15 House of Commons, 19 November 1975 [Vol. 901, cols 19 – 28].
16 Clark, p. 219; interview, Sir Douglas Wass.
17 Murray, p. 219.
18 Hoskyns, p. 114.
19 Lord Carrington, interviewed for The Thatcher Factor, BBC TV, 1993.
20 Ibid.
21 Walden, p. 207.
22 Lord Carrington, interviewed for The Thatcher Factor.
23 Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith (Collins, 1982), p. 113.
24 Nicholas Henderson, Mandarin: The Diary of an Ambassador (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994), p. 269 (24 May 1979).
25 Thatcher, p. 68.
26 Speech on the White House lawn,Washington, DC, 17 December 1979.
27 Henderson, p. 316; Sir Frank Cooper, interviewed for The Thatcher Factor.
28 Speech to the American Foreign Policy Association, New York, 18 December 1979.
29 Thatcher, p. 88.
30 Summary of President Carter’s telephone conversation with Mrs Thatcher, 28 December 1979 [Carter papers: vertical file – Afghanistan].
31 House of Commons, 26 June 1979 [Vol. 969, col. 289].
32 Gilmour, p. 289.
33 Alan Sked and Chris Cook, Post-War Britain:A Political History, 1945 – 1992 (Penguin, 1993), p. 376.
34 Speech at dinner for Chancellor Schmidt, 10 May 1979.
35 House of Commons, 20 March 1980 [Vol. 981, col. 636].
36 e.g. Ibid., 13 March 1979 [Vol. 964, cols 455 – 6].
37 Roy Jenkins, European Diary, 1977 – 81 (Collins, 1989), p. 466.
38 Thatcher, p. 64.
39 Walden, p. 194.
40 Jenkins, p. 479.
41 Ludovic Kennedy, On My Way to the Club (Collins, 1989), p. 354.
42 Lord Carrington, interviewed for The Thatcher Factor.
43 Winston Churchill Memorial Lecture, Luxembourg, 18 October 1979.
44 House of Commons, 25 October 1979, 20 November 1979 [Vol. 972, cols 619 – 20;Vol. 974, col. 208].
45 Jenkins, European Diary, p. 529.
46 Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (Macmillan, 1991), p. 498.
47 Jenkins, European Diary, p. 529.
48 Henderson, p. 338 (9 May 1980).
49 Jenkins, European Diary, pp. 530 – 31.
50 Ibid., p. 450.
51 House of Commons, 11 March 1980 [Vol. 980, col. 1149].
52 Conservative Party Conference, 12 October 1979.
53 House of Commons, 12 June 1979 [Vol. 968, col. 229].
54 Ibid., 13 November 1979 [Vol. 973, cols 1149 – 50].
55 Jenkins, European Diary, p. 511.
56 BBC interview, Campaign ’79, 24 April 1979.
57 Thatcher: The Downing Street Years, BBC TV, 1993.
58 Jenkins, European Diary, pp. 545 – 7.
59 Ibid., pp. 592 – 3.
60 Claude Cheysson, interviewed on The Last Europeans (Channel 4, 1995).
61 Jenkins, European Diary, p. 547.
62 Thatcher, p. 86.
63 Gilmour, pp. 292 – 4.
64 Thatcher, p. 86.
65 Gilmour, pp. 292 – 5.
66 Lawson, p. 111.
67 Jenkins, Life at the Centre, p. 500.
68 House of Commons, 15 May 1979 [Vol. 967, cols 73 – 87].
69 Thatcher, p. 73.
70 Sir Anthony Parsons, interviewed on 22 March 1996 for the British Diplomatic Oral History Project, Churchill College, Cambridge.
71 Gilmour, pp. 281 – 2.
72 Lord Carrington, interviewed for The Thatcher Factor.
73 Carrington, p. 295; Patrick Cosgrave, Thatcher: The First Term (Bodley Head, 1985), p. 81.
74 Ben Pimlott, The Queen (HarperCollins, 1996), pp. 467 – 8.
75 Interview, Sir Robin Renwick.
76 Lord Carrington, Reflect on Things Past (Collins, 1988), p. 286.
77 David Anderson, ‘Mugabe is Right about Land’, Independent, 4 May 2000.
78 Guardian, 30 August 1979.
79 The Times, 14 November 1979.
80 Conservative Party Conference, 12 October 1979.
81 The Times, 14 November 1979.
12. Heading for the Rocks
1 The Times, 12 November 1980.
2 Martin Holmes, The First Thatcher Government, 1979 – 1983 (Wheatsheaf, 1985), p. 155.
3 House of Commons, 5 July 1979 [Vol. 969, col. 1553].
4 William Keegan, Mrs Thatcher’s Economic Experiment, p. 148.
5 Ian Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, p. 24.
6 House of Commons, 26 June 1979 [Vol. 969, col. 296].
7 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 97.
8 Lawson, p. 67; Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (Macmillan, 1994), p. 155.
9 Howe, p. 163.
10 Ibid.; Lawson, p. 71; interview, Sir Peter Middleton.
11 Thatcher, p. 97.
12 House of Commons, 27 July 1981 [Vol. 9, col. 828].
13 Howe, p. 162.
14 House of Commons, 9 March 1982 [Vol. 19, col. 719].
15 Jock Bruce-Gardyne, Mrs Thatcher’s First Administration: The Prophets Confounded (Macmillan, 1984), p. 93.
16 The Times, 20 September 1980.
17 John Ranelagh, Thatcher’s People: An Insider’s Account of the Politics, the Power and the Personalities (HarperCollins, 1991), p. 227.
18 Whitehead, p. 380.
19 Hoskyns, p. 267.
20 Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (Michael Joseph, 1989), pp. 491 – 2.
21 Peter Clarke, A Question of Leadership: Gladstone to Thatcher (Hamish Hamilton, 1991), pp. 302 – 4.
22 Guardian, 26 March 1980.
23 Thatcher, p. 53.
24 House of Commons, 23 October 1979 [Vol. 972, col. 192].
25 Ibid., 30 October 1980 [Vol. 991, col. 692].
26 House of Commons, 12 June 1979 [Vol. 968, col. 230].
27 Ibid., 5 February 1981 [Vol. 998, cols 415 – 23].
28 IRN interview, 28 November 1980.
29 Lawson, p. 100.
30 House of Commons, 29 July 1980 [Vol. 989, cols 1301 – 14].
31 Conservative Party Conference, 15 October 1980.
32 John Hoskyns, interviewed for The Thatcher Factor; Ranelagh, p. 236.
33 House of Commons, 26 June 1979 [Vol. 969, col. 285].
34 Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 371.
35 House of Commons, 19 July 1979 [Vol. 970, col. 1989].
36 Guardian, 23 August 1979.
37 House of Commons, 15 May 1980 [Vol. 984, col. 1748].
38 LWT, Weekend World, 6 January 1980; House of Commons, 22 January 1980 [Vol. 977, col. 197].
39 Cockerell, p. 260.
40 House of Commons, 3 July 1980 [Vol. 987, col. 1759].
41 House of Commons, 15 May 1979 [Vol. 967, cols 73 – 87].
42 Ibid., 12 June 1979 [Vol. 968, col. 229].
43 Ibid., 19 June 1979 [Vol. 968, col. 1114].
44 Ibid., 4 November 1981 [Vol. 12, col. 23].
45 Ibid., 28 February 1980, 5 February 1981 [Vol. 998, col. 481]; 18 June 1981 [Vol. 6, col. 1175]; 30 July 1981 [Vol. 9, col. 980]; 4 February 1982 [Vol. 17, col. 539].
46 Ibid., 5 November 1981 [Vol. 12, cols 440 – 41].
47 Prior, p. 125.
48 Thatcher, pp. 114 – 15.
49 Morison Halcrow, Keith Joseph: A Single Mind (Macmillan, 1989), p. 149.
50 LWT, Weekend World, 1 February 1982.
51 House of Commons, 12 February 1982 [Vol. 998, col. 979].
52 Ibid. 10 February 1982 [Vol. 998, col. 737].
53 Thatcher, p. 141.
54 Lawson, p. 107; Howe, p. 221.
55 Thatcher, p. 132.
56 Philip Stephens, Politics and the Pound: The Tories, the Economy and Europe (Macmillan, 1996), p. 21.
57 The Times, 30 March 1981.
58 Gilmour, p. 35.
59 The Times, 13 July 1981.
60 Daily Telegraph, 11 March 1981; The Times, 11 March 1981.
61 Ranelagh, p. 2
35.
62 Conservative Central Council, Cardiff, 28 March 1981.
63 Thatcher, p. 574.
64 Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (Macmillan, 1989, 1991), p. 239.
65 Whitehead, p. 387.
66 House of Commons, 14 July 1981 [Vol. 8, cols 973 – 6].
67 Ibid., 16 July 1981 [Vol. 8, col. 1383].
68 Hoskyns, p. 301.
69 Nicholas Henderson, Mandarin, pp. 404 – 6.
70 Howe, p. 169.
71 Howe, p. 223.
72 The Times, 15 September 1981.
73 Prior, p. 173.
74 Conservative Party Conference, 14 October 1981.
75 Conservative Party Conference, 16 October 1981.
76 House of Commons, 28 October 1981 [Vol. 10, cols 881 – 7].
77 IRN interview, 31 December 1981.
13. Salvation in the South Atlantic
1 Speech in Finchley, 22 October 1982.
2 House of Commons, 2 April 1982 [Vol. 21, cols 633 – 8].
3 Peter Hennessy, The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders since 1945 (Allen Lane, 2000), p. 104.
4 Sarah Curtis (ed.), The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, Vol. 2 (Macmillan, 1999), p. 245, citing Norman Tebbit (22 February 1990).
5 Hennessy, p. 414.
6 Peter de la Billiere, Looking for Trouble (HarperCollins, 1994).
7 Speech at Conservative Party Conference, Brighton, 11 October 1978; BBC TV Panorama, 26 April 1982; House of Commons, 4 May 1982, 11 May 1982, 13 May 1982, 20 May 1982, 15 June 1982 etc.
8 Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands (Michael Joseph, 1983), p. 271.
9 Sunday Times, 7 June 1987.
10 Patrick Cosgrave, reported in The Times, 26 May 1995.
11 ITN interview, 5 April 1982.
12 Ronald Millar, From the Wings, p. 298.
13 Interview with Miriam Stoppard, Woman to Woman, Yorkshire TV, 19 November 1985.
14 Nigel West, The Secret War for the Falklands (Warner Books, 1997), p. 230.
15 Hastings and Jenkins, p.167; Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher, p. 86.
16 Caspar Weinberger, Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years at the Pentagon (Michael Joseph, 1990), p. 149.
17 Thatcher, p. 205.
18 Ibid., p. 219.
19 House of Commons, 29 April 1982 [Vol. 22, col. 981].
20 Ibid., 6 May 1982 [Vol. 23, col. 282].
21 Lord Lewin, interviewed for The Thatcher Factor.
22 Admiral ‘Sandy’ Woodward, One Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falklands Battle Group Commander (HarperCollins, 1992), pp. 148 – 63.
23 House of Commons, 4 May 1982 [Vol. 23, col. 16].
24 Thatcher, p. 215.
25 e.g. Paul Hirst, After Thatcher, p. 106.
26 Hastings and Jenkins, p. 196.
27 Interview, Lord Crickhowell; see also Lawson, pp. 126 – 7; and Hennessy, p. 420.
28 Interview, Sir John Nott.
29 House of Commons, 13 May 1982 [Vol. 23, col. 942].
30 Smith, p. 93.
31 House of Commons, 20 May 1982 [Vol. 24, cols 477 – 83].
32 Interview, Sir Frank Cooper.
33 Carol Thatcher, p. 197.
34 Andrew Thomson, Margaret Thatcher: The Woman Within (Allen Lane, 1989), pp. 174 – 8.
35 The Times, 22 May 1982.
36 Private information.
37 Thatcher, p. 230.
38 Henderson, pp. 468 – 70.
39 House of Commons, 14 June 1982 [Vol. 25, col. 700].
40 Ibid., 22 June 1982 [Vol. 26, cols 430 – 32].
41 The Times, 5 July 1982.
42 Matthew Parris, Chance Witness: An Outsider’s Life in Politics (Viking, 2002), p. 294.
43 Sked and Cook, p. 418.
44 e.g. House of Commons, 23 November 1982, 18 January 1983 [Vol. 32, col. 705;Vol. 35, col. 178]
45 Carol Thatcher, p. 201.
14. Falklands Effect
1 Daily Express, 23 July 1982.
2 BBC Radio News, 22 July 1982.
3 Daily Express, 23 July 1982.
4 The Times, 16 August 1982.
5 Daily Express, 23 July 1982.
6 House of Commons, 3 November 1982 [Vol. 31, col. 18].
7 Ibid., 10 March 1983 [Vol. 38, col. 949].
8 Ibid., 12 May 1983 [Vol. 42, col. 917].
9 Speech in Finchley, 22 October 1982.
10 Conservative Party Conference, 8 October 1982.
11 Thatcher, p. 284.
12 Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants, p. 372.
13 House of Commons, 15 May 1979 [Vol. 967, col. 81].
14 Ibid., 24 March 1983 [Vol. 39, col. 1013].
15 Ibid., 27 July 1982 [Vol. 228, col. 1226].
16 Kaufman is usually credited with the remark, but David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1983 (Macmillan, 1984) p. 62, attributes it to Shore.
17 The Times, 5 May 1980.
18 House of Commons, 5 June 1980 [Vol. 985, col. 1671].
19 Peter Hennessy, Cabinet, pp. 154 – 5.
20 Ibid., 24 July 1980 [Vol. 989, col. 761].
21 Ibid., 21 January 1982 [Vol. 16, col. 412].
22 Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher, p. 113.
23 House of Commons, 26 June 1980 [Vol. 987, col. 742].
24 Ibid., 15 July 1980 [Vol. 988, col. 1229].
25 Ibid., 25 November 1982 [Vol. 32, col. 1010].
26 Ibid., 14 December 1982 [Vol. 34, col. 121].
27 Conservative Party Conference, 10 October 1982.
28 Press conference with Chancellor Kohl, London, 4 February 1983.
29 House of Commons, 28 April 1983 [Vol. 41, col. 994].
30 Carol Thatcher, Diary, pp. 34 – 5.
31 Ibid., p. 57.
32 e.g. speech at Fleetwood, 7 June 1983.
33 Speech at George Watson’s College, Edinburgh, 31 May 1983.
34 Remarks electioneering in Norfolk, 25 May 1983; Carol Thatcher, Diary, p. 52.
35 Carol Thatcher, Diary, p. 104.
36 Ibid., p. 53.
37 Robin Day, Grand Inquisitor (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989), p. 232.
38 Cockerell, p. 282.
39 Butler and Kavanagh, p. 167.
40 Cockerell, p. 283.
41 Carol Thatcher, Diary, p. 100.
42 Butler and Kavanagh, pp. 112 – 13.
43 Thomson, p. 80.
44 Butler and Kavanagh, p. 160.
45 Ibid., p. 296.
46 Francis Pym, The Politics of Consent (Hamish Hamilton, 1984), p. ix.
47 Thatcher, p. 309.
15. Popular Capitalism
1 The Times, 16 June 1983.
2 IRN interview, 28 July 1983.
3 Sunday Express, 16 October 1983, cited in Sara Keays, A Question of Judgment (Quintessential Press, 1985), p. 219.
4 Alan Clark, Diaries, pp. 37 – 8 (1 September 1983).
5 John Major, The Autobiography (HarperCollins, 1999), p. 108.
6 Interview with John Cole, BBC, 27 May 1983.
7 House of Commons, 31 January 1984 [Vol. 53, col.138].
8 Thatcher, p. 673.
9 Sked and Cook, p. 474.
10 House of Commons, 31 July 1984 [Vol. 65, col. 248].
11 Clark, p. 109 (24 April 1985).
12 e.g. Observer, 1 July 1990, cited in Tyler, p. 53n., though Tyler thinks she never actually said it.
13 Conservative Party Conference, Brighton, 12 October 1984.
14 William Keegan, Mr Lawson’s Gamble (Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), p. 140.
15 Ibid., p. 158.
16 The Times, 15 May 1985.
17 Thatcher, p. 418.
18 William Keegan, Mrs Thatcher’s Economic Experiment (Penguin, 1984), p. 139.
19 Speech at Conservative Party Conference, 11 October 1985.
20 Lady Thatcher, interviewed on Thatcher: The Downing Street Years.
21 Lawson, p. 499.
22 Nigel Lawson, inte
rviewed on Thatcher: The Downing Street Years.
23 Lawson, p. 500.
24 Interview on The Jimmy Young Programme, BBC Radio 2, 26 February 1986.
25 Sked and Cook, p. 476.
26 Keegan, pp. 182 – 3; Christopher Johnson, The Economy under Mrs Thatcher, 1979 – 1990 (Penguin, 1991), pp. 11 – 14.
27 Keegan, pp. 136 – 40.
28 Wyatt, Vol. 1, p. 242 (9 December 1986).
29 Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945 – 1990 (HarperCollins, 1996), p. 532.
30 Lawson, p. 224.
31 Interview on The Jimmy Young Programme, BBC Radio 2, 26 February 1986.
32 Speech to the Conservative Central Council, Felixstowe, 15 March 1986.
33 Thatcher, p. 600.
34 Simon Jenkins, Accountable to None: The Tory Nationalisation of Britain (Hamish Hamilton, 1995), p. 179.
35 Lawson, p. 211.
36 John Redwood in Iain Dale (ed.), Memories of Maggie, p. 102.
37 Lawson, p. 222.
38 John Redwood, loc. cit.
39 Annual Register, 1985, p. 28; Annual Register, 1984, p. 21.
40 George Grimstone, a Treasury official, interviewed on The Great Sell-Off , BBC TV, 26 January 1997.
41 Annual Register, 1986, p. 22.
42 Ibid.
43 The Times, 9 November 1985.
44 Ibid., 15 November 1985.
45 Speech at the Conservative Party Conference, 13 October 1989.
46 Thatcher, p. 482.
47 Conservative Party Conference, 13 October 1989.
48 Speech to mid-Bedfordshire Conservatives, 30 April 1982.
49 Conservative Party Conference, 12 October 1984.
16. Iron Lady I: Special relationships
1 Speech in Finchley, 22 October 1982.
2 Thatcher, p. 487.
3 Speech to mid-Bedfordshire Conservatives, 30 April 1982.
4 David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century (Longman, 1991), p. 256.
5 Raymond Seitz, Over Here (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), p. 278.
6 Charles Powell in Dale, pp. 39 – 40.
7 Charles Powell, interviewed on The Last Europeans.
8 Sir Anthony Parsons, interviewed for the British Diplomatic Oral History Project, Churchill College, Cambridge.
9 Sir Percy Cradock, In Pursuit of British Interests: Reflections on Foreign Policy under Margaret Thatcher and John Major (John Murray, 1997), p. 14.
10 Sked and Cook, p. 504.
11 Ibid.
The Iron Lady Page 68