34. Erich Koestermann, ‘Die Feldzüge des Germanicus 14–16 n. Chr’, Historia 6 (1957), 468.
35. Tacitus, Annals, 2.22; Timpe, Der Triumph des Germanicus, p. 35.
36. Strabo, Geography, 7.1.4. Cf. Tacitus, Annals, 2.41.
37. Kunow, ‘Die Militärgeschichte Niedergermaniens’, p. 50. The final eagle was not recovered until AD 42, in the second year of Claudius’ reign. Publius Gabinus Secundus, commander of Lower Germany, retrieved it from the Chauci. Cassius Dio, Roman History, 60.8.7.
38. Nikos Kokkinos, Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady (London, 1992), p. 23, fragment 1, lines 26–32. The fullest edition and discussion of the text is Alvaro Sánchez-Ostiz, Tabula Siarensis: Edición, Traducción y Comentario (Navarra, 1999). See also W.D. Lebek, ‘Die drei Ehrenbögen für Germanicus’, ZPE 67 (1987), 129–48. For the arch itself, see H.G. Frenz, ‘Zum Beginn des repräsentiven Steinbaus in Mogontiacum’ in Bendix Trier (ed.), Die römische Okkupation nördlich der Alpen zur Zeit des Augustus (Münster, 1991), pp. 91–5.
39. Tacitus, Annals, 2.45.
40. Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, 2.129; Tacitus, Annals, 2.63.
41. Tacitus, Annals, 2.88.
42. Tacitus, Germania, 36.
43. Tacitus, Annals, 2.88.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Richard Kuehnemund, Arminius or the Rise of National Symbol in Literature (Chapel Hill, 1953), p. xiii.
2. Kuehnemund, Arminius, p. 1.
3. Conrad Celtis, Oratio in gymnasio in Ingelstadio, 3.1, 6.1, tr. Leonard Forster, Selections from Conrad Celtis (Cambridge, 1948).
4. Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, p. xviii.
5. Kuehnemund, Arminius, p. xi.
6. Ibid., p. 18.
7. Cited in Herbert Benario, ‘Arminius into Hermann: History into Legend’, Greece & Rome 51 (2004), 87.
8. Peter Wells, The Battle that Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest (New York, 2003), p. 107.
9. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, ‘Hauptverschiedenheit zwischen den deutschen und den übrigen Völkern germanischer Abkunft’ in Rudolf Eucken (ed.), Fichtes Reden an die deutsche Nation Roman History (Leipzig, 1922).
10. Heinrich von Kleist, Die Hermannsschlacht, Act IV, Scene ix: Solange sie in Germanien trotzt, Ist Haß mein Amt und meine Tugend Rache!
11. Cited in G. Smolla, ‘Gustaf Kossinna nach 50 Jahren’, Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 16/17 (1984/5), 12.
12. Myron Sandford, ‘Germany’s tribute to Arminius’, New England Magazine (April 1895), 164ff.
13. In 1897, the US town of New Ulm in Minnesota built its own Hermann Monument, designed by Julius Berndt, 31m smaller than the original. It was rededicated in November 2004 after a year-long and £900,000 facelift. The inscription on the statue’s copper heart reads: ‘Hermann, 9 AD, A Freedom Fighter, Born Again in New Ulm, Minnesota USA, 2004’.
14. Heinrich Heine, Deutschland: Ein Wintermärchen, Caput 11.
15. Torsten Kaufmann, ‘Edler Wilder, grausiger Heide, Fürstenknecht und Kämpfer für die Nation’, in Mamoun Hansa (ed.), Varusschlacht und Germanenmythos (Oldenburg, 2001), p. 56.
16. Despite numerous attempts to do so, Dieter Timpe is surely right that: ‘Nobody would suspect that the Varusschlacht lay behind the myth of the hero and dragon-slayer, if the battle were not known from Roman representations.’ (Arminius-Studien, p. 12). See also Herwig Wolfram, ‘It is, to put it mildly, Germanistic exuberance to make a, or the song of Siegfried out of that.’, Die Germanen (Munich, 2001), p. 46.
17. Herbert Benario, ‘Arminius into Hermann’, 89.
18. For an overview of operatic attempts on Arminius’ life, see Paola Barbon and Bodo Plachta, ‘Che la dura la vince – Wer ausharrt, siegt. Arminius auf der Opernbühne des 18. Jahrhunderts’ in Rainer Wiegels and Winfried Woesler (eds), Arminius und die Varusschlacht: Geschichte, Mythos, Literatur (Paderborn, 2003), pp. 265–90. Note, however, that the Max Bruch oratorio that Barbon and Plachta refer to (p. 290) is in fact about Jacobus Arminius the theologian, not Arminius the Cheruscan. The two recordings are Biber B000001RX in 1998 by cpo, and Handel Virgin Clas (EMI) B00005A9NG in 2001.
19.
Was this why Hermann won the day,
or why the Turks were routed –
so foreign powers might hold sway,
and Germania be flouted?
Was the Battle of the Nations fought
on Leipzig’s field of old,
Chorus:
so we might wear chains that are wrought
out of some foreign gold?
Gab’s darum eine Hermannschlacht
Und all’ die Türkenkriege,
Daß heute gegen welsche Macht
Das Deutschtum unterliege?
Und deshalb auf dem Leipz’ger Feld
Die Völkerschlacht geschlagen,
Chorus:
Daß wir nun doch aus Welschengeld
Geschweißte Ketten tragen?
Some Romans once got uppity
Rum tum tiddle um tum
And marched to Northern Germany
Rum tum tiddle um tum.
Trumpets sounding at the head
Taran-tara taran-tara
They were by their General led
Taran-tara taran-tara
Mister Quintilius Varus.
Als die Römer frech geworden,
Sim serim sim sim sim sim,
Zogen sie nach Deutschlands Norden,
Sim serim sim sim sim sim.
Vorne mit Trompetenschall,
Te rä tä tä tä te rä,
Ritt der Generalfeldmarschall,
Te rä tä tä tä te rä,
Herr Quintilius Varus.
20. Manuela Struck, ‘The Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation and Hermann the German’ in Richard Hingley (ed.), Images of Rome: Perceptions of Ancient Rome in Europe and the United States in the Modern Age (Portsmouth, 2001), p. 100.
21. Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (London, 1996), p. 118.
22. Cited in Volker Losemann, ‘Varuskatastrophe und Befreiungstat des Arminius’ in Hansa, Varusschlacht und Germanenmythos, p. 35.
23. Rosenburg cited in Frank Fetten, ‘Archaeology and anthropology’ in Heinrich Härke (ed.), Archaeology, Ideology and Society: The German Experience (Frankfurt am Main, 2000), p. 147; Wolfgang Sydow, Deutung und Darstellung des Arminiusschicksals in seinen wesentlichen Ausprägung (Diss. Greifswald, 1937); Otto Riedrich, ‘Die Germanische Seele im Zeitalter der Gotik’, Odal: Monatsschrift für Blut und Boden (1936), 468.
24. Hans Reinerth, ‘Die politische Waffe der Vorgeschichtsforschung’, Volk und Heimat 4 (1937), 90.
25. Gustaf Kossinna, ‘Über die vorgeschichtliche Ausbreitung der Germanen in Deutschland’, Correspondenz-Blatt der deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnographie und Urgeschichte 26, 1–14.
26. Tacitus, Germania, 4. The speech of 13 October 1934 was published and widely distributed. Walter Groß, Nationalsozialistische Rassenpolitik. Eine Rede an die deutschen Frauen (Dessau, 1934). Julius Streicher, ‘Das Grauen im Osten’, Der Stürmer, #8/1945.
27. Hugh Trevor Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk 1941–1944 (London, 1953), p. 78. See also: ‘Our history goes back to the days of Arminius and King Theoderic, and among the German Kaisers there have been men of the most outstanding quality; in them they bore the germ of German unity’, p. 436; and: ‘If the Romans had not recruited Germans in their armies, the latter would never have had the opportunity of becoming soldiers and, eventually, of annihilating their former instructors. The most striking example is that of Arminius who became Commander of the Third Roman Legion [sic]. The Romans instructed the Third in the arts of war, and Arminius afterwards used it to defeat his instructors’, p. 486.
28. Cited in Henning Haßmann, ‘Archaeology and the Third Reich’ in Härke, Archaeology, Ideology and Society, p. 71.
29. Stefan Cramme maintains a constantly updated (at the time of writing) databas
e of fiction about the Roman world. See www.hist-rom.de/index.html.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. Figure provided by the German Tourist Office.
2. C.W. Ceram, Götter, Gräber und Gelehrte (Rowalt, 2000) is the current edition.
3. Kuno Kruse, ‘Terrain der Konservativen’, Stern, 5 December 2004.
4. Interview, ‘Der Mensch ist böse’, Die Zeit, 3 March 2005.
5. Bruce Nelan, ‘Anything to fear’, Time, 26 March 1990; Roberto Pazzi, ‘Germans are from Mars, Italians are from Venus: European tensions, ancient and postmodern’, International Herald Tribune, 14 July 2003.
6. Theodor Mommsen, ‘Die Örtlichkeit der Varusschlacht’, Sitzungsberichte der königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (1885), 63–92.
7. Tony Clunn, Quest for the Lost Roman Legions (Spellmount, 2005), p. 4.
8. Kirsten Heuer, ‘Wo sich Römer blutige Köpfe holten’, Die Welt, 7 April 2002.
9. ‘Ausgrabungen in Kalkriese ein zweites Troja’, Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung, 9 February 2002; anonymous, Prisma, 1–7 August 1998, 4–5, 8.
10. Max Hastings, ‘Two years on, the echoes of Vietnam are getting louder’, Guardian, 24 June 2005.
APPENDIX
1. Tacitus, Annals, 1.61.
2. Ibid., 1.68, 2.45.
3. Virgil, Aeneid, 9.698–9.
4. Plutarch, Marius, 25.
5. Julius Caesar, The Gallic War, 1.25.
6. Virgil, Georgics, 1.309.
7. Juvenal, Satires, 16.48.
8. Carol van Driel-Murray, ‘Dead Men’s Shoes’ in Schlüter, Rom, Germanien und die Ausgrabungen von Kalkriese, p. 172.
9. Franzius, ‘Die römischen Funde aus Kalkriese’, p. 143.
10. Josephus, The Jewish War, 3.93.
11. Cicero, Philippics, 14.10, 11.12.
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