27 “If Burns with 80,000 men”: q. Webb, 23.
28 ILP’s declared aims: Hughes, 66–67.
29 “Most costly funeral” and Garvin quoted: Hughes, 76.
30 Fabians, “not in our line”: Edward Pease, q. Halévy, V, 263, n. 2.
31 “Imperfections of the Social Order”: Aug. 23, 1902.
32 “Mr. Balfour, coming back from dinner”: Parliamentary correspondent of the Daily News, q. Hughes, 113.
33 MacDonald-Gladstone secret pact: Mendelssohn, 322.
34 “Go the Tory way”: Hughes, 69.
35 “Hideous abnormality”: Willoughby de Broke, 249.
36 Burns congratulates C.-B.: Webb, 325; reminds Grey: q. Lucy Masterman, 112.
37 Balfour and Weizmann: Dugdale, I, chap. 19; Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, New York, 1949, chap. 8.
38 Friend saw him “seriously upset”: Newton, Retrospection, 146–47.
39 Balfour’s letters on Election results: Letter to Knollys, q. in full in Lee, II, 449; others in Esher, II, 136; Young, 255.
40 “Like a second footman”: Dugdale, II, 49.
41 Blatchford predicted: q. The Times, Jan. 19, 1906.
42 “Never saying anything clever!”: Marsh, 150.
43 Categories of new M.P.’s: Jenkins, 7.
44 Few in “unconventional dress”: Newton, Retrospection, 149; Irish members’ bad manners: ibid., 99.
45 C.-B. impervious to Balfour’s charm: Birrell, 243.
46 “England is based on commerce”: q. Gardiner, Prophets, 136.
47 “Bring the sledgehammer”: Gardiner, Prophets, 54.
48 Took his own wife into dinner: Blunt, II, 300.
49 “No egotism, no vanity”: q. Gardiner, Pillars, 122.
50 Churchill motivated by Mrs. Everest: Roving Commission, 73. All subsequent statements by Churchill, unless otherwise noted, are from Mendelssohn.
51 F. E. Smith: Gardiner, Pillars, 95–103; Portraits, 122–28.
52 Salisbury on coming clash of Lords and Commons: Margot Asquith, 157; H. H. Asquith, Fifty Years, I, 174.
53 Conservatives “should still control”: The Times, Jan. 16, 1906.
54 Balfour warns Lansdowne: Newton, Lansdowne, 354.
55 “Something will happen”: at Llanelly, Sept. 29, 1906, Lee, II, 456.
56 Curzon “so infinitely superior”: Newton, Retrospection, 161.
57 Loreburn: Willoughby de Broke, 260; Curzon, Subjects of the Day, 228.
58 Rosebery, “eye like a fish”: F. Ponsonby, 382.
59 Churchill, in the Nation: Mar. 9, 1907.
60 Balfour on “hereditary qualification”: q. Young, 266.
61 “Portcullis” and “poodle”: These phrases graced the debate on the Lords’ rejection of the Licensing Bill, June 24, 1907.
62 Morley recalled Gladstone saying: q. Esher, II, 303.
63 “Backwoodsmen” meet at Lansdowne House: Willoughby de Broke, 246–47.
64 Churchill “perfectly furious”: Lucy Masterman, 114.
65 Victor Grayson: Brockway, 24–25; Halévy, VI, 105.
66 Kaiser’s proposal to save England: Blunt, II, 210.
67 King Edward on “hard times”: q. Magnus, 417.
68 Invasion psychosis: I. F. Clark, “The Shape of Wars to Come,” History Today, Feb., 1965.
69 Henry James, chimney pots: Jan. 8, 1909, Letters, ed. Percy Lubbock, New York, 1920, II, 121.
70 Suffragettes: In addition to Pankhurst and Fulford, the list of Suffragette assaults is most conveniently found in successive volumes of the Annual Register. The Albert Hall meeting is quoted from Nevinson, More Changes, 321–25, as is also “Those bipeds!”: 306.
71 A gathering pessimism: Masterman, 84, 120, 289; Bryce, 15, 39, 228; Hobson and Hobhouse, q. C. H. Driver, “Political Ideas,” in Hearnshaw; Trotter described: DNB; quoted: 47; Wallas described: Wells, 509, 511; Cole, 222; quoted: 284–85.
72 “Cantankerous and uncomfortable”: DNB, Lowther.
73 “We all thought Papa would die”: Cooper, 11.
74 The Limehouse speech: July 30, 1909. The King’s displeasure was expressed in a letter to Lord Crewe, q. in full, Pope-Hennessy, 72–73. Other reactions and comments chiefly from the Annual Register. Rosebery’s Glasgow speech in Crewe, 511–12; Kipling’s poem appeared in the Morning Post, June 28, 1909, and only once since, in the Definitive Edition of his Verse, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1940. “Foolish and mean speeches”: q. Magnus, 431.
75 “Now King, you have won the Derby”: Fitzroy, I, 379.
76 Balfour and Salisbury on Finance Bill: Dugdale, II, 56; Annual Register, 1909, 118.
77 ff. Lords debate the Budget, et seq.: As the English love nothing so much as a political crisis, the literature on the Budget-Parliament Bill crisis is so extensive that it cannot be missed, or even avoided. In the recent publication of Churchill As I Knew Him, by Lady Violet Bonham-Carter, Asquith’s daughter, it is still going on. Every biography or autobiography of the principal figures involved and every political memoir of the period discuss it, the major sources being: Newton’s Lansdowne, Young’s Balfour, Spender’s Asquith, Lee’s Edward VII, Nicolson’s George V, Wilson-Fox’s Halsbury, Pope-Hennessy’s Crewe, Ronaldshay’s Curzon, Crewe’s Rosebery, Willoughby de Broke’s Memoirs and Roy Jenkins’ book on the whole affair, Mr. Balfour’s Poodle. The major parliamentary debates were quoted fully in The Times as well as verbatim in Hansard, and the big scenes were described at length and in detail in the daily and periodical press. For material in the following pages, therefore, references are given only for odd items whose source might be hard to locate.
78 Haldane on public apathy: q. Annual Register, 245.
79 Speaker Lowther on the Irish: Ullswater, II, 85; “sinister and powerful” and “direct, obvious”: Morley, II, 349–50.
80 “Antique bantam”: from a poem by an admirer which appeared in the Morning Post, q. Pope-Hennessy, 123.
81 Charwoman’s song: Sitwell, Great Morning, 57.
82 “He kept things together somehow”: Sackville-West, 307.
83 Laureate’s poem: Austin, II, 292.
84 “Our glorified grocers”: Lucy Masterman, 200, told to her by Lloyd George.
85 Asquith’s list: Spender, Asquith, I, Appendix.
86 “We are in grim earnest”: Grooves of Change, 39.
87 Transport strike, “it is revolution!” q. Halévy, VI, 456.
88 Tom Mann imprisoned: Clynes, 154.
89 Even the heat was “splendid”: Sir Edward Grey, Twenty-Five Years, London, 1925, I, 238.
90 Lady Michelham’s party: Williams, 192–93.
91 “Your bloody palace”: Birkenhead, 175.
92 “The golden sovereigns”: Cyril Connolly, reviewing Nowell-Smith, The Sunday Times, Oct. 18, 1964.
93 Last horse-drawn bus and preponderance of motor-taxis: Somervell, 28; Nowell-Smith, 122.
94 Hugh Cecil: Churchill, 201; also Churchill’s Amid These Storms, New York, 1932, 55; also Gardiner, Pillars, 39.
95 The Cecil scene: besides accounts in the daily press there are illustrations of the scene in Punch, Aug. 2 and 16; and Illus. London News, July 29.
96 “Disorderly assembly,” for the first time: The Times, parl. corres., July 25, 1911.
97 Of six peers at dinner, none had made up his mind: Midleton, 275.
98 “You’ve forgotten the Parliament Bill”: Christopher Hassall, Edward Marsh, London, 1959, 173–74.
99 “A real danger” and chagrined peer: Newton, Retrospection, 187.
100 Balfour, “nothing but politicians”: q. Young, 315.
101 Asquith’s tribute: Guildhall speech, Nov. 9, Fifty Years, II, 129–31.
102 Wyndham, “ice age”: Blunt, II, 339.
8. The Death of Jaurès
Bibliography
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BRAUNTHAL, JULIUS, In Search of the Millennium, London, Gollancz, 1945.
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COLEMAN, MC ALISTER, Eugene V. Debs, New York, Greenberg, 1930.
DE LEON, DANIEL, Flashlights of the Amsterdam Congress, New York, Labor News, 1929.
DESMOND, SHAW, The Edwardian Story, London, Rockliff, 1949.
DULLES, FOSTER RHEA, Labor in America, New York, Crowell, 1960.
(L’EGLANTINE), Jean Jaurès; Feuilles Eparses, Brussels, l’Eglantine, 1924.
FISCHER, LOUIS, The Life of Lenin, New York, Harper, 1964.
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GAY, PETER, The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism: Bernstein’s Challenge to Marx, New York, Collier, 1962.
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*GOLDBERG, HARVEY, The Life of Jean Jaurès, Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1962.
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*HUNTER, ROBERT, Socialists at Work, New York, Macmillan, 1908.
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SCHORSKE, CARL E., German Social Democracy, 1905–17, Harvard Univ. Press, 1955.
STEWART, WILLIAM, J. Keir Hardie, London, ILP, 1921.
SUAREZ, GEORGES, Briand, sa vie, son œuvre, Vols. I and II, Paris, Plon, 1938.
TROTSKY, LEON, My Life, New York, Scribner’s, 1930.
*VANDERVELDE, EMILE, Souvenirs d’un Militant Socialiste, Paris, Denoël, 1939.
VAYO, JULIO ALVAREZ DEL, The Last Optimist, New York, Viking, 1950.
Notes
Unless otherwise stated all quotations by Jaurès are from Goldberg, by Debs from Ginger, by Bernstein from Gay, by Gompers, in the case of biographical facts, from his autobiography, and in the case of comments on European labour, from his Labour in Europe and America; by Vandervelde, DeLeon and others, following the principle already established, from their own works.
103 In “almost religious silence”: Hunter, 319.
104 Vienna “paralyzed with fright”: Zweig (see Chap. 6), 61; Braunthal, 56.
105 Comments on Markham’s poem: Sullivan (see Chap. 3), II, 236–47.
106 Clemenceau on Fourmies: Alexandre Zevaès, Histoire de la 3me République, Paris, 1926, 342.
107 Taft on the Pullman strike: DAB, Taft.
108 Marxists accused the French Possibilists: Joll, 33.
109 “Don’t delay the revolution!”: Bülow (see Chap. 5), I, 672. Miquel in later life became a Conservative and Minister of Finance, 1890–1900.
110 “Nothing if not revolution”: DeLeon, 192.
111 Applause for Pablo Iglesias: Hyndman, 396.
112 Cipriani described: Vandervelde, 44.
113 Hunter on the Valley of the Tirano: in Socialists at Work, 55.
114 “Damned wantlessness of the poor”: The phrase was circulating at the time without a clear claim as to authorship. Minus the adjective it appeared anonymously in a Fabian Tract of 1884, Why Are the Many Poor, and has been ascribed by Professor Gay in his book on Bernstein to William Morris. As Verdammte Bedürfnislosigkeit it was quoted by Shaw in his Preface to Major Barbara, without attribution but suggesting a German origin. Although some German scholars are reluctant to specify an origin, the attribution to Lassalle is made on the authority of George Lichtheim in a letter to the author.
115 English pamphlet on Congress of 1896: Walter Crane, Cartoons for the Cause, 1886–96, London, 1896.
116 Zurich Congress: Vandervelde, 144.
117 Shaw on Liebknecht: Henderson, 220.
118 Kaiser on the Socialists: Michael Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, London, 1964, 159.
119 “By Balfour to the Primrose League”: Joll, 76.
120 “General Strike is general nonsense”: ibid., 53, n. 2.
121 May Day in Munich: Krupskaya, I, 67.
122 Bebel a “shadow-Kaiser”: Rosenberg, 44.
123 Mommsen on Bebel: Hunter, 227; “savage accents”: ibid., 226; “deadly enemy”: q. Pinson, 212; “Look at those fellows”: Chirol (see Chap. 5), 274.
124 Adler characteristics: Braunthal. Trotsky, Balabanoff, Joll, 38; “Despotism mitigated by slovenliness”: Braunthal, 52.
125 “More profound than doctrine”: Hunter, 134.
126 Vandervelde “gushed” over: Balabanoff, 15.
127 “Firmly and recklessly”: Vandervelde, 46.
128 “Torquemada in eyeglasses”: Nomad. Rebels (see Chap. 2). 65.
129 “What will we Socialists do … ?”: Goldberg, 226.
130 Jaurès, “Jubilant and humorous”: Hyndman, 398; “His shoulders shook” and discussed astronomy at dinner party: Severine, in l’Eglantine, 7–8; “Thinks with his beard”: Clermont-Tonnerre (see Chap. 4), II, 251.
131 Vaillant on Jaurès: Hunter, 79.
132 Clemenceau, “all the verbs”: Roman (see Chap. 4), 91.
133 The London Congress: Vandervelde, 145.
134 Army Colonel in a Chicago club: Ginger, 139.
135 Injunction advised by Grosscup and Wood: Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland, New York, 1932, 618.
136 Roosevelt on “shooting”: Pringle (see Chap. 3), 164.
137 Theodore Debs’s gold watch: Coleman, 201.
138 “Almost grotesque”: Hillquit, 93.
139 “Give ’em hell, Sam”: Harvey.
140 “These middle class issues”: q. Dulles, 181.
141 “I am a working man”: Hillquit, 95.
142 “I confess openly …”: Braunthal, 91; Gay, 74.
143 It was said of Adler: DeLeon, 37; his letter to Bernstein: Braunthal, 100.
144 “Tall, thin, desiccated” and “Down with Liebknecht!”: Goldberg, 262.
145 Erhard Auer’s regret: DeLeon, 66–67.
146 Knee-breeches debate at Dresden: Gay, 232, n. 39.
147 Rosa Luxemburg: Balabanoff, 22; Vayo, 61.
148 Georg Ledebour’s estimate: Trotsky, 215.
149 Dresden Resolution: Pinson, 215–16.
150 “Weltpolitik without war”: ibid., 214.
151 Amsterdam Congress: Vandervelde, 152–62; DeLeon, passim.
152 Bebel would shoulder a rifle: Vandervelde, 161.
153 Isvolsky on Briand and Viviani: Goldberg, 455.
154 “Fiendish massacre”: Clynes, 103.
155 I
talians hail Russian Revolution: Balabanoff, 54.
156 Austrian suffrage strike: Braunthal, 64–68.
157 “Property, property, property”: q. Goldberg, 363.
158 Debs’s letter of December, 1904: Coleman, 227–28.
159 “Bundle of primitive instincts”: q. Dulles, 211.
160 “Slowly plowed its way”: Ernest Poole, q. Ginger, 281.
161 Mannheim Congress: Schorske, 56.
162 Noske’s speech in Reichstag: Pinson, 215.
163 Hervé; “We shall reply …”: D. W. Brogan. France Under the Republic, 429.
164 “At every railroad station”: M. Auclair, La Vie de Jean Jaurès, q. Goldberg, 381.
165 Hatfield visit: Vandervelde, in l’Eglantine, 38–40.
166 Mussolini described: Desmond, 207.
167 Police in balloons over Stuttgart: The Times, Aug. 19 and 20, 1907.
168 Queich incident: Balabanoff, 82; Trotsky, 205.
169 Georg von Vollmar quoted: Pinson, 215–16.
170 Clemenceau on Jaurès’ fate: in l’Homme Libre, Aug. 2, 1914.
171 “Infuriated” workers would rise: Braunthal, 106.
172 “Do not fool yourselves”: Desmond, 206.
173 Jaurès at Tubingen: Vandervelde, 167.
174 “That’s Lenin”: q. Fischer, 58.
175 Lenin’s parleys with Bebel: Supplied to the author by Louis Fischer from Lenin’s “The International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart,” Works, 5th ed., Moscow, 1961, XVI, 67–74, 514–15.
176 Stuttgart Resolution: Beer, II, 156.
177 Arbeiter-Zeitung of Vienna: q. Trotsky, 211.
178 Blatchford and Hyndman for conscription: Halévy (see Chap. 1), VI, 395.
179 Hardie believed “absolutely”: Clynes, 25.
180 “Ripe sonority”: report in Le Peuple, q. Vandervelde, 170.
181 8,000,000 Socialist voters: The Times, Aug. 31, 1910.
182 Hardie at Copenhagen: Cole, 83–84; Hughes, 197–98; Stewart, 302.
183 ITF and Boer War: Information supplied by K. A. Golding, Research Secretary, ITF, London.
184 ITF strike of 1911: Prior discussion of the strike at Copenhagen in 1910 from The Times, Aug. 25–29. Subsequent developments from Mr. Golding.
185 German Socialism appeared “irresistible”: Braunthal, 46.
186 Scheidemann debate: The Times, Feb. 19, Mar. 9, 1912.
187 “We revolutionaries?”: Trotsky, 213.
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