Stonehenge—A New Understanding: Solving the Mysteries of the Greatest Stone Age Monument

  weight of, 266

  and West Amesbury, see Bluestonehenge

  see also dolerite; Preseli hills; rhyolite; Stonehenge

  bog bodies, 201

  Boles Barrow bluestone boulder, 272

  bone pins and ornaments, 58, 66, 154, 205, 345, 346, 349, 350

  bone points, 66, 154

  bone skewer pins, 319, 321

  bone tools, 58, 117, 225; see also antler picks

  Booth, Mr. 159

  Bascombe Down, 214

  “boy with the amber necklace,” 214

  Bradley, Richard, 145, 245

  Bray, Peter, 125

  Brecon Beacons, 265, 290, 325

  British Geological Survey, 269

  British Hedgehog Society, 237

  Brittany, 20, 332

  Brodgar, Ness of, 99, 107, 324, 325

  Brodgar, Ring of, 99, 323, 324

  Bronze Age, 4, 19, 40, 286

  Beaker pottery from, see Beaker people

  “bling” from, as exhibited in National Museum of Ireland, 350

  Early, 54, 85, 143, 148, 152, 154, 163, 196, 218, 233, 261, 282, 311

  flint worked during, 134, 236

  Late, pig figurine from, 236, 237

  Late, three infants buried during, 236

  Middle, 163, 236, 237, 311

  Neolithic to, transition between, 123, 344

  pottery from, 54, 77, 148, 237, 238, 261

  and Stonehenge’s new sequence, see Stonehenge’s new sequence

  Brynberian valley, 289

  Buckingham, Duke of, 28, 132, 313

  Buckley, Dave, 88

  Bulford (Tor) Stone, 150, 151

  Burial Act 1857, 173, 174

  Burl, Aubrey, 13, 279, 283, 353

  Bush Barrow, 204, 209, 347, 349, 351

  C

  Caesar, Julius, 177

  Calanais, 325, 353

  “California Dave,” see Robinson, David

  Card, Nick, 325, 329

  Carmarthen, 290

  Carn Brea, 329

  Carn Breseb, 287

  Carn Ddafad-las, 287

  Carn Goedog, 265, 275, 283, 284, 285, 289

  Carn Menyn (Meini), 265, 275, 276, 277, 281

  Carreg Coetan, 289

  Carreg Samson, 20, 326

  Carson, Peter, 180

  Casswell, Chris, 253

  Castell Mawr, 287

  cattle, 15, 25, 119, 120, 121, 139, 145, 148, 158, 161, 197, 215, 247, 275, 289, 327, 339, 352

  and Beaker people, as center of culture and economy of, 215

  domestic, arrival of, 18

  at Durrington Walls, 119, 120, 159, 339

  milk from, 126, 214

  skulls, 30, 31, 139, 145, 197

  causewayed enclosures, 16, 139, 194, 247, 275, 282, 296

  intervening period between circular burial enclosures and, 323

  see also Robin Hood’s Ball

  “Celtic fields,” 238

  Chalcolithic period, see Copper Age

  chalk plaques, 227, 227, 228

  Chamberlain, Andrew, 118, 199, 204, 211, 256, 283, 289

  Chan, Ben, 123, 249

  Channel 5, 252

  charcoal, 30, 105, 135, 158, 159, 160, 170, 171, 229, 276, 305, 306, 312, 323

  and cremations, 190, 200

  from pine, 141, 317

  Childe, Vere Gordon, 13

  Christie, Patricia, 141

  chronology of Stonehenge, see Stonehenge: radiocarbon dating; Stonehenge’s new sequence

  Chubb, Cecil, 36

  Churchill, Winston, 12

  Clark, Chris, 269, 270

  Clatford, 296, 298, 299, 301

  Devil’s Den at, 298

  Cleal, Ros, 42, 43, 44, 108, 128, 185

  closed-chamber tombs, 20

  Coldrum, 20, 326

  Collared Urns, 149, 149, 153

  Colne valley, 319

  Colt Hoare, Sir Richard, 2, 33, 154, 204, 261, 351

  Coneybury, 25, 95, 151, 226, 229, 335

  Cook, Capt. James, 137

  Copper Age (Chalcolithic), 4, 123, 196, 223, 282, 344, 346

  axes from, 124, 124

  and Beaker people, see main entry

  flint worked during, 134

  and Stonehenge’s new sequence, see Stonehenge’s new sequence

  copper tools, 124

  earliest, 16

  Cotswolds, 153, 328

  Council of British Druid Orders, 173

  Cox Willis, Christie, 199, 200, 202

  Craig Rhosyfelin, 283, 284, 286, 288, 289

  Cranborne Chase, 126, 144, 158, 164, 319, 348

  Crawford, O. G. S., 216

  cremation burials

  from Aubrey Hole No. 7, 167, 172, 173, 181, 187, 189, 192, 199, 200

  from Aubrey Hole No. 32, 184

  at Bulford, 152

  Early Bronze Age, 152, 261

  Hawley’s discovery of, 38, 167, 172, 181

  known number of, at Stonehenge, 193

  and radiocarbon dating, 200, 202

  at Stonehenge, 6, 167, 181, 187, 199, 309, 310, 317, 343

  at Woodhenge, 196, 339

  see also Aubrey Holes: No. 7

  cremation enclosures, 316, 343

  map of, 320

  Crickley Hill, 328

  crop circles, 244n

  Cuckoo Stone, 93, 147, 155, 223

  Biconical Urn found at, 149

  Collared Urns found at, 149, 149, 153

  Roman reuse of area around, 150

  Cueva de Menga, 332

  Cunnington, Maud, 83, 94, 160, 181, 182, 196, 259, 336

  Cunnington, William, 32, 131, 182, 261, 272

  cursuses, 319, 323

  barrows’ relationship with, 145

  Dorset, 144

  Greater, 59, 138, 140, 262

  Lesser, 141, 144, 145, 228

  number of, in Britain, 144

  D

  Danes, 176

  Daniel, Glyn, 47

  Darvill, Tim, 166, 171, 280, 303, 343

  and bluestones’ movement, theory concerning, 278

  dating announcements by Wainwright and, 303

  and glacial-movement theory, 275

  new chronology of Stonehenge worked on by, 307

  Darwin, Charles, 34, 305

  Dawn of European Civilization, The (Childe), 13

  dendrochronology, 21

  Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 50, 166

  Destiny, Stone of, 274

  Devil’s Den, 298, 299

  Diodorus Siculus, 353

  Diviciacus, 178

  DNA analysis, 5, 18, 19, 23, 176, 200, 211, 319, 328

  dolerite, 27, 229, 263, 267, 271, 275, 282, 283, 284

  easy flaking of, 280

  hammerstones of, 278

  Donaldson, Peter (“Pedro”), 89, 104

  Dorchester-on-Thames, 181, 183, 319, 322

  Dover, Mark, 250

  Downes, Jane, 323

  Drewett, Peter, 88, 285

  druids, Iron Age, 176, 178

  Roman slaughter of, 179

  Druids, present-day, 172, 173, 175, 180

  see also Pagans

  Duggleby Howe, 195, 321, 323

  Dunn, Peter, 297

  Durrington, 3

  ax found at, 22

  Durrington Walls

  ancient-monument status of, 56

  avenue at, 7, 14, 55, 63, 70, 77, 79, 92, 93, 96, 101, 109, 110, 116, 126, 155, 156, 157, 162, 183, 246, 339, 342, 345

  Beaker pottery from, 117

  beginnings of, calculated, 110

  Britain’s largest excavation at, 53

  chalk lost from, 72

  construction of ditch and bank at, 4

  ditch at, 112, 113, 116, 125, 126

  ditch at, dug in segments, 113

  ditched enclosures at, 100

  earthworks at, limited visibility of, 3

  faunal remains from, 102, 103, 118, 119, 126, 197, 342

  first mapping of, 2

  flint saws a
bsent from, 159

  habitation of, calculated, 110

  houses at, 3, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 92, 96, 98, 104, 109, 286, 335, 336, 340, 342, 343; see also Durrington Walls: as settlement

  houses at, lack of evidence for, pre-Riverside Project, 6

  as hub of elaborate social network, 121

  human remains from, 63, 65, 93, 118, 196, 197, 200, 242

  impressive size of, 4

  Iron Age reuse of, 353

  mechanical diggers used at, 86, 113

  Millmead and Woodlands finds compared with, 159

  and Neolithic labor organization, 115

  Neolithic pits unearthed at, 62, 63

  Northern and Southern Circles at, see Northern Circle; Southern Circle

  oblique arrowheads from, 66

  plans of, 57, 78

  plant remains from, 122, 126

  pottery from, 53, 54

  questions over tools used at, 123

  radiocarbon dating of, 5, 110, 117

  reuse of natural feature at, 246

  as settlement of Stonehenge builders, 3, 109

  and solstices, alignment on, 246

  and Stonehenge, Avon provides link between, 7, 10, 14, 50, 55

  Stonehenge contrasted with, in terms of burials, 197

  Stonehenge not separate from, 3

  three centuries’ use of, 117

  Western Enclosures at, 57, 94, 100, 104, 105

  see also Stonehenge; Woodhenge

  E

  earth’s axis, tilt in, 48n

  earthworms, 77, 218

  Darwin’s work concerning, 34, 305

  ability of, to move objects, 35, 305

  Edward I of England, 273

  Egypt, ancient, 12, 323

  English Heritage, 42, 45, 52, 62, 103, 172, 176, 300, 310

  Advisory Committee (EHAC), 166

  Environment Agency, 61, 162

  Evans, Arthur, 13

  Evans, Jane, 120

  Evans, John, 39, 220, 239, 242, 294, 304

  F

  Fargo Plantation, 94, 198, 229, 261, 264, 350

  farmers, prehistoric, 16, 76, 164, 236, 289, 341

  and arrowheads, 66

  and Bronze Age increase in intensity of farming, 163

  earliest evidence of, in Britain, 23

  erection of monuments associated with, 135

  genetic diversity among, 328

  immigrant, 23, 326

  in Iron Age, visible evidence of, 72

  sedentary, Middle Bronze Age, 237

  territory claimed by, 137

  woodland clearance by, 164, 290

  Farrer, Percy, 104, 140, 196

  faunal remains, 63, 93, 118, 119, 126

  bear, 158

  beaver, 25

  cattle, 23, 119, 120, 157, 327

  deer, 24, 25, 197

  dog, 66, 150, 159, 161, 197, 226

  fish, 159

  fox, 159, 197

  horse, 345

  ox, 145

  pig, 25, 102, 103, 108, 119, 126, 158, 161, 197, 230, 305

  sheep, 159

  wild cat, 197

  wolf, 161, 197

  see also Durrington Walls: faunal remains from

  Field, Dave, 301

  Fitzpatrick, Andrew209

  Flagstones, 315, 317, 321

  Flinders Petrie, Sir William, 13, 23n, 33, 36, 38, 217, 254, 260

  flint

  arrowheads made of, 15, 20, 64, 64, 65, 67, 76, 77, 115, 119, 134, 153, 158, 159, 187, 195, 206, 209, 220, 223, 227, 233, 236, 276

  changes in technology concerning, 134

  phallus made of, 66, 68, 68

  flint tools, 4, 15, 58, 62, 63, 134, 233, 246

  Foel Trigarn, 276

  foot, long, 257, 260, 338

  foot, Roman, 254, 260

  foot, short, 257, 259, 260, 338

  Formation of Vegetable Mould . . . (Darwin), 35

  Foster, Norman, 314

  France, 19

  French, Charly, 77, 111, 156, 164, 242, 244

  G

  Gaffney, Chris, 234

  Gaffney, Vince, 234

  Gale, John, 348

  Garn Turne, 331

  Garwood, Paul, 235, 237

  Gate Ditch, 238

  Gehry, Frank, 316

  Geoffrey of Monmouth, 278, 280, 312

  geophysical surveys, 7, 51, 52, 58, 80, 89, 105, 113, 218, 224, 236, 242, 246, 262, 277, 286, 288, 299

  anomaly uncovered by, 70

  at Durrington Walls, 100, 103, 105, 113

  and English Heritage, 56

  magnetometer, 56, 62, 101, 114, 217, 232, 234, 242, 261, 262

  radar, 89, 217, 246, 261

  Gherkin, 314

  “ghost-catchers,” 103 n

  Giant’s Ring/Dance, 279

  Gibson, Alex, 321, 327, 335

  Gildas, 312

  Giza pyramids, 333

  glacial erratics, 269, 274

  see also bluestones: glacial transportation of, speculation on

  Glastonbury, 270, 274

  Göbekli Tepe, 137

  “god-dolly,” 21, 68

  Gors Fawr, 277

  Gowland, William, 35, 36, 38, 130, 188, 250

  GPS, 58, 234

  Graig Lwyd, 159, 271

  grave goods, 206

  with Amesbury Archer, 209, 210

  Beaker period, 124, 195, 206, 209, 210, 304

  Bronze Age, 149

  from Bulford, 152

  from Bush Barrow, 204, 349, 351

  from Duggleby Howe, 195

  from Llandegai, 316

  Neolithic, 194, 201

  with Stonehenge Archer, 195, 304

  with Stonehenge cremations, 204, 205

  from Upton Lovell, 154

  great trilithon (Stones 55, 56, and 156), 31, 35, 48, 128, 131, 188, 255, 292, 331, 335, 336, 345

  pit dug into side of, 310

  Green, Christopher, 269

  Green, Martin, 145, 319, 320

  Grooved Ware, 54, 55, 77, 105, 115, 117, 158, 227, 318, 330

  and bear bones, 158

  grooved cordons applied to, 159

  Scottish origin of, 99, 330

  spiral patterns in, 115

  Group VIII rhyolite source, 289

  GT Frontline, 246

  Guggenheim Museum, 316

  H

  Hambledon Hill, 139, 328

  hammerstones, 35, 187, 243, 250, 278, 293

  Harding, Phil, 112, 124

  Hardy, Thomas, 6n, 317, 318

  Harold, King, 6n

  Harvey, William, 30

  Hawkins, Gerald, 46, 78

  Hawley, Lt.-Col. William, 36, 37, 41n, 43, 107, 167, 181, 182, 187, 192, 199, 201, 203, 250

  cremation burials missed by, 193, 200

  Hayward, Rev., 31

  Hecateus of Abdera, 353

  Heel Stone, 40, 48, 96, 243, 247, 293, 310

  Hembury, 329

  “henge,” discussed, 4

  Henry of Huntingdon, 353

  High Lea Farm, 348

  Highways Agency, 231, 232

  Hill, John, 255

  Hill, Patrick, 296

  Hindwell, 327

  Historia Anglorum (Henry of Huntingdon), 353

  History of the Kings of Britain (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 278, 312

  horses, 15, 206, 297, 345

  Horton, 195, 319

  houses, see Durrington Walls: houses; Southern Circle: D-shaped building; Stonehenge: house

  Hoyle, Fred, 46, 48

  human remains

  from Durrington Walls, 63, 65, 89, 93, 118, 196, 197, 200, 242

  from Stonehenge, excavation of and questions concerning, 10, 14, 85, 173, 179, 185, 188, 236, 312, 343

  from Stonehenge, possibly drawn from an elite, 201

  from Stonehenge, selection of, for dating, 202

  see also Aubrey Holes: No. 7; cremation burials; grave goods; radiocarbon dating

  Huns, 212

  hunter-gatherers, 17, 18, 19, 21, 66, 122, 163, 17
6, 230

  invisible mortuary rites of, 194

  and monuments, 136

  I

  Ice Age, last, 19, 63, 163

  Iraq, 18

  Ireland

  copper mines in, 124

  macehead from, 204

  National Museum of, 350

  Neolithic pottery from, 20

  post circles in, 335

  Iron Age, 64, 72, 234, 238, 286