by Ariel Levy
FREE PRESS
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Copyright © 2005 by Ariel Levy
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.
FREE PRESSand colophon are trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Designed by Karolina Harris
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Levy, Ariel.
Female chauvinist pigs: women and the rise of raunch culture/Ariel Levy.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Anti-feminism. 2. Feminism. 3. Sexism. I. Title.
HQ1155 .L48 2005
305.42’0973’090511.—dc22 2005048811
ISBN-13: 978-0-7432-7473-9
ISBN-10: 0-7432-7473-3
Visit us on the World Wide Web:
http://www.SimonSays.com
For the two R. L.’s
What a woman was criticized for doing yesterday she is ridiculed for not doing today.
—EDITH WHARTON, 1915
To name a sensibility, to draw its contours and to recount its history, requires a deep sympathy modified by revulsion.
—SUSAN SONTAG, 1964
Contents
Introduction
One Raunch Culture
Two The Future That Never Happened
Three Female Chauvinist Pigs
Four From Womyn to Bois
Five Pigs in Training
Six Shopping for Sex
Conclusion
Notes
Acknowledgments
Index
Introduction
I first noticed it several years ago. I would turn on the television and find strippers in pasties explaining how best to lap dance a man to orgasm. I would flip the channel and see babes in tight, tiny uniforms bouncing up and down on trampolines. Britney Spears was becoming increasingly popular and increasingly unclothed, and her undulating body ultimately became so familiar to me I felt like we used to go out.
Charlie’s Angels, the film remake of the quintessential jiggle show, opened at number one in 2000 and made $125 million in theaters nationally, reinvigorating the interest of men and women alike in leggy crime fighting. Its stars, who kept talking about “strong women” and “empowerment,” were dressed in alternating soft-porn styles—as massage parlor geishas, dominatrixes, yodeling Heidis in alpine bustiers. (The summer sequel in 2003—in which the Angels’ perilous mission required them to perform stripteases—pulled in another $100 million domestically.) In my own industry, magazines, a porny new genre called the Lad Mag, which included titles like Maxim, FHM, and Stuff, was hitting the stands and becoming a huge success by delivering what Playboy had only occasionally managed to capture: greased celebrities in little scraps of fabric humping the floor.
This didn’t end when I switched off the radio or the television or closed the magazines. I’d walk down the street and see teens and young women—and the occasional wild fifty-year-old—wearing jeans cut so low they exposed what came to be known as butt cleavage paired with miniature tops that showed off breast implants and pierced navels alike. Sometimes, in case the overall message of the outfit was too subtle, the shirts would be emblazoned with the Playboy bunny or say PORN STAR across the chest.
Some odd things were happening in my social life, too. People I knew (female people) liked going to strip clubs (female strippers). It was sexy and fun, they explained; it was liberating and rebellious. My best friend from college, who used to go to Take Back the Night marches on campus, had become captivated by porn stars. She would point them out to me in music videos and watch their (topless) interviews on Howard Stern. As for me, I wasn’t going to strip clubs or buying Hustler T-shirts, but I was starting to show signs of impact all the same. It had only been a few years since I’d graduated from Wesleyan University, a place where you could pretty much get expelled for saying “girl” instead of “woman,” but somewhere along the line I’d started saying “chick.” And, like most chicks I knew, I’d taken to wearing thongs.
What was going on? My mother, a shiatsu masseuse who attended weekly women’s consciousness-raising groups for twenty-four years, didn’t own makeup. My father, whom she met as a student radical at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in the sixties was a consultant for Planned Parenthood, NARAL, and NOW. Only thirty years (my lifetime) ago, our mothers were “burning their bras” and picketing Playboy, and suddenly we were getting implants and wearing the bunny logo as supposed symbols of our liberation. How had the culture shifted so drastically in such a short period of time?
What was almost more surprising than the change itself were the responses I got when I started interviewing the men and—often—women who edit magazines like Maxim and make programs like The Man Show and Girls Gone Wild. This new raunch culture didn’t mark the death of feminism, they told me; it was evidence that the feminist project had already been achieved. We’d earned the right to look at Playboy; we were empowered enough to get Brazilian bikini waxes. Women had come so far, I learned, we no longer needed to worry about objectification or misogyny. Instead, it was time for us to join the frat party of pop culture, where men had been enjoying themselves all along. If Male Chauvinist Pigs were men who regarded women as pieces of meat, we would outdo them and be Female Chauvinist Pigs: women who make sex objects of other women and of ourselves.
When I asked female viewers and readers what they got out of raunch culture, I heard similar things about empowering miniskirts and feminist strippers, and so on, but I also heard something else. They wanted to be “one of the guys”; they hoped to be experienced “like a man.” Going to strip clubs or talking about porn stars was a way of showing themselves and the men around them that they weren’t “prissy little women” or “girly-girls.” Besides, they told me, it was all in fun, all tongue-in-cheek, and for me to regard this bacchanal as problematic would be old-school and uncool.
I tried to get with the program, but I could never make the argument add up in my head. How is resurrecting every stereotype of female sexuality that feminism endeavored to banish good for women? Why is laboring to look like Pamela Anderson empowering? And how is imitating a stripper or a porn star—a woman whose job is to imitate arousal in the first place—going to render us sexually liberated?
Despite the rising power of Evangelical Christianity and the political right in the United States, this trend has only grown more extreme and more pervasive in the years that have passed since I first became aware of it. A tawdry, tarty, cartoonlike version of female sexuality has become so ubiquitous, it no longer seems particular. What we once regarded as a kind of sexual expression we now view as sexuality. As former adult film star Traci Lords put it to a reporter a few days before her memoir hit the best-seller list in 2003, “When I was in porn, it was like a back-alley thing. Now it’s everywhere.” Spectacles of naked ladies have moved from seedy side streets to center stage, where everyone—men and women—can watch them in broad daylight. Playboy and its ilk are being “embraced by young women in a curious way in a postfeminist world,” to borrow the words of Hugh Hefner.
But just because we are post doesn’t automatically mean we are feminists. There is a widespread assumption that simply because my generation of women has the good fortune to live in a world touched by the feminist movement, that means everything we do is magically imbued with its agenda. It doesn’t work that way. “Raunchy” and “liberated” are not synonyms. It is worth asking ourselves if this bawdy w
orld of boobs and gams we have resurrected reflects how far we’ve come, or how far we have left to go.
One
Raunch
Culture
Late on a balmy Friday night in March 2004, a crew from Girls Gone Wild sat on the porch of the Chesterfield Hotel on Collins Avenue in Miami, preparing for the night of filming ahead of them. An SUV passed by and two blonde heads popped out of the sunroof like prairie dogs, whooping into the night sky. If you ever watch television when you have insomnia, then you are already familiar with Girls Gone Wild: late at night, infomercials show bleeped-out snippets of the brand’s wildly popular, utterly plotless videos, composed entirely from footage of young women flashing their breasts, their buttocks, or occasionally their genitals at the camera, and usually shrieking “Whoo!” while they do it. The videos range slightly in theme, from Girls Gone Wild on Campus to Girls Gone Wild Doggy Style (hosted by the rapper Snoop Doggy Dogg), but the formula is steady and strong: Bring cameras to amped-up places across the country—Mardi Gras, hard-partying colleges, sports bars, spring break destinations—where young people are drinking themselves batty and offer T-shirts and trucker hats to the girls who flash or the guys who induce them to.
“It’s a cultural phenomenon,” said Bill Horn, Girls Gone Wild’s thirty-two-year-old vice president of communications and marketing, a shaggy-haired young man in a T-shirt and Pumas. “It’s like a rite of passage.”
A couple of girls with deep tans in tiny, fluttery skirts were chatting across the street from the Chesterfield. “Ladies, throw your hands up!” a guy hollered at them as he passed by. They giggled and complied.
Horn said, “It’s the next step.”
Girls Gone Wild (GGW) is so popular they are expanding from soft-core videos to launch an apparel line, a compilation CD with Jive Records (of GGW-approved club hits), and a Hooters-like restaurant chain. GGW has a celebrity following: Justin Timberlake has been photographed in a GGW hat, Brad Pitt gave out GGW videos to his Troy castmates as wrap presents. And the phrase “Girls Gone Wild” has entered the American vernacular…it works well for advertisements (Cars Gone Wild!) and magazine headlines (Curls Gone Wild!).
Puck, a surprisingly polite twenty-four-year-old cameraman, was loading equipment into their van. He wore a GGW hat and T-shirt, which seemed to be enough to draw women to him as if by ensorcellment. Two stunning young women who were already very close to naked asked Puck if they could come along with him if they promised to take off their clothes and make out with each other later for the camera, possibly even in a shower. There was no room for them in the car, but Puck was unconcerned; there would be other such offers. “It’s amazing,” said GGW’s tour manager, Mia Leist, a smiley, guileless, twenty-four-year-old. “People flash for the brand.” She pointed at a young woman sitting on the other end of the porch. “Debbie got naked for a hat.”
Besides her new GGW hat, nineteen-year-old Debbie Cope was wearing a rhinestone Playboy bunny ring, white stilettos that laced in tight X’s up her hairless calves, and wee shorts that left the lowest part of her rear in contact with the night air. Body glitter shimmered across her tan shoulders and rose in a sparkling arc from her cleavage to her clavicle. “The body is such a beautiful thing,” she said. “If a woman’s got a pretty body and she likes her body, let her show it off! It exudes confidence when people wear little clothes.” Cope was a tiny person who could have passed for fifteen. On the preceding night she had done a “scene” for GGW, which is to say she pulled down her shorts and masturbated for them on camera in the back of a bar. She said she felt bad for “not doing it right” because for some reason she couldn’t achieve orgasm.
“People watch the videos and think the girls in them are real slutty, but I’m a virgin!” Cope said proudly. “And yeah, Girls Gone Wild is for guys to get off on, but the women are beautiful and it’s…fun! The only way I could see someone not doing this is if they were planning a career in politics.” Then a song Cope liked came on the radio inside the hotel and she started doing that dance you sometimes see in rap videos, the one where women shake their butts so fast they seem to blur.
“She calls that vibrating,” explained Sam, another cameraman. “She told me, ‘I can vibrate.’ ”
“Crazy Debbie,” said Mia Leist. “I love her! She gets so many girls for us.”
Everyone piled into the van and followed Crazy Debbie to a dance club in nearby Coconut Grove, where she knew all the locals. “Fun girls,” Cope promised.
It was a vast, multilevel place and every song had a relentless, throbbing beat. Bill Horn surveyed the scene and landed his eyes on a cluster of blondes in tops tenuously fastened by lots of string ties. “Now those are some girls who should go wild,” he said. “Jesus, listen to me…this job is turning me into a straight guy.” Horn, who briefly pursued a career in academia before taking up with GGW, talked about his boyfriend constantly and was the second in command at GGW.
Puck and Sam, the cameramen, passed by with three young women who’d volunteered to do a “private” out on the balcony.
“Here we go,” said Horn. He gave a little laugh. “There’s some part of me that always wants to shriek, ‘Don’t do it!’ ”
But he didn’t, and they definitely did…the trio started making out in a ravenous lump, grabbing at each other’s rears and rutting around while trying to remain upright. Ultimately, one girl fell over and landed giggling on the floor—a characteristic endpoint for a GGW scene.
Later, the girl, her name was Meredith, said she was a graduate student. “It’s sad,” she said, with only a slight slur. “We’ll have Ph.D.s in three years. In anthropology.”
A few weeks later, on the telephone, she was upset: “I’m not at all bisexual…not that I have anything against that. But when you think about it, I’d never do that really. It’s more for show. A polite way of putting it is it’s like a reflex,” she said. “My friend I was with felt really bad, the one who told the first girl to kiss me, the one who started it. Because in the beginning, I felt so dirty about the whole thing. I hate Miami.”
“It’s a business,” said Mia Leist. “In a perfect world, maybe we’d stop and change things. But we know the formula. We know how it works.”
“If it gets guys off…” said Bill Horn.
“If it gets girls off!” Leist interrupted. “It’s not like we’re creating this. This is happening whether we’re here or not. Our founder was just smart enough to capitalize on it.” GGW’s founder, Joe Francis, has likened the flashing girls he captures on his videos to seventies feminists burning their bras. His product, he says, is sexy for men, liberating for women, good for the goose, and good for the gander. Francis estimates GGW is worth $100 million. He owns a mansion in Bel Air, a retreat in Puerto Vallarta, and two private jets. That weekend in Miami, ABC had just finished shooting a segment on Joe Francis for the show Life of Luxury.
GGW may not exactly have bought respectability for Francis: Charges were pending against him for racketeering, although a judge had dismissed charges that he’d offered a girl $50 to touch his penis. (“As if!” Horn shrieked when I asked about it. “As my boyfriend said, when has Joe ever had to pay for a hand job?”) But GGW has made Francis rich and fairly famous and certainly a particular kind of L.A. celebrity. His ex-girlfriends include such prize girls gone wild as Paris Hilton and Tara Reid.
Joe Francis didn’t come on this particular leg of spring break, but his presence and preferences were felt. The cameramen received bonuses if they captured a hot girl—as opposed to a normal girl—flashing on camera. “Joe’s looking for tens,” said Leist. “You know, 100 to 110 pounds, big boobs, blonde, blue eyes, ideally no piercing or tattoos.” Leist herself was short, with brown hair and a soft chin line. She got her job through one of her professors at Emerson College who had known the previous GGW tour manager. “I’ve had discussions with friends who were like, ‘This is so degrading to females,’ ” said Leist. “I feel that if you walk up to someone all sly and say
, ‘Come on, get naked, show me your box,’ that’s one thing. But if you have women coming up to you begging to get on camera and they’re having fun and being sexy, then that’s another story.”
I asked Leist if she would ever appear in a GGW video herself. She said, “Definitely not.”
Usually the girls, tens or otherwise, started out joking. They would plead with Puck and Sam to give them GGW hats, and then they’d pretend to peel up their shirts or lift their skirts. But little by little, the tease became the truth, and they took off their clothes as the cameras recorded them for future viewing by God knows who.
Later that night, GGW hit a second bar, part of a chain called Señor Frog’s. (It was within walking distance of the Delano Hotel, but minimalism and snobbery felt very far away.) Señor Frog’s was having a “sexy positions contest.” Two chunky young women with the familiar spring break combination of hair bleached to a radioactive white and skin sunned an angry pink were pretending to hump each other on a raised platform. A group of mostly men circled around them and a rhythmic chant of “TAKE-IT-OFF! TAKE-IT-OFF!” rose from the crowd. It was followed by a chorus of boos when the women declined to do so, but as a consolation the taller woman poured beer all over the shorter woman’s head and breasts.
“Girls! This is not a wet T-shirt contest!” the MC bellowed over the sound system. “Pretend you are fucking! Let me emphasize, pretend you are really fucking! I want you to pretend like you’re fucking the shit out of her doggy style.” The women were too inebriated to achieve sufficient verisimilitude, and the crowd called them offstage.
Mia Leist was suddenly very excited. The bartender had just told her about a “girl-on-girl box-eating” contest in Fort Lauderdale later in the week, which would yield ideal footage for the tapes sold to GGW subscribers, the people who get an explicit video every month for $9.99, as opposed to the occasional buyers who pay $19.99 to purchase a tape of milder content from a GGW infomercial or a Virgin Megastore.