by David Hill
2. THE BOTANY BAY DECISION
1 Journal of the House of Commons, Public Records Office, RB F342.4206/1. See also Currey.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 De Brosses.
6 Banks, April–May 1770.
7 The Guardian, which was sent to New South Wales in 1790, was to have sheds installed on the instruction of King George III, following representations from Banks.
8 George III, Vol. 6.
9 James Maria Matra, ‘A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in NSW to Atone for the Loss of the American Colonies’, 23 August 1783, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Matra Note, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
13 UK National Archives HO47/3 Pt 5.
14 Journal of the House of Commons, Vol. 40, Col. 1161, 20 April 1785.
15 Letter from Auden to Sydney, 13 January 1785, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
16 Sir George Young’s Plan, 13 January 1785, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
17 Ibid.
18 Annual Register 1786, Vol. 28.
19 Manning Clark.
20 Letter from Sydney to the Treasury, 18 August 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
21 Manning Clark.
22 Letter from Sydney to the Treasury, 18 August 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
23 Ibid.
24 Parliamentary Register, 23 January 1787, Vol. 26.
25 The Times, 21 October 1786.
3. ARTHUR PHILLIP
1 McIntyre.
2 Ibid.
3 Mackaness.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 London Observer, 15 December 1793.
8 McIntyre.
9 Ibid.
10 The story was recorded by Mackaness. McIntyre says that if it happened, it was likely to be during the transfer of prisoners between Rio de Janeiro and Colonia.
11 McIntyre.
12 Spain.
13 Letter from Howe to Sydney, 3 September 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
14 Royal Australian Historical Society Journal.
15 Phillip’s Views on the Conduct of the Expedition and the Treatment of Convicts, February 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
4. PREPARATION FOR THE VOYAGE
1 Letter from Sydney to the Treasury, 18 August 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
2 Ibid.
3 Letter from Sydney to the Admiralty, 31 August 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
4 Heads of a Plan, 18 August 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
5 Estimates of Ordnance Stores, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
6 Heads of a Plan, 18 August 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Phillip’s Instructions, 25 April 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
10 Heads of a Plan, 18 August 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
11 Governor Phillip’s First Commission, 12 October 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
12 From the mid-eighteenth century ships of the Royal Navy were rated into six categories according to the number of cannons or guns that they carried. The largest of the warships, first rate, carried a hundred or more guns; second rate eighty-four; third rate seventy; fourth rate fifty; fifth rate thirty-two; and sixth rate thirty-one guns or fewer.
13 Letter from the Admiralty to Sydney, 12 October 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
14 The wale, or gunwale/gunnel, is the top ridge on the side of a ship.
15 Philip Gidley King.
16 Ibid.
17 Hunter.
18 The Times, 31 October 1786.
19 Philip Gidley King.
20 The Times, 14 September 1786.
21 Letter from Middleton to Nepean, 11 December 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
22 Return of the Botany Bay Detachment of Marines and Return of the Male, Female and Children Convicts Embarked for Botany Bay, 15 April 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
23 Letter from Rose to Stephens, 21 October 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
24 Letter from Walshe to Sydney (undated but thought to be written at the end of 1787), HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
25 Bateson.
26 Ibid.
27 ‘Rations provided for the marines during their passage to Botany Bay’, in a letter from the Admiralty to Sydney, 21 November 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
28 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 11 April 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
29 Letter from the Admiralty to Sydney, 21 November 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
5. THE CONVICTS
1 Based on the records of convictions of the First Fleet convicts. See Cobley.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Tench, Expedition, Ch. I.
7 See www.oldbaileyonline.org, ref: t17830910-41.
8 Ibid.
9 Cobley.
10 Ibid.
11 See www.oldbaileyonline.org, ref: t17860222-131.
12 See www.oldbaileyonline.org, ref: t17831210-19.
13 Ibid.
14 Holden.
15 Nicol.
16 See www.oldbaileyonline.org, ref: t17840114-40.
6. PORTSMOUTH
1 London Chronicle, 28 September 1786.
2 Ibid.
3 The Times, 19 October 1786.
4 Ibid., 11 October 1786.
5 Ibid., 21 October 1786.
6 Ibid., 29 December 1786.
7 Hunter.
8 The Times, 2 March 1787.
9 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 11 January 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
10 White, March 1787.
11 Ibid.
12 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 18 March 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
13 Ibid.
14 Letter from Ross to Stephens, 13 April 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
15 Letter from Ross to Nepean, 14 March 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
16 Letter from Ross to Stephens, 9 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
17 The Times, 21 December 1786.
18 Bowes Smyth, April 1787.
19 Ibid.
20 Tench, Expedition, Ch. I.
21 The Times, 23 October 1786.
22 Letter from White to Nepean, 27 February 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
23 Philip Gidley King.
24 Nagle.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Nagle (Dann (ed.)).
28 See Lambert.
29 Ibid.
30 Ralph Clark, May 1787.
31 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 11 April 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
32 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 4 January 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
33 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 12 March 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
34 Letter from Sydney to Phillip, 20 April 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
35 Letter from Ross to Nepean, 27 April 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
36 Memorial from the Marines, 7 May 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
37 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 2 December 1786, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
38 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 8 May 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
39 Letter from Sydney to Phillip, 5 May 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
40 Letter from Phillip to Stephens, 12 May 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
41 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
42 Ibid.
43 Philip Gidley King.
44 White, May 1787.
45 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 11 May 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
46 Mackaness.
7. THE VOYAGE
1 Nagle.
2 Tench, Expedition, Ch. II.
3 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
4 White, May 1787.
5 Hunter.
6 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
7 Ralph Clark, 16 May 1787.
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8 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 20 May 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
9 Ibid.
10 Hunter.
11 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 5 June 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
12 Nagle.
13 White, May 1787.
14 Ibid., June 1787.
15 Hunter.
16 White, June 1787.
17 The others included Robert Ross, John Hunter, Philip Gidley King, John White, David Collins and marine officers James Campbell and Watkin Tench.
18 Philip Gidley King.
19 Tench, Expedition, Ch. III.
20 White, June 1787.
21 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 5 June 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
22 Hunter.
23 Letter from Johnson to Fricker, 30 May–8 June 1788, in Johnson.
24 Nagle.
25 Hunter.
26 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 2 September 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
27 Scott, June–July 1787.
28 White, June 1787.
29 Ralph Clark, July 1787.
30 White, June 1787.
31 Ibid., July 1787.
32 O’Reilly.
33 White, July 1787.
34 Ralph Clark, July 1787.
35 Ibid., August 1787.
36 Ibid., September 1787.
37 Cobley.
38 Hunter.
39 Ralph Clark, September 1787.
40 White, July 1787.
41 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
42 Ibid.
43 Phillip.
44 Hunter.
45 Ibid.
46 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 2 September 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
47 Letter from Phillip to Stephens, 2 September 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
48 Mackaness.
49 Nagle.
50 Bowes Smyth, August 1787.
51 White, August 1787.
52 Bowes Smyth, August 1787.
53 White, August 1787.
54 Ibid.
55 Bowes Smyth, August 1787.
56 Nagle.
57 White, August 1787.
58 Cobley.
59 Hunter.
60 White, August 1787.
61 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
62 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 2 September 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
63 Ibid.
64 Letter from Ross to Stephens, 10 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
65 Scott, June 1790.
66 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 2 September 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
8. LEAVING CIVILISATION
1 White, September 1787.
2 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 2 September 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
3 Easty, September 1787.
4 Bowes Smyth, September 1787.
5 White, September 1787.
6 Ralph Clark, September 1787.
7 Philip Gidley King.
8 Bowes Smyth, October 1787.
9 Nagle.
10 Ralph Clark, October 1787.
11 White, October 1787.
12 Hunter.
13 Letter from Phillip to Stephens, 10 November 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
14 Phillip.
15 Bowes Smyth, October 1787.
16 White, October 1787.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid., November 1787.
20 Ibid., October 1787.
21 Ibid.
22 Letter from Southwell to his uncle, 12 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
23 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
24 White, November 1787.
25 Worgan, Letter.
26 White, November 1787.
27 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
28 Ibid.
29 Ralph Clark, November 1787.
30 White, November 1787.
31 Ibid.
32 Ralph Clark, November 1787.
33 Philip Gidley King.
34 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 1 March 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
35 Letter from Nepean to Phillip, 27 April 1787, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
36 Letter from Sydney to the Admiralty, 5 May 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
37 Philip Gidley King.
38 Easty, November 1787.
39 Philip Gidley King.
40 Ibid.
41 Hunter.
42 Ibid.
43 White, December 1787.
44 Scott, December 1787.
45 Bowes Smyth, January 1788.
46 Letter from Newton Fowell to John Fowell, 12 July 1788, in Fowell.
47 Hunter.
48 Bowes Smyth, January 1788.
49 White, January 1788.
50 Bowes Smyth, January 1788.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
9. ARRIVAL
1 Philip Gidley King.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Bowes Smyth, January 1788.
5 Ibid.
6 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
7 Cook, April 1770.
8 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
9 Tench, Expedition, Ch. VIII.
10 Bowes Smyth, January 1788.
11 White, January 1788.
12 James Cook named Port Jackson in honour of Sir George Jackson (1725–1827), a member of parliament, the judge advocate of the fleet and a friend and patron of Cook’s. Cook was also to name Jackson Head and Jackson Bay on the south island of New Zealand after him.
13 Cook, May 1770.
14 Nagle.
15 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
16 Phillip.
17 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
18 White, January 1788.
19 Ibid.
20 Tench, Expedition, Ch. VIII.
21 Worgan, Journal (January 20–July 11, 1788).
22 Philip Gidley King.
23 Ibid.
24 Worgan, Journal (January 20–July 11, 1788).
25 Ralph Clark, January 1788.
26 Ibid.
27 Bowes Smyth, January 1788.
28 Bradley, January 1788.
10. STRUGGLE
1 White, January 1788.
2 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
3 Ibid.
4 Tench, Expedition, Ch. IX.
5 Worgan, Letter.
6 Scott, January 1788.
7 Worgan, Journal (January 20–July 11, 1788).
8 Bowes Smyth, February 1788.
9 Tench, Expedition, Ch. IX.
10 Ralph Clark, February 1788.
11 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
12 Ibid.
13 Bowes Smyth, February 1788.
14 White, February 1788.
15 Ralph Clark, February 1788.
16 Philip Gidley King.
17 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
18 Philip Gidley King.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Hunter.
22 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
23 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 9 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
24 Worgan, Journal (January 20–July 11, 1788).
25 Ralph Clark, February 1788.
26 Tench, Settlement, Ch. XVII.
27 Ibid.
28 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
29 Tench, Settlement, Ch. IV.
30 White, March 1788.
31 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
32 Ibid.
33 White, March 1788.
34 Opinion of Joseph Banks, 14 May 1789, HRNSW (Banks Papers), Vol. 1, Pt 2.
35 White, March 1788.
36 Phillip’s Instructions, 25 April 178
7, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
37 Tench, Expedition, Ch. XIII.
38 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 Small.
42 Tench, Settlement, Ch. XIII.
43 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
44 Ibid.
45 Worgan, Journal (January 20–July 11, 1788).
46 Sydney Gazette, 4 April 1804.
47 Worgan, Letter.
48 Ibid.
49 Tench, Settlement, Ch. I.
50 Ibid., Ch. XIX.
51 White, August 1788.
52 Nicol.
53 Tench, Settlement, Ch. XVIII.
54 White, March 1788.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Collins, English Colony in New South Wales.
58 Davis.
11. FRICTION IN THE SETTLEMENT
1 Tench, Settlement, Ch. XVIII.
2 White, March 1788.
3 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 9 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
4 Tench, Expedition, Ch. XVI.
5 Letter from Phillip to Lord Sydney, 28 September 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
6 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 9 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
7 Ibid.
8 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 15 April 1790, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
9 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
10 Ibid.
11 Phillip’s Instructions, 25 April 1787, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
12 Philip Gidley King.
13 ‘Government of Norfolk Island’, letter from Phillip to King, 12 February 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
14 Ball named the island after Viscount Richard Howe, who was first lord of the Admiralty.
15 Philip Gidley King.
16 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 15 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
17 Letter from Phillip to Nepean, 9 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
18 Ibid.
19 Letter from Ross to Stephens, 10 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
20 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 28 September 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
21 Tench, Expedition, Ch. XVII.
22 Extract from an unsigned letter written by an officer of the marines, dated Port Jackson, 18 November 1788 and included in the Joseph Banks Papers, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
23 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 30 October 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
24 Letter from Ross to Nepean, 16 November 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
25 Letter from Ross to Stephens, 10 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
26 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 16 May 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
27 Letter from Ross to Stephens, 10 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
28 Ibid.
29 Collins, Papers.
30 Letter from Collins to Nepean, 15 November 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.
31 Letter from Clark to Campbell, 10 February 1791, in Ralph Clark.
12. THE FLEET GOES HOME
1 Tench, Settlement, Ch. II.
2 Letter from Phillip to Sydney, 9 July 1788, HRNSW, Vol. 1, Pt 2.