on plan to attack Philadelphia
position as general
praises Washington as general
reconnaissance of America by (1768)
recruited for America
Keppel, Admiral August
Kermovan, Chevalier de
Knox, Henry
attack on Boston
military studies
position as general
at Yorktown
Kościuszko, Tadeusz
Lafayette, Marquis de
in battle
and British invasion plan
defends Estaing
invasion of Canada attempted
letter to
at Newport
in Paris, promoting the American War
in peace negotiations with Britain
position and fortune of, in France
position in American army
propaganda for American cause
recruited for America
returns to America with Rochambeau’s expedition
strategic advice of
Virginia campaign
voyage to France to recruit aid
with Washington and Rochambeau
at Yorktown
later life
Lake George
La Luzerne, Chevalier de
French plenipotentiary
persuades Congress to yield powers
La Motte-Picquet, Toussaint Guillaume
Landais, Pierre
Langlois du Bouchet, Denis-Jean-Florimond
Languedoc (ship)
Laurens, Henry
captured by English
in peace negotiations with Britain
on plan to recruit slaves
president of Congress
reads Carlisle plan in Congress
Laurens, John
in battle
defense of Charleston
killed in action
language skill
mission to France
money from France
in Paris
plan to recruit slaves
at Savannah
and Washington
at Yorktown
Lauzun, Duc de
at Yorktown
later life
Lauzun’s Legion
League of Armed Neutrality
Lebanon, Connecticut
Lee, Arthur
background
commissioner to France
complaints about other commissioners
and Franco-American treaty
in London with Beaumarchais
offers to Spain
as peace negotiator
presented to Louis XVI
at signing of Franco-American treaty
and Silas Deane
Lee, Charles
Lee, Francis Lightfoot
Lee, Richard Henry
Lee-Adams faction
Leeward Islands
Le Havre
L’Enfant, Pierre Charles
at Yorktown
later life
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
Lexington, Battle of
l’Hermione (ship)
Library Company
Lincoln, Benjamin
at Yorktown
Little Turtle
Livingston, Robert
London
Long Island
Loring, Mrs. Elizabeth
Louis XV
censorship by
declares France bankrupt
foreign policy re Britain
secrets of
Louis XVI
affronted by dissidents
aid to America
aims in American peace
allows French nobles to volunteer for American war
ascension to throne
and Britain
choosing ministers
conjugal relations
correspondence
court of
fiscal policy
foreign policy
and Franco-American treaty
and Franco-Spanish alliance
and Lafayette’s Expédition
learns of Yorktown victory
not looking for conquest
as peace negotiator
personal gift of livres to America
praised by Franklin
reforms by
support for American cause
upset by French unrest
and Vergennes
later life
Lovell, James
Loyalists
Maria Theresa, empress
Marie Antoinette
extravagance of
favorites of
political influence
pregnancy, and birth of Dauphin
Marine Committee
Marion, Francis
Marriage of Figaro (play)
Martin, Joseph Plumb
Martinique
Maryland
Massachusetts
Maurepas, Comte de
medals
Mediterranean
Mercure (ship)
Mézières
Miami Indians
Michigan
Mifflin, Thomas
Minorca
Miralles, Don Juan de
Mischianza celebration
Mississippi Delta
Mississippi River
Mobile, Alabama
Monmouth Courthouse, Battle of
Monroe, James
Montbarrey, Prince de
Montesquieu
Montmorin, ambassador
Montreal
Montserrat
Moots, Glenn
Morgan, Daniel
Morgan’s Rangers
Morgan’s sharpshooters
Morris, Robert
Musketeers
Natchez, Tennessee
Native Americans
Navarro, Diego Joseph
Necker, Jacques
Netherlands
war with Britain
Nevis
New England
Newfoundland
New Jersey
New Orleans, Louisiana
Newport, Rhode Island
New York City
British occupation of
fortifications
offered by British at peace negotiations
Washington’s plan to take
Washington’s pretended aim at
New York Harbor
New York State
Nipissing Line
Noailles, Vicomte de
at Yorktown
later life
North, Lord
North Carolina
northeast states
northern campaign (1777)
Northern Department
North River
North Sea
Northwest (American)
Nova Scotia
O’Hara, Charles
Ohio River
Olive Branch Petition
Oneida Indians
Ontario
Ordonnance du roi
Orvilliers, Louis Gouillette, Comte d’
Oswald, Richard
Ottoman Empire
Paine, Tom
Parlement
Peace of Paris (1763)
Peekskill, New York
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Packet (paper)
Penobscot expedition
Pensacola
Philadelphia
battle for (1777)
British depart (1778)
British occupation of (1777)
celebrations in (1782)
Congress in
defense of
fortifications
French legation in
rebels in
trade
Washington’s troops pass through
Wayne’s plan to attack
Phillips, William
Phillipsburg
philosophes
Poland
Pond
icherry
Porte
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Portsmouth, Virginia
Portugal
Pouzoulet, Simon
Prevost, Augustine
privateers, American
A Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition
Protestantism
Prussia
Puentes, Don Juan Elegio de
Pulaski, Kazimierz
in battle
at Valley Forge
Puritans
Quakers
Quebec
Quebec Act
Quito, Ecuador
Ranger (ship)
Rawdon, Francis
Raynal, Guillaume Thomas François
Rayneval, Gérard de
rentes viagères
Reprisal (ship)
retreats, orderly
Revenge (ship)
Revolutionary War
Rhode Island
Richmond, Virginia
Rochambeau, Donatien
Rochambeau, General Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de
Expédition of troops to America
heads to Virginia and Yorktown
meets Washington in Hartford
military character of
plan against New York
plan to attack Yorkville
remains in Virginia after Yorktown victory
war games
at Yorktown
later life
Rochambeau’s nephew
Rockingham, Lord
Roderigue Hortalez & Cie.
Rodney, George Brydges
Rome, ancient
Romulus (ship)
Rouërie, Marquis Charles Armand de la. See Armand, Charles
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
Royal Navy
Russia
Saavedra, Francisco de
Saba
Sagittaire (ship)
St. Clair, Arthur
Saint-Domingue
Saintes, Battle of the
Saint Eustatius
Saint-Germain, Comte de
chosen military minister
military code of
military reforms of
recruits European officers to go to America
urged to support America
St. Louis, Missouri
St. Lucia
Saint Martin
Saintonge Regiment
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de
at Yorktown
Saint-Tropez, Pierre-André de Suffren de
Saint Vincent
San Cristobál (St. Kitts)
Sandwich, Earl of
Sandy Hook, New Jersey
Saratoga, Battle of
Sartine, Antoine-Raymond-Gualbert-Gabriel de
Savannah, Georgia
Schuyler, Philip
Scotland
Second Punic War
Secret du Roi
Ségur, comte Louis-Philippe de
later life
Ségur, marquis Philippe-Henri de
recruited for America
Seine (ship)
Senegal
Serapis (ship)
Seven Years’ War
Shelburne, Lord
Shippen, Peggy
Six Edicts
slavery
Smith, Adam
Soissonnais Regiment
South America, rebellion in
South Carolina
Southern strategy
Southwest (American)
Spain
American treaty offered to
attack on Britain, urged
benevolent neutrality toward America
dispute with Portugal
ending the American war
foreign policy
and French-American alliance
operations in Gulf Coast
plan to invade Britain
relations with Britain
relations with France
territorial claims
war with Britain
Spanish-American alliance
Spanish Caribbean colonies
Spanish navy
Stamp Act
Staten Island, New York
Steuben, Baron von
in battle
manual of regulations by
recruited for American army
strategic advice of
trains American army in drill and use of bayonet
at Yorktown
later life
Stirling, William Alexander, Lord
Stony Point, Battle of
Stormont, David Murray, Viscount
Strachey, Henry
Suffren, commander
Sullivan, Daniel
Sullivan, John
Surprise (ship)
Sweden
Tanarcharison (Half King)
Tarleton, Banastre
Ternay, Charles-Henri-Louis d’Arsac de
Terrible (ship)
Testa, Anne
“Thoughts of a Freeman”
Ticonderoga, Battle of
Tobago
Tories
Touraine Regiment
Townshend Acts
trade
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Trenton, Battle of
Trenton, New Jersey
Tucker, St.-George
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques
fiscal reforms
Turkey
Tuscarora Indians
Two Indies (book)
United States of America
boundaries of
declares independence
future dealings with Britain
independence recognized
seeking foreign assistance
See also American entries
Ushant, Battle of
Valley Forge
Vauban
Vaudreuil, Marquis de
Vergennes, Comte de
aid to America
in American-British peace negotiations
and American plotters
and American privateers
audience with Americans
and British invasion plan
British protest to
and Canada
and Franco-American treaty
and John Adams
letter about American Congress
Louis XVI’s esteem for
negotiating with Laurens
notified by American commissioners
not looking for conquest
policy re Britain
promotes a Franco-American alliance
promotes war with Britain
recommends European officers for America
and Russia
sends treaty to America
shipbuilding campaign
and Spain
later life
Versailles
Victoire (ship)
Ville de Paris (ship)
Vincennes, Indiana
Vioménil, Baron de, at Yorktown
Vioménil, Comte de, at Yorktown
Virginia
Virginia Capes
Battle of
Virginia Militia
Voltaire
Wabash River
Walker, Benjamin
Washington, George
and appointment of officers
assesses French officers
authorized by France to command French troops
in battle
Boston attacked by and taken
continuation of War after Yorktown
declines to engage British (1778)
defends Estaing from accusations
doubt about foreign volunteers
French hostility to, from time of French and Indian War
generalship of, criticized
Lafayette’ friend
Lafayette promoted by
leadership of army
marching toward Yorktown
meets Est
aing
meets Rochambeau
meets Steuben
military buildup by
and mutinous troops
need for French engineers
need for strategic counselors
opposition to, in Congress
oversight of the war
plan against New York
plots against
relations with French
rumored would-be king
and Steuben’s manual of regulations
summarizes difficulties of American government
switches target from New York to Virginia, tricking Clinton
visits Mount Vernon (1781) on way to Yorktown
at Yorktown
Washington, Lund
Wayne, Anthony
at Yorktown
Wentworth, Paul
Westchester, New York
West Florida
West Point, N.Y.
Wethersfield conference
Whippany, New Jersey
Wickes, Lambert
Wilke, John Wilkes
Wilkinson, James
Williamsburg, Virginia
Wilmington, North Carolina
York River
Yorktown, Battle of
surrender ceremony
Yorktown, Virginia
Yorktown Peninsula
List of Illustrations
1. Louis XVI in Coronation Robes (Joseph-Siffred Duplessis, 1777)
2. Comte de Vergennes (Vangelisti Vincenzio, after Antoine-Francois Callet, 1785)
3. Beaumarchais statue (Louis Clausade, 1895)
4. Benjamin Franklin (Parton’s Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, 1864)
5. Silas Deane (P. E. Du Simitier, engraved by B. L. Prevost, 1781)
6. Arthur Lee (Charles Willson Peale, 1785, Stratford Hall, Robert E. Lee Memorial Association)
7. The Nation Makers (Howard Pyle, 1903. Illustration in Collier’s Weekly, June 2, 1906. Brandywine River Museum of Art, purchased through a grant from the Mabel Pew Myrin Trust, 1984)
8. Mud Island (Library of Congress)
9. “The Steel de Fleury Medal awarded to Stephen Schneider” by JaxStrong, licensed under CC BY 2.0
10. Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge (John Ward Dunsmore, 1907, Library of Congress)
11. Duportail (Charles Willson Peale, 1781–1784, National Park Service)
12. Belle Poule ship hair style (1778, Bibliothèque Nationale de France)
13. D’Estaing cartoon (1778, Library of Congress)
14. Second Battle of Virginia Capes (V. Zveg, 1962, Hampton Roads Naval Museum, National Park Service)
15. French cannon (Courtesy of AmericanRevolution.org)
16. Yorktown map (Mount Vernon)
17. Yorktown victors stamp, 1931
18. American Commissioners of the Preliminary Peace Negotiations with Great Britain (Benjamin West, 1783–84, Winterthur Museum)
ALSO BY TOM SHACHTMAN
Gentlemen Scientists and Revolutionaries: The Founding Fathers in the Age of Enlightenment
American Iconoclast: The Life and Times of Eric Hoffer
Airlift to America
Rumspringa: To Be or Not to Be Amish
Terrors and Marvels
Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold
The Inarticulate Society
Around the Block
The Most Beautiful Villages of New England
Skyscraper Dreams
The Phony War, 1939 –1940
Decade of Shocks, 1963 –1974
How the French Saved America Page 37