weight of, 266
and West Amesbury, see Bluestonehenge
see also dolerite; Preseli hills; rhyolite; Stonehenge
bog bodies, 201
Boles Barrow bluestone boulder, 272
bone pins and ornaments, 58, 66, 154, 205, 345, 346, 349, 350
bone points, 66, 154
bone skewer pins, 319, 321
bone tools, 58, 117, 225; see also antler picks
Booth, Mr. 159
Bascombe Down, 214
“boy with the amber necklace,” 214
Bradley, Richard, 145, 245
Bray, Peter, 125
Brecon Beacons, 265, 290, 325
British Geological Survey, 269
British Hedgehog Society, 237
Brittany, 20, 332
Brodgar, Ness of, 99, 107, 324, 325
Brodgar, Ring of, 99, 323, 324
Bronze Age, 4, 19, 40, 286
Beaker pottery from, see Beaker people
“bling” from, as exhibited in National Museum of Ireland, 350
Early, 54, 85, 143, 148, 152, 154, 163, 196, 218, 233, 261, 282, 311
flint worked during, 134, 236
Late, pig figurine from, 236, 237
Late, three infants buried during, 236
Middle, 163, 236, 237, 311
Neolithic to, transition between, 123, 344
pottery from, 54, 77, 148, 237, 238, 261
and Stonehenge’s new sequence, see Stonehenge’s new sequence
Brynberian valley, 289
Buckingham, Duke of, 28, 132, 313
Buckley, Dave, 88
Bulford (Tor) Stone, 150, 151
Burial Act 1857, 173, 174
Burl, Aubrey, 13, 279, 283, 353
Bush Barrow, 204, 209, 347, 349, 351
C
Caesar, Julius, 177
Calanais, 325, 353
“California Dave,” see Robinson, David
Card, Nick, 325, 329
Carmarthen, 290
Carn Brea, 329
Carn Breseb, 287
Carn Ddafad-las, 287
Carn Goedog, 265, 275, 283, 284, 285, 289
Carn Menyn (Meini), 265, 275, 276, 277, 281
Carreg Coetan, 289
Carreg Samson, 20, 326
Carson, Peter, 180
Casswell, Chris, 253
Castell Mawr, 287
cattle, 15, 25, 119, 120, 121, 139, 145, 148, 158, 161, 197, 215, 247, 275, 289, 327, 339, 352
and Beaker people, as center of culture and economy of, 215
domestic, arrival of, 18
at Durrington Walls, 119, 120, 159, 339
milk from, 126, 214
skulls, 30, 31, 139, 145, 197
causewayed enclosures, 16, 139, 194, 247, 275, 282, 296
intervening period between circular burial enclosures and, 323
see also Robin Hood’s Ball
“Celtic fields,” 238
Chalcolithic period, see Copper Age
chalk plaques, 227, 227, 228
Chamberlain, Andrew, 118, 199, 204, 211, 256, 283, 289
Chan, Ben, 123, 249
Channel 5, 252
charcoal, 30, 105, 135, 158, 159, 160, 170, 171, 229, 276, 305, 306, 312, 323
and cremations, 190, 200
from pine, 141, 317
Childe, Vere Gordon, 13
Christie, Patricia, 141
chronology of Stonehenge, see Stonehenge: radiocarbon dating; Stonehenge’s new sequence
Chubb, Cecil, 36
Churchill, Winston, 12
Clark, Chris, 269, 270
Clatford, 296, 298, 299, 301
Devil’s Den at, 298
Cleal, Ros, 42, 43, 44, 108, 128, 185
closed-chamber tombs, 20
Coldrum, 20, 326
Collared Urns, 149, 149, 153
Colne valley, 319
Colt Hoare, Sir Richard, 2, 33, 154, 204, 261, 351
Coneybury, 25, 95, 151, 226, 229, 335
Cook, Capt. James, 137
Copper Age (Chalcolithic), 4, 123, 196, 223, 282, 344, 346
axes from, 124, 124
and Beaker people, see main entry
flint worked during, 134
and Stonehenge’s new sequence, see Stonehenge’s new sequence
copper tools, 124
earliest, 16
Cotswolds, 153, 328
Council of British Druid Orders, 173
Cox Willis, Christie, 199, 200, 202
Craig Rhosyfelin, 283, 284, 286, 288, 289
Cranborne Chase, 126, 144, 158, 164, 319, 348
Crawford, O. G. S., 216
cremation burials
from Aubrey Hole No. 7, 167, 172, 173, 181, 187, 189, 192, 199, 200
from Aubrey Hole No. 32, 184
at Bulford, 152
Early Bronze Age, 152, 261
Hawley’s discovery of, 38, 167, 172, 181
known number of, at Stonehenge, 193
and radiocarbon dating, 200, 202
at Stonehenge, 6, 167, 181, 187, 199, 309, 310, 317, 343
at Woodhenge, 196, 339
see also Aubrey Holes: No. 7
cremation enclosures, 316, 343
map of, 320
Crickley Hill, 328
crop circles, 244n
Cuckoo Stone, 93, 147, 155, 223
Biconical Urn found at, 149
Collared Urns found at, 149, 149, 153
Roman reuse of area around, 150
Cueva de Menga, 332
Cunnington, Maud, 83, 94, 160, 181, 182, 196, 259, 336
Cunnington, William, 32, 131, 182, 261, 272
cursuses, 319, 323
barrows’ relationship with, 145
Dorset, 144
Greater, 59, 138, 140, 262
Lesser, 141, 144, 145, 228
number of, in Britain, 144
D
Danes, 176
Daniel, Glyn, 47
Darvill, Tim, 166, 171, 280, 303, 343
and bluestones’ movement, theory concerning, 278
dating announcements by Wainwright and, 303
and glacial-movement theory, 275
new chronology of Stonehenge worked on by, 307
Darwin, Charles, 34, 305
Dawn of European Civilization, The (Childe), 13
dendrochronology, 21
Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 50, 166
Destiny, Stone of, 274
Devil’s Den, 298, 299
Diodorus Siculus, 353
Diviciacus, 178
DNA analysis, 5, 18, 19, 23, 176, 200, 211, 319, 328
dolerite, 27, 229, 263, 267, 271, 275, 282, 283, 284
easy flaking of, 280
hammerstones of, 278
Donaldson, Peter (“Pedro”), 89, 104
Dorchester-on-Thames, 181, 183, 319, 322
Dover, Mark, 250
Downes, Jane, 323
Drewett, Peter, 88, 285
druids, Iron Age, 176, 178
Roman slaughter of, 179
Druids, present-day, 172, 173, 175, 180
see also Pagans
Duggleby Howe, 195, 321, 323
Dunn, Peter, 297
Durrington, 3
ax found at, 22
Durrington Walls
ancient-monument status of, 56
avenue at, 7, 14, 55, 63, 70, 77, 79, 92, 93, 96, 101, 109, 110, 116, 126, 155, 156, 157, 162, 183, 246, 339, 342, 345
Beaker pottery from, 117
beginnings of, calculated, 110
Britain’s largest excavation at, 53
chalk lost from, 72
construction of ditch and bank at, 4
ditch at, 112, 113, 116, 125, 126
ditch at, dug in segments, 113
ditched enclosures at, 100
earthworks at, limited visibility of, 3
faunal remains from, 102, 103, 118, 119, 126, 197, 342
first mapping of, 2
flint saws a
bsent from, 159
habitation of, calculated, 110
houses at, 3, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 92, 96, 98, 104, 109, 286, 335, 336, 340, 342, 343; see also Durrington Walls: as settlement
houses at, lack of evidence for, pre-Riverside Project, 6
as hub of elaborate social network, 121
human remains from, 63, 65, 93, 118, 196, 197, 200, 242
impressive size of, 4
Iron Age reuse of, 353
mechanical diggers used at, 86, 113
Millmead and Woodlands finds compared with, 159
and Neolithic labor organization, 115
Neolithic pits unearthed at, 62, 63
Northern and Southern Circles at, see Northern Circle; Southern Circle
oblique arrowheads from, 66
plans of, 57, 78
plant remains from, 122, 126
pottery from, 53, 54
questions over tools used at, 123
radiocarbon dating of, 5, 110, 117
reuse of natural feature at, 246
as settlement of Stonehenge builders, 3, 109
and solstices, alignment on, 246
and Stonehenge, Avon provides link between, 7, 10, 14, 50, 55
Stonehenge contrasted with, in terms of burials, 197
Stonehenge not separate from, 3
three centuries’ use of, 117
Western Enclosures at, 57, 94, 100, 104, 105
see also Stonehenge; Woodhenge
E
earth’s axis, tilt in, 48n
earthworms, 77, 218
Darwin’s work concerning, 34, 305
ability of, to move objects, 35, 305
Edward I of England, 273
Egypt, ancient, 12, 323
English Heritage, 42, 45, 52, 62, 103, 172, 176, 300, 310
Advisory Committee (EHAC), 166
Environment Agency, 61, 162
Evans, Arthur, 13
Evans, Jane, 120
Evans, John, 39, 220, 239, 242, 294, 304
F
Fargo Plantation, 94, 198, 229, 261, 264, 350
farmers, prehistoric, 16, 76, 164, 236, 289, 341
and arrowheads, 66
and Bronze Age increase in intensity of farming, 163
earliest evidence of, in Britain, 23
erection of monuments associated with, 135
genetic diversity among, 328
immigrant, 23, 326
in Iron Age, visible evidence of, 72
sedentary, Middle Bronze Age, 237
territory claimed by, 137
woodland clearance by, 164, 290
Farrer, Percy, 104, 140, 196
faunal remains, 63, 93, 118, 119, 126
bear, 158
beaver, 25
cattle, 23, 119, 120, 157, 327
deer, 24, 25, 197
dog, 66, 150, 159, 161, 197, 226
fish, 159
fox, 159, 197
horse, 345
ox, 145
pig, 25, 102, 103, 108, 119, 126, 158, 161, 197, 230, 305
sheep, 159
wild cat, 197
wolf, 161, 197
see also Durrington Walls: faunal remains from
Field, Dave, 301
Fitzpatrick, Andrew209
Flagstones, 315, 317, 321
Flinders Petrie, Sir William, 13, 23n, 33, 36, 38, 217, 254, 260
flint
arrowheads made of, 15, 20, 64, 64, 65, 67, 76, 77, 115, 119, 134, 153, 158, 159, 187, 195, 206, 209, 220, 223, 227, 233, 236, 276
changes in technology concerning, 134
phallus made of, 66, 68, 68
flint tools, 4, 15, 58, 62, 63, 134, 233, 246
Foel Trigarn, 276
foot, long, 257, 260, 338
foot, Roman, 254, 260
foot, short, 257, 259, 260, 338
Formation of Vegetable Mould . . . (Darwin), 35
Foster, Norman, 314
France, 19
French, Charly, 77, 111, 156, 164, 242, 244
G
Gaffney, Chris, 234
Gaffney, Vince, 234
Gale, John, 348
Garn Turne, 331
Garwood, Paul, 235, 237
Gate Ditch, 238
Gehry, Frank, 316
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 278, 280, 312
geophysical surveys, 7, 51, 52, 58, 80, 89, 105, 113, 218, 224, 236, 242, 246, 262, 277, 286, 288, 299
anomaly uncovered by, 70
at Durrington Walls, 100, 103, 105, 113
and English Heritage, 56
magnetometer, 56, 62, 101, 114, 217, 232, 234, 242, 261, 262
radar, 89, 217, 246, 261
Gherkin, 314
“ghost-catchers,” 103 n
Giant’s Ring/Dance, 279
Gibson, Alex, 321, 327, 335
Gildas, 312
Giza pyramids, 333
glacial erratics, 269, 274
see also bluestones: glacial transportation of, speculation on
Glastonbury, 270, 274
Göbekli Tepe, 137
“god-dolly,” 21, 68
Gors Fawr, 277
Gowland, William, 35, 36, 38, 130, 188, 250
GPS, 58, 234
Graig Lwyd, 159, 271
grave goods, 206
with Amesbury Archer, 209, 210
Beaker period, 124, 195, 206, 209, 210, 304
Bronze Age, 149
from Bulford, 152
from Bush Barrow, 204, 349, 351
from Duggleby Howe, 195
from Llandegai, 316
Neolithic, 194, 201
with Stonehenge Archer, 195, 304
with Stonehenge cremations, 204, 205
from Upton Lovell, 154
great trilithon (Stones 55, 56, and 156), 31, 35, 48, 128, 131, 188, 255, 292, 331, 335, 336, 345
pit dug into side of, 310
Green, Christopher, 269
Green, Martin, 145, 319, 320
Grooved Ware, 54, 55, 77, 105, 115, 117, 158, 227, 318, 330
and bear bones, 158
grooved cordons applied to, 159
Scottish origin of, 99, 330
spiral patterns in, 115
Group VIII rhyolite source, 289
GT Frontline, 246
Guggenheim Museum, 316
H
Hambledon Hill, 139, 328
hammerstones, 35, 187, 243, 250, 278, 293
Harding, Phil, 112, 124
Hardy, Thomas, 6n, 317, 318
Harold, King, 6n
Harvey, William, 30
Hawkins, Gerald, 46, 78
Hawley, Lt.-Col. William, 36, 37, 41n, 43, 107, 167, 181, 182, 187, 192, 199, 201, 203, 250
cremation burials missed by, 193, 200
Hayward, Rev., 31
Hecateus of Abdera, 353
Heel Stone, 40, 48, 96, 243, 247, 293, 310
Hembury, 329
“henge,” discussed, 4
Henry of Huntingdon, 353
High Lea Farm, 348
Highways Agency, 231, 232
Hill, John, 255
Hill, Patrick, 296
Hindwell, 327
Historia Anglorum (Henry of Huntingdon), 353
History of the Kings of Britain (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 278, 312
horses, 15, 206, 297, 345
Horton, 195, 319
houses, see Durrington Walls: houses; Southern Circle: D-shaped building; Stonehenge: house
Hoyle, Fred, 46, 48
human remains
from Durrington Walls, 63, 65, 89, 93, 118, 196, 197, 200, 242
from Stonehenge, excavation of and questions concerning, 10, 14, 85, 173, 179, 185, 188, 236, 312, 343
from Stonehenge, possibly drawn from an elite, 201
from Stonehenge, selection of, for dating, 202
see also Aubrey Holes: No. 7; cremation burials; grave goods; radiocarbon dating
Huns, 212
hunter-gatherers, 17, 18, 19, 21, 66, 122, 163, 17
6, 230
invisible mortuary rites of, 194
and monuments, 136
I
Ice Age, last, 19, 63, 163
Iraq, 18
Ireland
copper mines in, 124
macehead from, 204
National Museum of, 350
Neolithic pottery from, 20
post circles in, 335
Iron Age, 64, 72, 234, 238, 286
Stonehenge—A New Understanding: Solving the Mysteries of the Greatest Stone Age Monument Page 43