probate issues of, 157–58, 164, 166, 173–75, 176
rents his own storage trunk, in secret, 149
returns to New York, 151–52
at Westport Sanitarium, 155–57, 163
will of, 157, 173–75
Smart, Cora, 41, 155–56
Smart, Iva, 41, 57, 155
Smart, Lovenia “Love,” 47, 56, 155–56, 173–74
claims Smart’s belongings, 157–58
death of, 174–75
see also Cating, Lovenia “Love”
Smith, Ellison, 275
Smith, Rena B., 292, 299, 300, 303
Smithsonian Institution, xi, 282–84
Gardener’s bequest to, 299
“An Important Epoch in American History,” 283, 284, 286, 295
Smoot, Reed, 223
social scientists, female, 180–81
The Sociologist, 81
the South:
raising of age of sexual consent in, 139
Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference, 266
Southern suffragists, 213
“Southern Wall of Opposition,” 250–53, 256–75
See also specific states
South Dakota, 228, 230
Southern Democrats, 203–4, 249, 258, 262, 266–67, 270, 275
Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference, 212–13
“Southern Wall of Opposition,” 250–53, 256–75, 275
Spain, 181
Spencer, Herbert, Principles of Sociology, 62
Spitzka, Edward A., 177, 179, 181, 188
Spitzka, Edward C., 99, 154, 165, 171, 173, 177
Spotswood Trail, 7
Springfield Republic, 42
Stanford University, 150
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 20, 43, 85, 96, 100–101, 101, 126, 154, 163, 166, 191, 237
bust of, 297
Civil War and, 31–32
cofounds NWSA, 101
death of, 171–72
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 101, 282
divorce reform and, 132–33
1890 NAWSA presidential address, 132–33
frontispiece to her memoir, 130
History of Woman Suffrage, 102, 219, 283, 284
memorialization of, 296, 297
objects to merger of NWSA with AWSA, 131
old age of, 158
organizes ICW, 101–3, 104, 106
pledges her brain to Cornell’s brain collection, 106–8, 107, 171–72, 300, 301
portrait of, 295
review of Is This Your Son, My Lord? 117, 120
The Woman’s Bible, 81, 131, 132, 221
Woman’s Bible Revising Committee and, 103
state-by-state vs. federal approach, 190–91, 206–8, 213, 215, 217, 219–20, 224–29, 232, 246–47, 252, 256–57, 259, 267, 279
state referenda, 267, 275. See also state-by-state vs. federal approach; specific states
states’ rights, 250–52, 253, 259, 272, 275
Statue of Liberty, dedication of, 88
statutory rape laws, 142
race and, 138
Staunton, Virginia, 8
St. Charles County, Missouri, 20, 21–22, 60
Stead, William T., 137
letter to Gardener, 138
“The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon,” 137
Stevens, Doris, 216
Stevens, E. A., 76–77
St. Joseph, Missouri, 15
St. Louis, Missouri, 78–79, 83, 237
Stockton, California, 150–51
Stone, Lucy, 131, 296
Stoner, Edith Owen, 286–87
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 28, 34, 48
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 114, 120, 122, 152
suffrage-as-war-measure argument, 237, 243, 248, 263–64, 266, 267
“Suffrage House,” 230–32, 231, 236, 277, 280–81, 281
suffrage movement. See universal suffrage; woman suffrage movement
The Suffragist, 209
Sunday, Billy, 255
Sunday closing laws, 73, 131
Susan B. Anthony Amendment, xi, 248, 250–51, 253–54
enforcement of, 291
Fifteenth Amendment and, 31–32, 194–95, 213, 214, 250–51, 257–58, 273, 275, 291
official signing ceremonies, 275–76, 276, 277, 282, 290
passage of, xi, xiii, 250–75
ratification of, 275, 285, 289, 290
victory celebration at Suffrage House, 280
as war measure, 237, 243, 248, 263–64, 266, 267
Wilson’s speech to Senate in support of, 266
See also National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA); woman suffrage movement
Switzerland, 181
Sylvester, Richard, 198–99, 205, 206
syphilis, 133–34, 140, 146–47
Taft, William Howard, 199
Tavender, Clyde, 205, 206
Taylor, Edward, 192, 210, 223
teachers, female, 28–35
temperance, 131–32, 137. See also Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Tennessee, 289–90, 290
Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn, 249
Terrell, Mary Church, 195, 251, 297
Tetrault, Lisa, 102
Thorndike, Edward, 180–81
Thursby, Emma, 177
Tilden, Samuel, 53
Tokyo, Japan, 176
Toledo, Ohio, 126
Truth, Sojourner, 31
The Truth Seeker, 54, 74, 76, 79, 80, 86, 87, 100, 103, 118, 123, 125
Tumulty, Joseph P., 222–23, 228, 234, 246–49, 254–55, 258–62, 268, 270–71, 274, 280, 285–90, 295
Underground Railroad, 37
Underwood, Oscar, 211
Union army, xiii, 16, 17–18, 193, 194, 252
16th Indiana Infantry Regiment, 16
7th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 150, 164
veterans of, 18, 27, 194, 252, 296
universal suffrage, 30–32, 73, 75, 194–95
universal suffrage coalition, collapse of, 229
University of Chicago, 180–81
Upton, Harriet Taylor, 190, 209, 216
U.S. Calvary, 204
U.S. Civil Service, 287. See also U.S. Civil Service Commission
U.S. Civil Service Commission, 286–89, 289, 291–95, 292, 298
Advisory Council, 294
U.S. Congress, 102, 209–10, 237
1918 elections and, 267, 272
anti-suffragists before, 214
Catharine Beecher’s testimony to, 28
convenes special war session, 236
doubles Gardener’s widow’s pension, 269–70
Gardener’s testimony about NAWSA procession before, 205–6
Gardener’s testimony before House Judiciary Committee, 218
Gardener’s testimony before House Rules Committee, 214, 240
Gardener’s testimony before Senate Woman Suffrage Committee, 210, 219
House Committee on Woman Suffrage, 210–11, 214, 238–40, 242, 243–44, 250, 253–54, 274
House Judiciary Committee, 210, 214, 218, 243–45
House Rules Committee, 210, 214, 215, 239, 240
NASWA procession and, 204–6, 208
national suffrage movement and, 190, 192
official signing ceremonies, 275–79, 276, 277
passes Susan B. Anthony Amendment, 255–56, 274–75, 277–78
Senate Committee on Woman suffrage, 210
Senate Subcommittee on the District of Columbia, 204–6
signing ceremonies and, 282
Sixteenth Amendment introduced before, 32
Sixty-Fifth, 248–49, 250, 256–75
Southerners in, 204, 252–53
special wartime session of, 237–38
Susan B. Anthony Amendment and, 250–75
takes up Susan B. Anthony Amendment, 253–54
Victoria Woodhull’s testimony before, 32
See also U.S. House of Representatives; U.S. Senate
U.S. Department of Justice, 290
&nb
sp; U.S. Department of State, 290
U.S. House of Representatives, xi, 210–11
House Committee on Woman Suffrage, 210–11, 214, 215, 238–40, 242, 243–44, 250, 253–54, 274
House Democratic caucus, 215
House Judiciary Committee, 210, 214, 218, 243–45
House Rules Committee, 211, 214, 215, 239, 240
passes Susan B. Anthony Amendment a second time, 274–75
Susan B. Anthony Amendment and, 253–56, 274–75
vote on House Woman Suffrage Committee, 243–44
U.S. Postal Service, 294–95
U.S. Senate, xi, 210
fails to pass Susan B. Anthony Amendment, 256–74
hearing on woman’s suffrage, 211–13
passes Susan B. Anthony Amendment, 275
Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage, 210, 219
Susan B. Anthony Amendment and, 256–75
U.S. Supreme Court, Virginia Minor’s case before, 32
Van Deusen, Caroline, 17
Van de Warker, Ely, “The Relations of Women to Crime,” 40, 44
Vegetarian Society, 120
Vermont, 289
Virginia, 3–9, 10, 12, 171, 212, 219, 223, 252, 293, 303
“voluntary motherhood,” 145–46
voting rights, 32, 137–38, 142
African American women and, 249, 255–58, 266, 290–91
citizenship and, 31–32, 200, 249, 252, 288
Jim Crow laws and, 251, 290–91
sex discrimination and, 31–32
See also universal suffrage; woman suffrage movement
Voting Rights Act of 1965, xiii
Walsh, Thomas, 269–70
War Department, 233
Washington, Booker T., “Atlanta Compromise” speech, 140
Washington, D.C., 9, 166–67, 168, 169, 186–207
Days buy home in, 188–89
Gardener as NAWSA’s “diplomatic corps” in, 221–49, 250–79
Gardener moves to, 184
Gardener represents suffrage movement in, 207, 208–20
Gardener’s rising stature in, 184
NAWSA’s office in, 227–28, 230–32, 231
See also U.S. Congress; Wilson, Woodrow
Washington Herald, 193, 194, 218–19
Washington Post, 152
Washington Square Arch, 88
Washington Times, 152, 210
Watterson, Henry, 183
Watts, Charlie, 79
Waynesburg, Pennsylvania, 90
wealth, 88
radicalism and, 90
Webb, Edwin, 243–45
Weeks, John W., 266–67
Wells, Ida B., 129, 203, 297
Westport Sanitarium, 155–57, 163
West Virginia, suffrage measure in, 228, 230
Wharton, Edith, 182
A Motor-flight through France, 182
White House, xiii, 8, 17
Gardener’s visits to, 169, 234, 242, 247, 249, 261, 262, 270, 279, 290, 293
National Woman’s Party protests at, 240–41, 245, 279
whiteness, xiii
white privilege, 229, 251–52, 256–57, 303
white reconciliation, 193–94, 252
“white slavery,” 138
white suffragists, 194–95, 251–52. See also specific organizations
white supremacy, 138, 271–72, 275
Whitman, Walt, 84
Wilde, Oscar, 69
Wilder, Burt, 300–301
Willard, Frances, 137, 167
Williams, John Sharp, 193, 223, 232–33, 236, 237, 248, 256–58, 264, 270–71
Williams, Elizabeth, 233, 256
Williams, Sallie, 233
Wilson, Edith Bolling Galt, 223–24, 285
Wilson, Jessie, 240
Wilson, Woodrow, 8, 222–24, 228–30, 234, 245, 252–53, 258, 262, 276–77
addresses Congress in special war session, 236
addresses Senate in support of Susan B. Anthony Amendment, 266
advocacy fails to turn enough votes in Senate, 266, 267
agrees to meet with NAWSA leaders, 224–25
appoints Gardener to U.S. Civil Service Commission, 287–88, 289, 295
appoints Shaw and Catt to influential wartime volunteer posts, 238, 239
becomes more outspoken suffragist, 237–38
biography of, 295–96
election hailed as victory for latter-day Confederacy, 203–4
favors for Gardener, 234–35, 239, 246–48, 260–64, 271
inauguration of, 196
influence on Senate vote, 260–64
invited to address NAWSA convention, 225, 226
letters of support for measures in Oklahoma and North Dakota, 235
letters to Senators in favor of suffrage, 263, 264
mentions amendment in December 2, 1918, speech, 268
NAWSA and, 224, 225, 226, 243
NWP and, 242–43, 262–63
pardons NWP picketers, 242–43
public support for woman suffrage, 254–55, 260–61
ratification effort and, 285
re-election campaign of, 224, 230
refuses to appoint Catt to World War I Peace Commission, 268
returns from Europe for opening of Sixty-Sixth Congress, 274
second inauguration of, 234, 240
segregation of civil service by, 287
signals support for House Committee on Woman Suffrage, 215, 241, 243
signals support for suffrage ballot measures in West Virginia and South Dakota, 230
signs bill doubling Gardener’s widow’s pension, 270
suffers stroke, 285
support for woman suffrage, 215, 230, 234–38, 241, 243, 246–50, 254–55, 260–64, 266–68, 271, 274, 279, 290, 295–96
telegrams Williams from France, 271
urges Sixty-Sixth Congress to pass amendment, 274
urges Tennessee governor to call special session to ratify amendment, 290
writes to Pou on NAWSA’s behalf, 239–40, 243
Winchester, Virginia, 8, 16
The Woman Citizen, 270
The Woman’s Bible, 103, 131, 132, 143, 221
Revising Committee, 103, 126
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 116, 131, 137, 139
Woman’s Congress in Boston, 144
Woman’s Journal, 201–2, 209, 215, 236, 242
Woman’s Press Club of New York City, 84, 134, 141, 154
Woman’s Tribune, 126
woman suffrage, 137–38, 142.
in Britain, 196
in Massachusetts, 142–43
as war measure, 237, 243, 248, 263–64, 266, 267
See also woman suffrage movement
woman suffrage movement, 30–32, 189–92, 194. African American women and, 190–91, 194–95, 213, 250–52, 255–58, 266, 271–73, 275, 279, 290–91, 296–97
Civil War and, 194–95
in doldrums, 189–90
exhibition at Smithsonian Institution, xi
federal approach, 222
map showing increasing power of women voters before passage of Nineteenth Amendment, 271
memorabilia from, 282–84
memorialization of, 296–98
racism and, 255–58, 271–73, 275, 279
state-by-state vs. federal approach, 190–91, 206–8, 213, 215, 217, 219–20, 224–29, 232, 246–47, 252, 256–57, 259, 267, 271, 275, 279
suffrage-as-war-measure argument and, 237, 243, 248, 263–64, 266, 267
See also National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA); National Woman’s Party (NWP); specific organizations
women:
autonomy of, 138–42, 144–46, 148, 218–19
consequences of Civil War and, 27–29, 194
education and, 28, 29–30, 97–98, 115, 194
equality of, 54
“fallen women,” xi–xii, 49, 115, 116, 122, 127, 137
higher education and, 97–98, 115, 194
map sho
wing increasing power of women voters before passage of Nineteenth Amendment, 271
poverty and, 89–90
in professions, 194
as teachers, 28–35
war effort and, 237–38
women officeholders, 142
See also African American women; woman suffrage movement; women’s rights movement
Women’s City Club of D.C., 293
women’s clubs, 69–70
Women’s Overseas Hospital Committee, 237–38, 260
Women’s Press Club, 198
Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York, 1848, 101, 102
women’s rights movement, xiii, 19–20, 30–31, 62–63, 302–3. See also woman suffrage movement; specific organizations
equal pay for equal work, 294–95
right to work after marriage, 294–95
women’s rights organizations, 132
women voters, map showing increasing power of women voters before passage of Nineteenth Amendment, 271
See also specific organizations
Woodhull, Victoria, 31–32, 48, 86
Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly, 48
Woolley, Helen Thompson, 180–81
World’s Columbian Exposition, 126, 128–30, 131, 133, 134
African Americans excluded from, 129
Woman’s Building, 129
World’s Congress of Representative Women, 126, 127, 128–30, 131
World War I, 226, 236–37, 240, 253, 268
end of, 268–69
war effort during, 237–38
women’s rights movement suspended during war session of Congress, 237–38
women’s war work during, 238
Wright, Frances “Fanny,” 19
Wyatt, Kate, 292
Wyeth, John A., 155, 163
Wyoming, raising of age of sexual consent in, 137
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 35
Zistel, Louis, 37
Also by Kimberly A. Hamlin
From Eve to Evolution: Darwin, Science, and Women’s
Rights in Gilded Age America
Copyright © 2020 by Kimberly A. Hamlin
All rights reserved
First Edition
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