monaco in Bavario et in quadam scutella”; “penas ultimi . . .”
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