17. SRMA-011, SSS/SSA/ASA Staff Meeting Minutes, p. 257, RG-457, NA, CP; letter, Wenger to Jones, June 4, 1946, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous June 1945–June 1946, NA, CP.
18. ASA, Summary Annual Report of the Army Security Agency: Fiscal Year 1947, February 1950, p. 23, INSCOM FOIA; ASA, Annual Historical Report, ASA Plans and Operations Section, FY 1950, p. ii, INSCOM FOIA; SRMA-011, SSS/SSA/ASA Staff Meeting Minutes: 25 November 1942– 17 February 1948, p. 257, RG-457, NA, CP; Howe, “The Early History of NSA,” p. 13, DOCID:
19. Dr. Thomas R. Johnson, American Cryptology During the Cold War, 1945–1989, bk. 1, The Struggle for Centralization, 1945–1960 (Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, 1995), p. 17, NSA FOIA.
20. Details of Gouzenko’s revelations can be found in Memorandum, Hoover to Lyon, Soviet Espionage Activity, September 18, 1945, RG-59, Decimal File 1945–1949, box 6648, file 861.20242/9-1845, NA, CP; memorandum, Hoover to Lyon, Soviet Espionage Activity, September 24, 1945, RG-59, Decimal File 1945–1949, box 6648, file 861.20242/9-2445, NA, CP; The Report of the Royal Commission to Investigate the Facts Relating to and the Circumstances Surrounding the Communication by Public Officials and Other Persons in Positions of Trust of Secret and Confidential Information to Agents of a Foreign Power (Kellock-Taschereau Commission) (Ottawa: Canadian Government Printing Office, 1946).
21. Wenger had held discussions with Captain E. S. Brand, RCN, the director of naval intelligence; Captain George A. “Sam” Worth, RCN, the director of naval communications; and Commander Macdonald concerning future U.S.-Canadian COMINT relations. Letter, Wenger to deMarbois, October 4, 1945, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous June 1945–June 1946, NA, CP.
22. SD-38092, Briefing for General Irwin— of Important Happenings in the Intelligence Division for the Period 28 April Through 14 June, 1949, June 15, 1949, p. 2, RG-319, entry 47A Army G-2 Top Secret Decimal File 1942–1952, box 9, file 014.331 thru 018.2 ’49, NA, CP; letter, Cabell to Crean, June 29, 1949. The author is grateful to Bill Robinson in Canada for making a copy of this declassified document available to him. See also letter, Wenger to Jones, November 17, 1949, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous January 1949–December 1949, NA, CP; letter, Glazebrook to Armstrong, November 18, 1949, RG-59, entry 1561 Lot 58D776 INR Subject File 1945–1956, box 22, file Exchange of Classified Information with Foreign Governments Other than UK, NA, CP; Johnson, American Cryptology, bk. 1, p. 18. For the signing of CANUSA in 1949, see IAC 376, Communications Security Establishment, Canadian SIGINT Security Instructions, November 2, 1976, p. 2, Canadian Department of National Defense FOIA.
23. Memorandum, McDonald to Secretary of the Air Force et al., Conversations with British Representatives Concerning British Collaboration with Australia and New Zealand on Communications Intelligence Activities, January 2, 1948, RG-341, entry 335 Air Force Plans Project Decimal File 1942–1954, box 741-A, file 350.05 England (2 Jan 48), NA, CP; memorandum, Shedden to Secretary, Defence Committee, Tripartite Conference at Defence Signals Branch, September 3, 1953, Series A5954, box 2355, Item 2355/7 Visit of US and UK Representatives to DSB Nov 1952 Tripartite Conference Sept 1953, National Archives of Australia, Canberra, Australia; Johnson, American Cryptology, bk. 1, pp. 18–19.
24. Johnson, American Cryptology, bk. 1, p. 160.
25. Peter J. Freeman, How GCHQ Came to Cheltenham (Cheltenham, U.K.: GCHQ, 2002), p. 9; confidential interview with former GCHQ officer.
26. British Communications Intelligence, undated circa early 1946, RG-457, HCC, box 808, file British COMINT, NA, CP. For the size of the London Signals Intelligence Center Russian Section, see Director’s Order No. 77, September 20, 1945, HW 64/68, PRO, Kew, England; Number of Staff Employed, September 30, 1945, HW 14/151, PRO, Kew, England.
27. F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974), p. 13.
28. For Alexander, see Michael Smith, The Spying Game: The Secret History of British Espionage (London: Politico’s, 2003), p. 296. For Morgan, see British Communications Intelligence, undated circa early 1946, appendix 1, p. 6, RG-457, HCC, box 808, file British COMINT, NA, CP.
29. War Diary Summary of G4A for February 1946, March 5, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (3 of 3), NA, CP; War Diary Summary of G4A for March 1946, April 9, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (3 of 3), NA, CP; War Diary Summary of G4A for April 1946, May 6, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (3 of 3), NA, CP.
30. Decrypts V-2936, Petropavlovsk to Toyohara, August 10, 1946, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic 1940–1946, box 2744, NA, CP; comment to WS BO 17098, Sovet-skaya Gavan’ Naval Base to Petropavlovsk Naval Base, RUN-17440(N), RUNRA-1, November 15, 1948, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic 1940–1946, box 2742, NA, CP. Both reclassified by U.S. Navy.
31. War Diary Summary of G4A for April 1946, May 6, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (3 of 3), NA, CP; David Alvarez, “Behind Venona: American Signals Intelligence in the Early Cold War,” Intelligence and National Security, Summer 1999: p.181.
32. Hugh Denham, “Conel Hugh O’Donel Alexander,” Cryptologic Spectrum, vol. 4, no. 3 (Summer 1974): p. 31, DOCID: 3217160, NSA FOIA; Smith, The Spying Game, p. 296.
33. Confidential interview. For Raven background, see NSA Newsletter, May 1954, p. 5, NSA FOIA.
34. For RUMRA decrypts, see RUM-12405, Vienna HQ Central Group of Forces to Moscow Ministry of the Armed Forces, RUMRA-1, intercepted November 15, 1946, solved January 13, 1949; RUM-12410, Moscow to Tbilisi, RUMRA-1, intercepted March 15, 1947, solved January 18, 1949; RUM-12519, Moscow to Kuibyshev: Volga VO, RUMRA-1, intercepted March 21, 1947, solved February 25, 1949; RUM-12000, Moscow to Arkhangel’sk VO, RUMRA-1, intercepted June 24, 1948, solved October 13, 1948; RUM-12293, Tbilisi to Moscow: MVS, RUMRA-1, intercepted October 14, 1947, solved December 6, 1948, all in RG-38, box 2742, NA, CP.
35. War Diary Summary of G4A for February 1946, March 5, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 War Diary Sections (3 of 3), NA, CP; Summary of War Diary for N-51: July 1946, August 6, 1946, p. 2, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (1 of 3), NA, CP; letter, Wenger to Travis, February 15, 1947, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous November 1951–July 1953, NA, CP.
36. Letter, Currier to Wenger, April 8, 1947, RG-38, Crane CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous November 1951–July 1953, NA, CP.
37. ASA, Summary Annual Report of the Army Security Agency: Fiscal Year 1947, February 1950, p. 45, INSCOM FOIA.
38. See, for example, RUM-12405, Vienna HQ Central Group of Forces to Moscow Ministry of the Armed Forces, RUMRA-1, intercepted November 15, 1946, solved January 13, 1949; RUM-12410, Moscow to Tbilisi, RUMRA-1, intercepted March 15, 1947, solved January 18, 1949; RUM-12519, Moscow to Kuibyshev: Volga VO, RUMRA-1, intercepted March 21, 1947, solved February 25, 1949; RUM-12550, Khabarovsk to Irkutsk, RUMY, intercepted January 15, 1949, solved March 10, 1949, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940– 1946, box 2739, NA, CP; RUM-11835, Alma Ata: MGB to Directorate of Military Supply, MGB, RUMY, intercepted November 13, 1947, solved September 27, 1948; RUM-11861, Moscow to Arkhangel’sk VO, RUMB, intercepted July 30, 1947, solved September 29, 1948; RUM-11989, Tbilisi to Moscow, intercepted August 6, 1948, solved October 18, 1948; RUM-11992, Tbilisi to Pojly, RUMY, intercepted August 27, 1948, solved October 13, 1948; RUM-12000, Moscow to Arkhangel’sk VO, RUMRA-1, intercepted June 24, 1948, solved October 13, 1948; RUM-12003, Moscow to Alma Ata, intercepted August 23, 1948, solved October 18, 1948; RUM-12087, Moscow to Vorkuta, RUYLA-1, intercepted April 8, 1948, solved October 25, 1948; RUM-12215, Baku to Moscow, RUMY, intercepted September 7, 1948, solved November 18, 1948; RUM-12312, Dal’nij to Moscow: MVS, RUMUC-2, intercepted March 18, 1948, solved December 7, 1948; RUM-12293, Tbilisi to Moscow: MVS, RUMRA
-1, intercepted October 14, 1947, solved December 6, 1948; RUM-12320, Khar’kov to Kavkazkaya Station, intercepted October 8, 1948, solved December 15, 1948; RUM-12327, Grozny to Moscow, RUMY, intercepted December 3, 1948, solved December 17, 1948; RUM-12334, Chita to Moscow, RUMY, intercepted September 9, 1948, solved December 20, 1948; RUM-12356, Port Arthur: 39 Army to UKH of MGB, December 31, 1948; RUM-12509, Vladivostok to Moscow, RUMY, intercepted October 14, 1948, solved UNK; RUMI-0622, Riga to Moscow, RUMUA-1A, intercepted December 28, 1946, solved October 12, 1948; RUMI-0625, Tbilisi to Moscow MVS, RUMUA-1, intercepted January 8, 1948, solved October 12, 1948; RUMI-0705, Vienna to Mukachevo, RUMUA-1A, intercepted December 3, 1947, solved December 23, 1948; RUMI-0712, Vienna to Mukachevo, RUMUA-1A, intercepted December 3, 1947, solved December 23, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2742, NA, CP; V-2936, Petropavlovsk to Toyohara, August 10, 1946, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2744, NA, CP; RUM-10994, Port Arthur 39 Army to Voroshilov PRIMVO, intercepted March 22, 1948, solved August 19, 1948; RUM-11100, Port Arthur: 39 Army to Voroshilov PRIMVO, intercepted February 20, 1948, solved August 18, 1948; RUM-11107, Voroshilov PRIMVO to Port Arthur 39 Army, intercepted July 7, 1947, solved August 17, 1948; RUM-11059, Yerevan 7 Guards Army to Moscow, intercepted January 9, 1947, solved August 18, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2745, NA, CP. All of these documents have been reclassified by the U.S. Navy.
39. For examples of Soviet navy cipher solutions, see NI-1-#14928, CinC 5th Fleet to Moscow Naval Headquarters, RUNRA-1, intercepted April 18, 1948, solved March 16, 1949; NI-1-#23815, Vladivostok to Moscow, RUNY, intercepted December 8, 1948, solved April 21, 1949; RUN-16971, Petropavlovsk Naval Base to Sovetskaya Gavan Naval Base, RUNRA-1, intercepted January 16, 1948, solved November 18, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2739, NA, CP; NI-1 Summary part 2, December 14, 1946; NI-1 Summary, December 26, 1946; NI-1 Summary, March 21, 1947, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2740, NA, CP; RUN-1799, Chief of Staff, Naval Air Forces, Moscow to Chief of Staff, Naval Air Force, Black Sea Fleet, intercepted May 13, 1948, solved December 6, 1948; RUN-16132, Petropavlovsk Naval Base to Sovetskaya Gavan Naval Base, intercepted June 30, 1948, solved November 19, 1948; RUN-18002, Sovetskaya Gavan CinC 7th Fleet to Moscow Naval Hqs, intercepted June 10, 1948, solved December 2, 1948; RUN-18013, Vladivostok CinC 5th Fleet to Moscow Naval Hqs, intercepted February 13, 1948, solved December 3, 1948; RUN-19962, Vladivostok CinC 5th Fleet to Moscow Naval Hqs, intercepted April 19, 1948, solved December 29, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2742, NA, CP; RUN-21146, Vladivostok CinC 5th Fleet to Moscow Naval Hqs, intercepted February 4, 1948, solved February 10, 1949, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2743, NA, CP; RUN-15567, Moscow Naval Headquarters to Sovetskaya Gavan CinC 7th Fleet, intercepted January 30, 1948, solved August 17, 1948; RUN-15702, Moscow Naval Headquarters to CinC 5th Fleet, intercepted August 24, 1948, solved August 31, 1948; RUN-15724, Moscow Naval Headquarters to CinC 5th Fleet, intercepted August 24, 1948, solved September 28, 1948; RUN-15796, Moscow Naval Headquarters to CinC 5th Fleet, intercepted August 25, 1948, solved September 22, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2744, NA, CP; RUN-15724, Moscow Naval Headquarters to CinC 5th Fleet, intercepted August 24, 1948, solved September 28, 1948; RUN-ARU/T2343, Headquarters Air Force Black Sea to Headquarters Naval Air Force, Moscow, intercepted October 13, 1947, solved September 20, 1948, both in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2745, NA, CP. All of these documents have been reclassified by the U.S. Navy.
40. RUM-10828, Vozdvizhenka 9th Air Army to Moscow VVS VS, intercepted May 4, 1947, solved August 6, 1948, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2744, NA, CP; RUM-12083, Moscow: VVS VS to Vienna: 2nd Air Army, RUARA-1, intercepted October 6, 1947, solved October 20, 1948; RUM-12375, Dairen 7 Air Corps to Vozdvizhenka 9th Air Army, RUMUC-2, intercepted December 1, 1947, solved UNK, both in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2742, NA, CP; RUMI-0505, Tbilisi 11 Air Army to VVS VS, intercepted April 30, 1948, solved August 31, 1948, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2745, NA, CP. All of these documents have been reclassified by the U.S. Navy.
41. RUAMT-3 was the designation given to the cipher system used by the 9th Air Army at Voz-dvizhenka that was being read by the U.S. Army, which usually consisted of messages from air base duty officers reporting on the arrival and departure of aircraft at their base. John Milmore, #1 Code Break Boy (Haverford, PA: Infinity Publishing, 2002), pp. 12–13.
42. Johnson, American Cryptology, bk. 1, p. 161; Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939–1957 (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1996), pp. xxi, 93–104; Desmond Ball and David Horner, Breaking the Codes: Australia’s KGB Network (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1998), p. 203.????
43. David A. Hatch and Robert Louis Benson, The Korean War: The SIGINT Background (Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, 2000), p. 4.
44. Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 291–92.
45. Confidential interviews. For the intelligence background to the 1948 Berlin Crisis, see message, SX 2967, HQ EUCOM to CSUSA Washington, DC, April 8, 1948, RG-319, entry 58 Army G-2 Top Secret Messages 1942–1952, box 115, file 1. FR “S” Germany 1-1-48–6-9-48, NA, CP; CIA, information report, The Current Situation in Berlin and Related Information, April 30, 1948, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP83-00415R000800090015-7, NA, CP.
46. Confidential interviews.
47. See, for example, SD-11388, Intelligence Division, U.S. Europe an Command, Air Evaluation Report J-32, Evaluation of Radio Intercept Reports from Signal Section, August 17, 1948, RG-319, entry 1041, box 239, file ID No. 960884, NA, CP; SC-8483, U.S. Air Force in Europe, Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, Estimate of the Situation, December 1, 1948, p. 12, RG-313, entry 1335 (UD) CINCNELM Top Secret Intelligence Files 1946–1950, box 14, file #29, NA, CP. For the overall importance of the Gehlen Org’s SIGINT product, see Kevin C. Ruffner, ed., Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945–49: A Documentary History (Washington, DC: CIA History Staff, 1999), vol. II, pp. 105–06, RG-263, CIA Subject Files, box 2, NA, CP; James H. Critchfield, “The Early History of the Gehlen Organization and Its Influence on the Development of a National Security System in the Federal Republic of Germany,” in Heike Bungert, Jan G. Heitmann, and Michael Wala, eds., Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (London: Frank Cass and Co., 2003), p. 160.
48. TI Item #137, NT-1 Traffic Intelligence, Unprecedented Coordinated Russian Communications Changes, November 4, 1948, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940– 1946, box 2742, NA, CP (reclassified by the U.S. Navy); National Cryptologic School, On Watch, pp. 19–20; Hatch and Benson, The Korean War, p. 4; Jeannette Williams and Yolande Dickerson, The Invisible Cryptologists: African-Americans, WWII to 1956 (Fort Meade, MD: Center for Crypto-logic History, 2001), p. 19.
49. National Cryptologic School, On Watch, p. 19. See also Hatch and Benson, The Korean War, p. 5; Donald P. Steury, “The End of the Dark Era: The Transformation of American Intelligence, 1956,” p. 2, paper presented at a conference organized by the Allied Museum, Berlin, April 24, 2006.
50. S/ARU/C735, Developments in Soviet Cypher [sic] and Signals Security, 1946–1948, December 1948, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2739, NA, CP (reclassified by the U.S. Navy); Department of the Army, Pamphlet No. 30-2, The Soviet Army, July 1949, p. 41, RG-6, box 107, MacArthur Memorial Library, Norfolk, VA; SRH-277, “A Lecture on Communications Intelligence by Rear Admiral E.E
. Stone, DIRAFSA,” June 5, 1951, p. 34, RG-457, entry 9002 Special Research Histories, NA, CP; Brownell Committee Report, June 13, 1952, pp. 29, 83, NSA FOIA; CIA, CS Historical Paper No. 150, Clandestine Service History: The Berlin Tunnel Operation: 1952–1956, August 25, 1967, p. 1, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001407685, http://www.foia.cia.gov; Defense Intelligence Agency, DDB-1170-3-80, Warsaw Pact Forces Command, Control, and Communications, August 1980, pp. 1–2, DIA FOIA; National Cryptologic School, On Watch, p. 19; David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kon-drashev, and George Bailey, Battleground Berlin (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 208; interview, Frank B. Rowlett.
51. Study of Joint Organizations for the Production of Communications Intelligence and for Security of U.S. Military Communications (Stone Board Report), December 27, 1948, part A: Communications Intelligence, p. 5, DOCID: 3187441, NSA FOIA; Brownell Committee Report, June 13, 1952, p. 108, NSA FOIA.
52. HQ USAF, AFOIR-SR 322, Functions of the USAF Security Ser vice, October 20, 1948, p. 1, AIA FOIA; “35 Years of Excellence,” Spokesman, October 1983: p. 9, AIA FOIA.
53. USAFSS, Organizational Development of the USAFSS, 1948–1962, February 15, 1963, p. 122, AIA FOIA; memorandum, Cabell to Director of Operations et al., Changes in Personnel and Equipment Priorities for U.S. Air Force Security Service, December 14, 1949, RG-341, entry 214 Top Secret Cable and Controls Division, box 47, file 2-10500-2-10599, NA, CP.
54. Memorandum, Secretary of Defense to Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, Organiza-tion of Cryptologic Activities Within the National Military Establishment, May 20, 1945, with attachment, RG-330, entry 199 OSD Decimal File 1947–1950, box 97, CD 22-1-23, NA, CP; JCS 2010, Orga nization of Cryptologic Activities Within the National Military Establishment, May 20, 1949, p. 1, RG-341, entry 214, file 2-8100-2-8199, NA, CP.
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