24 “Give us liberty . . . death”: Chicago Daily Journal, October 3, 1850.
25 “great party of freedom”: FB, 42.
CHAPTER 4: SELF-RELIANCE
27 “We are . . . free men”: FB, 50.
27–28 “the people . . . helpful way”: IBW, 23.
28 “Princess of the Press”: IBW, 33.
28 “happy . . . living out of it”: IBW, 47.
28 “The lynching . . . life”: IBW, 47.
28 “an excuse . . . property”: IBW, 64.
28 “punished with death”: IBW, 62.
28 “She has . . . steel trap”: IBW, 33.
28 “I, too . . . affairs”: IBW, 228.
28–29 “The interest . . . church door”: IBW, 241.
29 “continued warfare for our rights”: McMurry, To Keep the Waters Troubled, 236.
29–30 “the Refined,” “the Riffraff,” and “the Respectables”: Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 48.
30 “Economically Dispossessed”: BC, 284.
32 “incompetent”: Chicago Tribune, May 6, 1903.
33 “the duties . . . in themselves”: IBW, 249.
33 “the story . . . Joliet prison”: IBW, 303.
33 “ounce of prevention”: IBW, 413.
34 “vote for . . . our race”: IBW, 345.
34 “alert as . . . the wall”: IBW, 415.
CHAPTER 5: WHITE NEGROES
35 “pretty tough hole”: NIC, 12.
36 “an Irishman . . . tie”: Sowell, Ethnic America, 27.
36–37 “Our immediate . . . slavery”: Thrasher, The Gang, 212 (quotes from a letter of an Irish president of an American school board).
37 “There’s a curse . . . out of it”: Hoobler, The Irish American Family Album, 26.
37 “We saw in it all . . . race and religion”: Thrasher, The Gang, 212 (quotes from a letter of an Irish president of an American school board).
37 “The colleens . . . ‘Paddies’”: Hoobler, The Irish American Family Album, 56–57 (recollection of James Michael Curley).
37 “No Irish Need Apply”: Dolan, The Irish Americans: A History, 96.
37 “white negroes” and “smoked Irish”: Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White, 41.
37 “My master . . . common Irishman”: Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White, 42.
37 “the most depraved . . . the community”: Chicago Tribune, February 26, 1855.
39 “untold riches”: Wade, Chicago’s Pride, II.
39 “was alive . . . heart and brain”: Karamanski, Civil War Chicago, I.
39 “Only Irish Need Apply”: Wade, Chicago’s Pride, 33.
CHAPTER 6: WASTE MATTERS
40 “had a highly skilled trade . . . high priced men”: Butcher Workman, March 1932.
40 “It was wonderful . . . butcher”: Butcher Workman, March 1932.
41 “Gustavus Franklin Swift . . . ahead”: YY, 8.
41 “When a clerk . . . front door”: YY, 92.
42 “Big Three”: Miller, City of the Century, 116.
42 “To my father . . . too much!”: YY, 8.
43 “Now we use . . . grunt”: YY, 12.
43 “a man worth . . . eye on”: YY, 114.
45 “We walked . . . at all”: AK, 25.
45 “I felt poor . . . very bad”: AK, 25.
45 “It was . . . look at it”: AK, 26.
47 “One boy . . . walked on”: AK, 26.
47 “bad . . . hungry”: AK, 26.
47–48 “If you need . . . keep pace”: WCJ, 27.
48 “They get . . . us men”: AK, 26.
CHAPTER 7: PARALLEL UNIVERSES
49 “Packingtown begins . . . slowest to understand”: Poole, “The Meat Strike,” 183.
52 “The Catholics . . . different languages”: French, Biographical History of the American Irish in Chicago, 9.
52 “All are unanimous . . . the Church”: French, Biographical History, 9.
54 “Generally . . . an insult”: National Provisioner, October 1, 1921.
54 “We punish . . . helpless”: Labor Enquirer, March 2, 1887.
54 “The presence . . . home life”: Bushnell, “Some Social Aspects of the Chicago Stock Yards,” 305.
54 “They get . . . excused”: Labor Enquirer, April 9, 1887.
56 “bitter brooding mothers”: Labor Enquirer, March 2, 1887.
58 “tomato fights . . . and raids”: Thrasher, The Gang, 69.
58 “the Canaryville school of gunmen”: Thrasher, The Gang, 16, 406.
59. “When the Ragens . . . know it”: Chicago Tribune, July 30, 1919.
59 “Irish confetti”: IW, 17.
59 “We intend . . . Look out”: RR, 33.
60 “a force . . . stockyards district”: Chicago Tribune, August 6, 1927.
64 “the popular promenade . . . classes”: Chicago Defender, June 18, 1910.
64 “for a minute . . . the ‘Problem’”: LH, 132.
CHAPTER 8: A STONE’S THROW
67 “A man . . . interfere”: Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1864.
67 “with the honor . . . member”: Official Journal, Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America 2 (May 1903): 27.
68 “revolutionized the industry”: Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1903.
68 “from the man . . . consumer”: Brody, The Butcher Workmen, 29.
68 “Obey . . . country”: Brody, The Butcher Workmen, 52.
71 “I got nothing . . . decent job”: Cayton, Long Old Road, 101, 107–108.
72 “the arm of the Church . . . righteous cause”: WCJ, 174.
75 “unmanly and without self-respect”: RR, 113.
75 “Shall the standard . . . citizens”: Railroad Trainmen’s Journal 21 (1904): 769.
CHAPTER 9: A HIGHER CALL
79 “fight for . . . at last free”: Wilson, War Message to Congress.
79 “Let us take notice . . . chance to die”: Chicago Defender, April 21, 1917.
79 “Many indulge . . . America”: Norfolk Journal and Guide, September 24, 1917, printed online at historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5054.
82 “There is no color . . . any other”: Chicago Defender, September 8, 1917.
CHAPTER 10: THE NORTHERN FEVER
86 “Wages is so low . . . live”: Scott, “More Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916–1918,” 419.
86 “Negroes grab . . . fodder”: Scott, Negro Migration During the War, 30.
87 “The only wise thing . . . farm”: Chicago Defender, January 16, 1915.
88 “For the hardworking man . . . says come”: Chicago Defender, February 24, 1917
89–96 The stories of the migrants in this chapter were captured and recorded in written notes of interviews by Charles S. Johnson, “‘We Tho[ugh]t State Street Would Be Heaven Itself’”: Black Migrants Speak Out,” History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web, George Mason University, historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5337.
CHAPTER 11: A REAL PLACE FOR NEGROES
97 “They arrived . . . unpreparedness”: IBW, 371.
98 “completely lost . . . go”: NIC, 99.
100 “I just held my breath . . . something”: NIC, 99, 301.
100 “all over the car”: NIC, 301.
100 “This is a real place for Negroes”: NIC, 301.
100 “South State Street . . . sinners”: Hughes, The Big Sea, 33.
CHAPTER 12: A JOB, ANY JOB
102 “For seven previous years . . . laundry”: Scott, “Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916–1918,” 291.
102 “clear information . . . position”: Scott, “Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916–1918,” 291.
102 “I used to . . . do anything”: Scott, “Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916–1918,” 296.
103 “to fit . . . the workers”: LH, 202.
103 “in the worker’s mind . . . efficient employee”: LH, 200.
104 “burn” : NIC, 390.
104 “I’m an expert . . . family”: NIC, 386.
104 “had to take whatever they paid you”:
NIC, 386.
104 “an overseer always standing over you”: NIC, 172.
106 “The packing houses . . . everything”: Scott, Negro Migration During the War, 26.
106 “place . . . full of life”: NIC, 99.
CHAPTER 13: FULL TO BURSTING
108 “Rent goes up . . . it”: NIC, 178.
109 “invasion”: NIC, 119.
109 “You people . . . society”: NIC, 206; Sandburg, The Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919, 14.
109 “There’s a Nigger! let’s get him!”: NIC, 481.
109 “moved four times . . . living quarters”: NIC, 178.
CHAPTER 14: RESPECTABILITY AND RESPECT
110 “dust caps . . . bedroom shoes”: NIC, 193.
110 “loud talking . . . in public places”: NIC, 193.
110 “It is our duty . . . climbing”: Chicago Defender, March 17, 1917.
111 “A Few Do and Don’ts”: Chicago Defender, July 13, 1918.
111–12 “Half a Million Darkies from Dixie”: Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1917.
112 “the more unfortunate . . . race”: Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1917.
112 “The Negro Problem”: Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1917; May 4, 1919.
112 “subnormal”: LH, 251.
112 “retarded”: NIC, 256.
112 “no sticking qualities”: NIC, 270.
112 “the limit . . . mental ability”: NIC, 270.
114 “the emotional tendency . . . kill”: NIC, 441.
115 “Quit calling . . . Mister That”: Chicago Defender, April 21, 1917. “Treat them . . . AS A MAN”: Chicago Defender, April 21, 1917.
115 “not to take anything from a white child”: NIC, 251.
115 “the spectacular . . . Chicago”: Chicago Defender, October 9, 1915.
CHAPTER 15: TENSIONS RISING
121 “When . . . break them”: YY, 181.
122 “White Man’s Union”: NIC, 429.
122 “wherever the white man’s . . . good”: Sandburg, The Chicago Race Riots, 13.
123 “BE MEN—JOIN the UNION”: RR, 126.
124 “It was as if . . . witness chair”: WCJ, 199.
124–25 “It’s a new day . . . equality”: WCJ, 200.
125 “do nothing . . . midnight”: RR, 127.
125 “The work . . . anticipated”: RR, 127.
125 “For White People Only”: Chicago Defender, September 14, 1918.
125 “As the colored population . . . Negroes”: NIC, 277.
125 “some very serious clashes . . . children”: NIC, 280.
126 “We are . . . driven out”: NIC, 118.
CHAPTER 16: LAST STRAWS
128 “solely on account . . . employed”: LH, 184–85.
128 “There has not . . . colored man”: RR, 131.
128–29 “I went to war . . . Uncle Sam does his”: NIC, 481.
130 “[He] is coming back . . . other men”: “Chicago’s Negro Problem”, 75.
130 “Young men . . . is white”: “Chicago’s Negro Problem”, 75.
132 “Negroes Elect Big Bill”: RR, 202.
132 “These [black] boys . . . among them”: “Chicago’s Negro Problem,” 76.
133 “Capital . . . adrift”: Chicago Defender, April 26, 1919.
133 “Six or seven . . . neck”: RR, 155.
133 “stand together . . . invasion”: NIC, 119.
134 “The value of human life . . . terror”: Chicago Defender, May 31, 1919.
135 “Polish, Irish . . . citizens”: RR, 134.
136 “100% Union or Bust!”: WCJ, 204.
136 “out to kill all the blacks”: RR, 237.
136 “Ragan’s Colts Start Riot”: Chicago Defender, June 28, 1919.
136 “get all the niggers on July 4th”: NIC, 595–96.
136 “NO ‘RACE RIOTS’ . . . that?”: Chicago Defender, July 5, 1919.
137 “Be ye also ready”: Carter, “Making Peace with Jim Crow” 264.
137 “was singing . . . a man”: RR, 136.
137 “The bosses . . . deal for all”: RR, 136.
137 “cooperation between blacks and whites”: RR, 137.
CHAPTER 17: RACE RIOT
144 “Get the niggers!”: NIC, 23.
145 “Come out . . . shoot you”: NIC, 39.
146 “He shot from that window . . . there”: NIC, 32.
CHAPTER 18: RATCHETING UP
148 “One, two, three, four, five, six”: NIC, 25.
CHAPTER 19: POINT-COUNTERPOINT
151 “I am convinced . . . politicians”: Krist, City of Scoundrels, 209.
151 “We must defend . . . protect us”: NIC, 598.
153 “If you open . . . ‘do’ you”: NIC, 14.
153 “They were . . . prevented”: NIC, 41.
154 “stepped aside” and “didn’t raise a club”: Chicago Tribune, August 1, 1919.
154 “Homes of white people . . . colored people”: Chicago Tribune, August 1, 1919.
156 “These men . . . a thing”: RR, 60.
CHAPTER 20: MOMENT OF TRUTH
157 “too busy” and “it is all right anyway”: NIC, 20.
159 “black pogrom”: Carter, “Making Peace with Jim Crow,” 267. “Right now . . . confidence in it”: NIC, 45.
EPILOGUE: A FEW RED DROPS
161 “It could not . . . Northern city”: New York Times, July 23, 1919.
161 “Red Summer”: RR, 14.
161 “It is not simply . . . the nation”: Carter, “Making Peace with Jim Crow,” 268.
161 “This riot has . . . our idealism”: Carter, “Making Peace with Jim Crow,” 267.
162 “those who believe . . . right track”: Chicago Defender, August 9, 1919.
162 “If the lawless . . . them”: Chicago Tribune, August 4, GW
163 “that the civic conscience . . . aroused”: NIC, 640.
163 “The remedy is necessarily slow”: NIC, 640.
163 “If a Negro . . . incident”: NIC, 451.
164 “suggests the conclusion . . . Negroes”: NIC, 35.
165 “couldn’t have created . . . brought in”: IBW, 407.
165 “I offered . . . hear them”: IBW, 406.
165 “There seems . . . skins are black”: RR, 251.
166 “People of both races . . . trouble early”: NIC, 600–601.
168 “quiet riots . . . dissipates”: Atlantic Monthly, June 7, 2007.
168–69 “But for . . . first clash”: NIC, 11.
169 “A riot is . . . riot prevention”: King, “The Other America.”
169 “eternal vigilance is the price of liberty”: IBW, 415.
169 “Sometimes I growl . . . forget”: Carl Sandburg, “I Am the People, the Mob,” online at carl-sandburg.com/i_am_the_people_the_mob.htm.
Bibliography
NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES
Atlantic Monthly
Butcher Workman. Issues from 1932–1933.
Chicago Daily Journal
Chicago Defender
Chicago Tribune
Labor Enquirer
National Provisioner
New York Times
Norfolk Journal and Guide
Official Journal. Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America. 1900–1908.
Railroad Trainmen’s Journal
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Bushnell, Charles J. “Some Social Aspects of the Chicago Stock Yards. Chapter I. Industry at the Chicago Stock Yards.” American Journal of Sociology 7.2 (1901): 145–70.
———. “Some Social Aspects of the Chicago Stock Yards. Chapter II. The Stock Yard Community at Chicago.” American Journal of Sociology 7.3 (1901): 289–330.
———. “Some Social Aspects of the Chicago Stock Yards. Chapter III. The Relation of the Chicago Stock Yards to the Local Community.” American Journal of Sociology 7.4 (1902): 433–74.
———. “Some Social Aspects of the Chicago Stock Yards. Chapter IV. Constructive Suggestions for the Promotion of Democracy in Industrial Communities as Repr
esented at the Chicago Stock Yards.” American Journal of Sociology 7.5 (1902): 687–702.
Carter, Heath W. “Making Peace with Jim Crow: Religious Leaders and the Chicago Race Riot of 1919.” Journal of Illinois History II (Winter 2008).
“Chicago’s Negro Problem,” The City Club Bulletin, 12 (March 17, 1919).
Poole, Ernest. “The Meat Strike,” Independent 57 (July 28, 1904): 179–84.
Scott, Emmett J. “Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916–1918.” Journal of Negro History 4, no. 3 (July 1919): 290–96.
———. “More Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916–1918.” Journal of Negro History 4, no. 4 (October 1919): 412–19.
“Some Chicagoans of Note.” Crisis 10 (1915): 242.
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BlackDemographics.com. “Poverty in Black America.” blackdemographics.com/households/poverty.
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Economic Policy Institute. “Black Unemployment Rate Dips Below 10 Percent in II of 24 States Measured in Second Quarter” (August 4, 2015) www.epi.org/publication/black-unemployment-rate-dips-below-10-percent-in-ll-of-24-states-measured-in-second-quarter.
FamilySearch. “World War I United States Military Records, 1917 to 1918.” familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/World_War_I_United_States_Military_Records,_1917-to_1918.
Friedman, Lauren F. “This Chart Showing the Gap Between Black and White Life Expectancy Should Be a National Embarrassment.” Business Insider, January 9, 2014. www.businessinsider.com/huge-racial-gap-in-life-expectancy-2014-1.
Gangsters Inc. “Puparo’s Gangland History of the Chicago Boroughs.” Published September 25, 2013. gangstersinc.ning.com/profiles/blogs/puparo-s-gangland-history-of-the-chicago-boroughs-1.
Gonzales, Nathan L. “Why Can’t Latinos Get Elected to Latino Congressional Districts?” MSNBC.com. NBC News Digital, September 13, 2013. www.msnbc.com/msnbc/why-cant-latinos-get-elected-latino-congr.
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