The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III: Multiple Universes, Mutual Assured Destruction, and the Meltdown of a Nuclear Family

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The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III: Multiple Universes, Mutual Assured Destruction, and the Meltdown of a Nuclear Family Page 54

by Peter Byrne


  Trieste symposium and, 328

  Rossotti, Charles, 294, 297

  Rusk, Dean, 272

  Russell, Bertrand, 231

  Rutherford, Ernest, 87

  Sachs, Lou, 214

  saddle-points, 62–63

  St. Anselm of Canterbury, 32

  St. John’s College, 26, 29–30

  Sakharov, Andrei, 199–200

  Sandia Corporation, 277

  Sandia National Laboratory, 188, 266

  Sane Society, The (Fromm), 268–69

  Santa Fe Institute, 370–72

  Saunders, Simon, 260–61, 377–82

  Savage, Leonard J., 61, 198, 379–81

  Schelling, Thomas, 62

  Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 44

  Schönborn, Christoph, 385

  Schrodinger, Erwin, 55, 83, 350

  Bohr and, 87

  complementarity and, 110

  EPR paradox and, 98

  many worlds theory and, 144, 169

  mentalist approach and, 101

  on model limitations, 195

  Mott experiment and, 99–100

  Popper and, 362, 362–63

  wave function collapse and, 99–101

  Schrödinger equation, xii, 5, 373

  Albert-Loewer interpretation and, 374

  Belinfante and, 317–18

  Bohr and, 87

  causal relation and, 111

  Chalmers and, 376

  collapse theory and, 103

  Copenhagen interpretation and, 110–12

  decoherence theory and, 367–68

  Feynman and, 181–82

  many worlds theory and, 137, 145–46, 164

  measurement problem and, 83

  superposition principle and, 84

  unitary property and, 96n5, 256n22, 333n29, 394

  Schrödinger’s cat, 172

  Schrödinger’s jellyfish, 99–101, 315

  Schwinger, Julian, 127, 179, 328

  science

  anthropic principle and, 350, 386

  atomic bombs and, 10

  cosmic religious feeling and, 10–11

  House Un-American

  Activities Committee and, 21, 124–25, 266

  militarization of, 124

  National Science Foundation and, 39

  Nobel Prize and, 65, 66n13, 94, 114, 117, 122, 124n20, 192, 302, 366, 371n42

  priestly caste of, 10–11

  scientists as businessmen and, 125–27

  Vatican attacks and, 385

  science fiction, 31, 303, 319–20, 359–62

  Scientific American, 30, 196, 350, 355, 356, 372

  Scientist Speculates, The: An Anthology of Partly-Baked Ideas (Good), 301

  Second Law of Thermodynamics, 39

  security clearances

  Everett and, 4, 35–36, 188, 212, 264, 266

  Oppenheimer and, 57

  Q level, 4, 268

  WSEG requirements and, 192

  Selin, Ivan, 294, 297

  Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), 75, 190

  “Septet of Sibyls, A” (Wheeler), 161–62, 167

  servomechanisms, 37, 66, 148–49, 164, 190, 348

  Shannon, Claude, 37, 39, 144, 149, 173, 199

  Shapley, Lloyd S., 56, 66, 75

  Sheckley, Robert, 360–61

  Shenstone, Allen, 167

  Shimony, Abner, 254, 257, 259, 301–2

  Shockley, William, 190, 192

  Shoup, David, 245

  Sideways in Time (Leinster), 360

  Silent Language, The (Hall), 20

  “Simplification of the Procedure of Determining the Basic Solutions of Matrix Games, A” (Everett), 38

  Single Integrated Operating Plan (SIOP), 195, 393

  Army/Navy issues and, 242–43

  Burke and, 243–45

  China and, 238

  city blasting and, 240–41

  counterforce proponents and, 241

  damage function and, 241–42

  Eisenhower and, 238, 240

  first strike capability and, 239–40

  Joint Chiefs and, 238–39, 242

  kill ratios and, 241–42

  Lambda Corporation and, 268, 278, 283

  McNamara and, 245

  Marine Corps and, 245

  Pentagon and, 238

  revision of, 246

  secrecy of, 239

  Shoup and, 245

  Soviet Union and, 238–46

  Wargasm and, 239, 245

  Site R, 344

  socialism, 49

  sociobiology, 298

  solipsism, 41, 114, 147–48, 259, 341, 393

  “So Long, Suckers” (game), 75–77

  “Some Mathematical Relations for Probability of Kill” (Everett and Galiano), 283

  Southern Railway Company, 13, 15

  Soviet Union. See also Cold War

  arms race and, 74, 129, 193–94, 197–99, 213–15, 227–37

  economic growth rate of, 231–32

  first strike and, 195–97, 227–46, 281–83, 292–93

  Fock and, 216–18

  missile gap and, 193–94, 213–15, 228, 235

  nuclear warfare and, 199–200 (see also nuclear warfare)

  Report 50 and, 215, 227–37

  Single Integrated Operating Plan (SIOP) and, 238–46

  Sputnik and, 194

  spin, 97–98, 151–52, 157, 172n10, 305, 393

  Spinoza, 302

  Spock, Benjamin, 209, 281

  Sputnik, 194

  Standard Oil, 74

  Stanford University, 39, 173

  Stanton, Frank, 193

  Stapp, Henry, 157n40

  Stein, Howard, 369

  Stephenson, Neal, 361

  Stern, Alexander, 164–67

  Stevenson, Adlai, 209

  “Stochastic Games” (Shapley), 66

  stock market, 288–89

  “Store” (Shockley), 360–61

  Strasbourg conference, 329–31

  Strategic Air Command (SAC), 292

  fallout studies and, 205

  operations research and, 193, 195, 205 (see also operations research)

  Report 50 and, 228–29, 235

  Single Integrated Operating Plan (SIOP) and, 238–39, 242–45

  Strategic Analysis Group, 212, 286

  Strategy and Conscience (Rapaport), 64–66

  Strauss, Lewis Lichtenstein, 74

  string theory, 386–88, 387

  superconductivity, 302

  superposition principle

  anti-realist approach and, 83

  automatic changes and, 103

  Bohm and, 134–35

  Bohr and, 84, 87–91

  classic experimentation and, 95–96

  collapse theory and, 102–8

  counter-intuitive process of, 83–84

  decoherence theory and, 363–71 (see also decoherence theory)

  defined, 83

  entanglement and, 97–99, 138

  Everett/Wheeler issues and, 122, 130, 135, 138–41, 146–48, 152–54, 157, 172, 177, 180–81

  Feynman on, 181–82

  indeterminism and, 8, 60, 95–97, 103, 107, 111–12, 141, 158, 164–67, 307, 309, 332, 379, 382, 389

  interference and, 92–93, 99, 138n8, 140n14, 148n10, 181, 324, 328, 363n15, 364–65, 377n17, 381, 391, 393

  many worlds theory and, 135, 138–41, 146–54, 157, 172, 177, 180–81, 305, 308, 316, 328, 331, 360–62, 374–76, 381, 387, 389–94

  measurement problem and, 83–84, 87–91, 87–101

  parallelism and, 104

  quantum world and, 92–105, 111–14, 253–58, 261

  Schrödinger and, 83–84, 99–101, 315

  Trieste symposium and, 328–29

  two-slit experiment and, 92–93

  unitary property and, 96n5, 256n22, 333n29, 394

  superspace, 328–29

  Susskind, Leonard, 386–87

  “Symposium on the Physicist’s Conception of Nature in the Twentieth Century”
, 328–29

  Systems Development Corporation, 190

  Szilard, Leo, 123

  Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 304

  tautology, 32–33, 64, 393–94

  Teapot Committee, 75

  Tegmark, Max, 158

  Teller, Edward, 73, 127

  “Ten Common Pitfalls” (Kahn), 197

  Terminal Press, 11

  Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (von Neumann and Morgenstern), 61

  Things the Grandchildren Should Know (Everett), 355–56

  think tanks, 38, 56, 126, 191, 268, 295, 297

  Third Conference on Games, 72

  Thompson, J.J., 87

  Thorne, Kip, 328

  time, 266–67, 317–18

  Titan missiles, 235

  Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro, 179

  Trieste, Italy, 328–29

  Trotter, Hale, 57–58, 82f, 356

  TRS-80 computer, 341

  Truman, Harry S., 123–24

  Tsiang, Elaine, 340–41

  Tucker, Albert, 38, 56, 69, 76

  Turing, Alan, 37

  Turkey, 229

  Turtledove, Harry, 361

  Twining, Nathan F., 242

  UFOs, 21

  uncertainty, 59

  Bayesian inference and, 287–91

  Heisenberg uncertainty principle and, 96–97

  indeterminism and, 8, 60, 95–97, 103, 107, 111–12, 141, 158, 164–67, 307, 309, 332, 379, 382, 389

  Under the Radar, Cancer and the Cold War (Leopold), 263n4

  Undivided Universe, The (Bohm and Hiley), 374

  unification problem, 178–79

  unitary, 96n5, 256n22, 333n29, 394

  United States

  arms race and, 74, 129, 193–94, 197–99, 213–15, 227–37

  Bay of Pigs invasion and, 268

  Civil War and, 11

  consumerism and, 268–70

  consumption culture and, 209

  economic growth rate of, 231–32

  economy of, 280

  first strike and, 195–97, 227–46, 281–83, 292–93 (see also operations research)

  gender roles in, 209, 211–12

  missile gap and, 193–94, 213–15, 228, 235

  nuclear war games and, 4

  Pearl Harbor and, 122–23

  persecution of Bohm and, 124

  recession of, 344–45

  Report 50 and, 215, 227–37

  Roaring Twenties and, 119

  Single Integrated Operating Plan (SIOP) and, 238–46

  World War II and, 10

  University of California, Santa Barbara, 324

  University of Copenhagen, 87

  University of Leiden, 162

  University of North Carolina, 121, 179–83

  University of Texas, 321–23, 331–32, 339, 366, 376

  uranium 235, 121

  U.S. Air Marshals, 3

  U.S. Department of Defense, 191, 212

  van Vechten, Deborah, 302

  van Vleck, John, 109

  Veteran’s Administration, 15

  Vienna Circle, 174

  Vietnam War, 62, 233, 270, 272, 295, 297–98

  Voldus and Aria, 46–47

  von Neumann, John, 37, 105, 199

  axioms of, 102–4

  Bohr and, 89

  challenges to views of, 110

  collapse theory and, 73, 81, 102–4, 145 (see also collapse theory)

  computers and, 73

  death of, 73–74

  DeWitt and, 311

  Everett@Fifty conference and, 383

  Freudian side of, 74

  game theory and, 56, 58, 61–62, 64, 66, 72–75

  German writings of, 82

  Hilbert space and, 73

  information theory and, 173

  Manhattan Project and, 81

  many worlds theory and, 144, 149

  nuclear war and, 74–75

  parallelism and, 145

  projection postulate of, 112

  quantum physics and, 73

  religion and, 73

  role of consciousness and, 146

  Rosenfeld and, 249–51

  Strasbourg conference and, 330

  Trieste symposium and, 328

  zero-sum game and, 61

  Wallace, David, 378–82

  Wall Street, 193

  Wang, Jessica, 124–25, 130

  Wargasm, 74, 196

  defined, 394

  McNamara and, 235

  Single Integrated Operating Plan (SIOP) and, 235–40, 245

  Washington Post, The, 11, 295, 346–47

  wave function

  collapse theory and, 73, 81, 99–109 (see also collapse theory)

  Conference on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics and, 251–61, 301

  decoherence theory and, 363–71 (see also decoherence theory)

  defined, 389

  Everett dissertation and, 136–43

  hidden variables interpretation and, 111–14, 148, 257–58, 287, 314, 373, 374n4, 389, 391

  interference and, 92–93, 99, 138n8, 140n14, 148n10, 181, 324, 328, 363n15, 364–65, 377n17, 381, 391, 393

  many worlds theory and, 144–60 (see also many worlds theory)

  mentalist approach to, 101, 373–74

  pilot waves and, 314–15

  reduction and, 102

  Schrödinger and, 99–100

  Strasbourg conference and, 329–30

  superposition principle and, 83–84 (see also superposition principle)

  universal, 5, 305–7, 388

  Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), 32, 128, 168–69, 223, 263n4, 264, 270

  The Cage and, 192, 227

  employee social life and, 211–12

  first computer of, 212–13

  Ford Foundation and, 192

  Frawley and, 285–86

  Galiano and, 222

  game theory and, 72, 75–77

  halting problem and, 201

  internal power struggle of, 268

  Lambda Corporation and, 277

  Misner and, 192

  missile gap and, 193–94

  non-governmental status of, 191–92

  nuclear warfare and, 192–93, 285–88

  offensive capabilities study and, 227

  operations research and, 187–89, 191–94, 198, 201–3 (see also operations research)

  origin of, 191–93

  private defense contracts and, 215

  Pugh and, 202–5, 298

  Report 50 and, 214, 222, 227–37

  Shockley and, 192

  Single Integrated Operating Plan (SIOP) and, 238–46

  six inter-locking groups of, 192

  slashed budget of, 268

  staff of, 191

  Strategic Analysis Group, 212, 286

  university affiliation and, 191

  Wells, H.G., 360

  Werner, F.G., 251

  Wesley, George, 312

  Wheeler, Janette (Hegner), 121

  Wheeler, John Archibald, xii, 3, 7, 73, 82–83, 326

  accomplishments of, 117, 122

  Analog article and, 319–20

  Atlas missile and, 128

  atomic weapons and, 123–24, 327

  autobiography of, 119

  Big Crunch and, 329

  Bohr and, 8, 89, 119, 121, 143, 160–77

  as businessman, 125–27

  Chapel Hill conference and, 179–83

  childhood of, 119

  as coach, 214–15

  Cold War and, 124–30

  death of, 117

  decoherence theory and, 368

  DeWitt and, 304, 306–7, 311

  Du Pont and, 126

  Einstein and, 131

  evaluation of Everett for NSF and, 90–91

  Everett dissertation and, 136–43

  family background of, 117

  Feynman and, 117, 122

  flip-flops of, 128–30

  Goldberger’s assessment of, 128–29

  Heisenberg and, 121
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  hydrogen bomb and, 127–30

 

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