47. Oral history, Interview with Captain Brandon Griffin, July 24, 2006, p. 11, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS.
48. Oral history, Interview with Master Sergeant Michael Threatt, September 20, 2006, p. 20, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS; confidential interviews.
49. Oral history, Interview with Captain Paul Toolan, July 24, 2006, p. 8, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS.
50. CALL, Operation OUTREACH Newsletter, No. 03-27, October 2003 Section: Afghanistan Counter-Mortar Predictive Analysis, p. 20.
51. Oral history, Interview with Gunnery Sergeant Michael Johnson, February 10, 2006, pp. 14–15, Cold War Oral History Project, John A. Adams ’71 Center for Military History and Strategic Analysis, Virginia Military Institute, VA.
52. Tim McGirk, “The Taliban on the Run,” Time, April 4, 2005.
53. U.S. Senate, Armed Services Committee, Vice Admiral Lowell E. Jacoby, USN, Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, statement for the record, “Current and Projected National Security Threats to the United States,” March 17, 2005, p. 9; Sayed Salahuddin, “Afghanistan’s Taliban Just Won’t Go Away,” Reuters, April 7, 2005; N. C. Aizenman, “General Predicts Taliban’s Demise,” Washington Post, April 17, 2005; Carlotta Gall, “U.S. Training Pakistani Units Fighting Qaeda,” New York Times, April 27, 2005.
54. Carlotta Gall, “As Winter Ends, Afghan Rebels Step Up Attacks,” New York Times, April 3, 2005; Carlotta Gall, “Afghan Rebels Step Up Attacks, Killing 9 Near Pakistani Border,” New York Times, May 6, 2005; Nick Meo, “In Afghanistan, the Taliban Rise Again for Fighting Season,” U.K. Independent, May 15, 2005; Carlotta Gall, “Despite Years of U.S. Pressure, Taliban Fight On in Jagged Hills,” New York Times, June 4, 2005; N. C. Aizenman, “Violence Linked to Tal-iban Swells in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, June 9, 2005.
55. Confidential interview. See also Daniel Cooney, “2 Taliban Leaders May Be Directing Battle in Afghanistan,” Associated Press, June 24, 2005.
56. Sean D. Naylor, “The Waiting Game: A Stronger Taliban Lies Low, Hoping the U.S. Will Leave Afghanistan,” Armed Forces Journal International, February 2006; Pete Boisson, “Punishment in Syahchow, Afghanistan, 25 July 2005,” in William G. Robertson, ed., In Contact! Case Studies from the Long War (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006), pp. 101–23.
57. For an example of coordinated Taliban attacks on units of the 173rd Airborne Brigade in Zabul Province in the summer of 2005, including Taliban use of walkie-talkies, see Pfc. Jon H. Arguello, “Paratroopers Deal Blow to Taliban in Remote Valley,” Army News Service, May 9, 2005; Paul Wiseman, “Taliban on the Run but Far from Vanquished,” USA Today, July 26, 2005; Catherine Philp, “They Expected an Easy Ride, Then the Enemy Struck Back,” U.K. Times, July 30, 2005; Scott Baldauf, “Small US Units Lure Taliban into Losing Battles,” Christian Science Monitor, October 31, 2005; Scott Patsko, “Sergeant Risks Own Life to Protect His Men,” Lorain (OH) Morning Journal, November 11, 2005.
58. The only detailed publicly available description of the Battle of Mari Ghar can be found in Sean D. Naylor, “The Battle of Mari Ghar,” Army Times, June 26, 2006.
59. Oral history, Interview with Captain Brandon Griffin, July 24, 2006, p. 11, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS; oral history, Interview with Captain Paul Toolan, July 24, 2006, p. 9, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS; quote from oral history, Interview with Lt. Col-o nel Don Bolduc, July 26, 2006, p. 8, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS. See also Naylor, “The Waiting Game.”
60. Lieutenant General Thomas F. Metz, Colonel William J. Tait, Jr., and Major J. Michael McNealy, “OIF II: Intelligence Leads Successful Counterinsurgency Operations,” Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, July–September 2005.
61. Oral history, Interview with Colonel Emmett Schaill, January 24, 2007, p. 14, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS.
62. Capt. Kevin Stemkaamp, PowerPoint presentation, 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, Stryker Brigade Combat Team OIF III (Sep 04–Sep 05), March 9, 2006.
63. “IIF Recover Weapons, Detainees,” Advisor, July 2, 2005, p. 11, http://www.mnstci.iraq.centcom.mil.
64. Department of Defense “Bloggers Roundtable” with Major General Rick Lynch, USA, Commanding General, Multinational Division Center, via teleconference from Iraq, Operation Marne Husky, August 16, 2007, http:www.defenselink.mil./dodcmsshare/BloggerAssets/2007-08/Lynch_ 081607_transcript.pdf. “Fairly scarce” quote from “Blogger Call: MG Rick Lynch, CDR 3rd ID,” the Q and O Blog, August 16, 2007, http://www.qando.net/ details.aspx?entry =6690.
65. “Special Troops Battalion, 2 Bde, FOB Kalsu, Iraq,” Lonestar News, February 15, 2006, p. 1.
66. CAPT Brian Gellman, “From Dagger 6,” in Dagger News, July 2006, p. 1, http://www.506infantry.org/pdf/ 506rct/ jul_dagger_news.pdf.
67. Hamza Hendawi and Jim Krane, “Deputy Unwittingly Led Troops to al-Zarqawi,” Associated Press, June 8, 2006; Sean D. Naylor, “Inside the Zarqawi Takedown,” Defense News, June 12, 2006; “Cell Phone Tracking Helped Find al-Zarqawi,” CNN, June 10, 2006, http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/06/09/iraq.al.zarqawi.
68. Confidential interviews. See also Captain Daniel J. Smith, USN, Intelligence Gathering in a Counterinsurgency (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2006), p. 15.
69. The commanding officer of CSG Baghdad from September 2005 to May 2006 was Commander Stone Davis, USN. From May 2006 to February 2007, the chief of CSG Baghdad was Captain Dennis M. Pricolor, USN. Captain Steve Tucker, USN, was chief of CSG Baghdad from February 2007 to May 2008. For Tucker’s background, see “Local Soldier Returns from Iraq, Is Awarded Bronze Star,” Morgan County News (TN), July 12, 2008.
70. Confidential interviews with senior U.S. military officials. See also Rear Amiral Edward H. Deets III, “Individual Augmentee,” InfoDomain, Fall 2007, p. 23, www.netwarcom.navy.mil/pao/infodomain/006-InfoDomain%20fall%202007%20On-Line.pdf; Rear Admiral Ned Deets III, Vice Commander, Naval Network Warfare Command, PowerPoint presentation, “Readiness to Fight: Our Shift Forward,” November 8, 2007.
71. David A. Fulghum, “Technology Will Be Key to Iraq Buildup,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 14, 2007; Capt. Angela Johnson and Capt. Tim Crowe, “Triton Signals Intelligence Collection System Proves Critical Tool,” Fort Lewis (WA) Northwest Guardian, June 14, 2007; Association of the U.S. Army, Torchbearer National Security Report, Key Issues Relevant to Army Intelligence Transformation, July 2007, p. 10.
72. Confidential interviews. See also Deets, “Individual Augmentee,” p. 23.
73. Deets, “Readiness to Fight.” Deets, “Individual Augmentee,” p. 23; Raymond T. Odierno, Nicole E. Brooks, and Francesco P. Mastracchio, “ISR Evolution in the Iraqi Theater,” Joint Forces Quarterly, issue 50 (2008): p. 54.
74. Deets, “Individual Augmentee,” p. 23.
75. Naval Special Warfare Group 2, press release, “Navy SEAL and Two Combat Support Sailors Killed in Iraq,” July 9, 2007; “Barstow Navy Man Killed by Iraq Bomb,” Associated Press, July 10, 2007.
76. Rick Atkinson, “The Single Most Effective Weapon Against Our Deployed Forces,” Washington Post, September 30, 2007.
77. Confidential interviews.
78. Commanding General MNF(I) General David H. Petraeus, Multi-National Force— Iraq Counterinsurgency Guidance, June 13, 2007, http:// www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/CFAWC/ Contemporary _Studies/ 2007/2007-Jun/2007-06-06_MNF-I_COIN_Guidance-Summer_2007_v7_e.asp.
79. “Local Soldier Returns from Iraq, Is Awarded Bronze Star,” Morgan County News (TN), July 12, 2008.
80. Frank Graham, “Branch’s Service in Iraq Earns Bronze Star,” North Platte (NE) Bulletin, August 27, 2008.
81. Confidential interviews with American, British, Canadian, and Dutch intelligence officers; General Michael V. Hayden, USAF, Director, Central Intelligence Agency, statement for the record, U.S. Senate, Armed Services Committee, “The Current Situation in Iraq and Afghanistan,” Nove
mber 15, 2006, p. 3.
82. Oral history, Interview with Major Jason Warner, third interview, August 21, 2007, p. 8, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS.
83. Confidential interview.
84. “June 18 Airpower Summary: Strike Eagles Watch Over Troops,” Air Force Print News, June 19, 2007, http://www.af.mil/ news/story.asp?id=123057754.
85. Tim Albone, “Medic! Man Down! Under Fire with British Troops in a Taliban Ambush,” U.K. Sunday Times, July 8, 2007.
86. Michael Smith, “SBS Behind Taliban Leader’s Death,” U.K. Sunday Times, May 27, 2007.
87. Taimoor Shah, “NATO Seeks to retake Taliban Haven,” New York Times, December 8, 2007.
88. Confidential interviews. See also Ahto Lobjakas, “Afghan Diary, Part 4: ‘You Can Go from Being Smiled At to Being Shot At,’ ” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty report, September 21, 2007, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1078732.html.
89. “June 17 Airpower Summary: Fighting Falcon Provides Show of Force,” Air Force Print News, June 18, 2007, http:// www.af.mil/ news/story.asp?id =123057615; “June 18 Airpower Summary,” Air Force Print News.
90. Christie Blatchford, “Canadian Troops Forced to Start from Scratch,” Globe and Mail, August 31, 2007. See also “Operation Groundhog Day: The Final Assault on a Stubborn Enemy,” U.K. Independent, September 23, 2007.
91. Les Neuhaus, “NATO Soldier Killed in Offensive Against Taliban in Afghanistan,” Stars & Stripes, October 25, 2007. For SIGINT, see Sgt. 1st Class Jacob Caldwell, “Company Works to Flush Out Taliban During ‘Rock Avalanche,’ ” American Forces Press Service, October 31, 2007; Sebastian Junger, “Into the Valley of Death,” Vanity Fair, January 2008.
92. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, “Testing NATO’s Determination,” Lahore Post, November 11, 2007, http:// thepost.com.pk/OpinionNews.aspx?dtlid=128142&catid=11.
93. John Ward Anderson, “Emboldened Taliban Reflected in More Attacks, Greater Reach,” Washington Post, September 25, 2007.
94. Confidential interviews.
95. Denis D. Gray, “U.S. Troops Patrol Gray Afghan World, Watched by Taliban,” Associated Press, April 8, 2007.
96. “MacGyver,” Letter, July 27, 2007, / 27_jul_2007 _anp_operations1.pdf.
97. Noor Khan, “Taliban Surrounded in Kandahar Fight,” Associated Press, October 31, 2007.
98. Jason Straziuso, “Deaths Mark Grim Afghan, Iraq Milestones,” Associated Press, November 10, 2007.
99. Lt. General David W. Barno, U.S. Army Ret., “Fighting ‘The Other War’: Counterinsurgency Strategy in Afghanistan, 2003–2005,” Military Review, September–October 2007, p. 43.
16: Crisis in the Ranks
1. NSA/CSS, NSA Public and Media Affairs, press release, “NSA/CSS Welcomes LTG Keith B. Alexander, USA,” July 30, 2005.
2. Keith background from biographical data sheet, Lt. General Keith B. Alexander, Department of the Army, Office of Public Affairs; biography, LTG Keith B. Alexander, USA, http://www.nsa.gov/about/about00022.cfm.
3. James Risen and Eric Lichtblau, “Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts,” New York Times, December 16, 2005; Eric Lichtblau and James Risen, “Eavesdropping Effort Began Soon After Sept. 11 Attacks,” New York Times, December 18, 2005.
4. George J. Tenet, “SIGINT in Context,” Defense Intelligence Journal, vol. 9, no. 2 (Summer 2000): pp. 9–12; Lt. Gen. Michael V. Hayden, USAF, “Background on NSA: History, Oversight, Relevance for Today,” Defense Intelligence Journal, vol. 9, no. 2 (Summer 2000): pp. 13–26; “Statement for the Record of NSA Director Lt. General Michael V. Hayden, USAF Before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence,” April 12, 2000.
5. Confidential interviews. A detailed examination of the wide range of data being collected by NSA can be found in Siobhan Gorman, “NSA’s Domestic Spying Grows as Agency Sweeps Up Data,” Wall Street Journal, March 10, 2008.
6. Confidential interviews.
7. Confidential interviews with senior Justice Department officials; Eric Lichtblau, “Debate and Protest at Spy Program’s Inception,” New York Times, March 30, 2008; Dan Eggen, “White House Secrecy on Wiretaps Described,” Washington Post, October 3, 2007.
8. Robert S. Mueller, III, “RSM Program Log,” Wednesday, March 10, 2004, entry, p. 1, attached to David Johnston and Scott Shane, “Notes Detail Visit to Ashcroft’s Hospital Room,” New York Times, August 16, 2007.
9. Jack Landman Goldsmith, prepared statement, “Preserving the Rule of Law in the Fight Against Terrorism,” U.S. Senate, Judiciary Committee, October 2, 2007.
10. Jeffrey Rosen, “Conscience of a Conservative,” New York Times Magazine, September 9, 2007.
11. Confidential interviews.
12. Risen and Lichtblau, “Bush Lets U.S. Spy.”
13. Barton Gellman, Dafna Linzer, and Carol D. Leonnig, “Surveillance Net Yields Few Suspects,” Washington Post, February 5, 2006.
14. Chris Roberts, “Transcript: Debate on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act,” El Paso Times, August 22, 2007.
15. Confidential interviews.
16. Douglas Jehl, “Senator Asks U.N. Nominee to Explain His Security Requests,” New York Times, April 14, 2005.
17. Mark Hosenball, Periscope, “Spying— Giving Out U.S. Names,” Newsweek, May 2, 2005.
18. Katherine Shrader, “Bolton Requested 10 Names in Spy Reports,” Associated Press, June 27, 2005.
19. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and General Michael Hayden, Principal Deputy Director for National Intelligence, press briefing, December 19, 2005, http:www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051219=1.html.
20. Richard W. Stevenson and Adam Liptak, “Cheney Defends Eavesdropping Without Warrants,” New York Times, December 21, 2005.
21. Risen and Lichtblau, “Bush Lets U.S. Spy.” Connection to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed from confidential interview.
22. “Two Al Qaeda Suspects Arrested in Karachi,” Dawn (Pakistan), January 10, 2003; Syed Saleem Shahzad, “Pakistani Backlash to FBI Raids,” Asia Times, January 15, 2003; Jason Burke, “Shots in the Dark Against an Unknown Enemy,” U.K. Observer, February 16, 2003.
23. Confidential interviews; Kevin Johnson and Jack Kelly, “Terror Arrest Triggers Mad Scramble,” USA Today, March 2, 2003; Rory McCarthy and Jason Burke, “Endgame in the Desert of Death for the World’s Most Wanted Man,” U.K. Observer, March 9, 2003; Kevin Whitelaw, “A Tightening Noose,” U.S. News & World Report, March 17, 2003.
24. Confidential interview.
25. Eric Lichtblau and James Risen, “Spy Agency Mined Vast Data Trove, Officials Report,” New York Times, December 24, 2005.
26. John Markoff and Scott Shane, “Documents Show Link Between AT&T and Agency in Eavesdropping Case,” New York Times, April 13, 2006; John Markoff, “U.S. Steps into Wiretap Suit Against AT&T,” New York Times, April 29, 2006; Leslie Cauley, “NSA Has Massive Database of America’s Phone Bills,” USA Today, May 11, 2006; John O’Neill and Eric Lichtblau, “Qwest’s Refusal of NSA Query Is Explained,” New York Times, May 12, 2006.
27. NSA OH-01-74 to NSA OH-14-81, oral history, Interview with Frank B. Rowlett, 1976, pp. 357– 61, NSA FOIA; NSA OH-02-79 thru 04-79, oral history, Interview with Dr. Abraham Sinkov, May 1979, p. 84, NSA FOIA
28. U.S. Senate, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, 94th Congress, 2nd session, bk. 3, pp. 767–69; letter, Barsby to Corderman, October 9, 1945, and letter, Abzug to McKay, in U.S. House of Representatives, Government Operations Committee, Interception of Nonverbal Communications by Federal Intelligence Agencies, 94th Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions, 1976, pp. 208, 210; L. Britt Snider, “Unlucky Shamrock: Recollections from the Church Committee’s Investigation of NSA,” Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999– 2000, unclassified ed., pp. 50–51. For the army’s abortive attempts to get legislation passed that would have provided legal protection to the cable companies, see memorandum, Russell to Larkin, Proposed Bill to Amend Section 605 of the
Communications Act of 1934 in Order to Increase the Security of the United States, and for Other Purposes, March 13, 1948, p. 1, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP57-00384R001000070061-9, NA, CP; memorandum, Clarke to Forrestal, December 13, 1947, RG-330, Entry 199 OSD Decimal File 1947–1950, box 105, file: CD 24-1-1, NA, CP; letter, Carville to Martin, June 1948, CREST Collection, Document No. CIA-RDP57-00384R001000070088-0, NA, CP; ASA, Annual Report, Plans and Operations Section (AS-23) FY 1948, p. 24, INSCOM FOIA.
29. Eric Lichtblau, “Key Senators Raise Doubts on Eavesdropping Immunity,” New York Times, November 1, 2007; confidential interviews.
30. Confidential interviews.
31. Scott Shane, “Attention in NSA Debate Turns to Telecom Industry,” New York Times, February 11, 2006.
32. Katherine Shrader, “Bush Seeks Legal Immunity for Telecoms,” Associated Press, September 5, 2007; Eric Lichtblau, “Immunity Crucial in Talks on Eavesdropping Rules,” New York Times, October 10, 2007.
33. For an example of McConnell’s impassioned pleas for granting retroactive immunity to the telecommunications companies, see Mike McConnell, “A Key Gap in Fighting Terrorism,” Washington Post, February 15, 2008.
34. Confidential interview.
35. U.S. Department of Justice, Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National Security Agency Described by the President, January 19, 2006; Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and General Michael Hayden, Principal Deputy Director for National Intelligence, press briefing, December 19, 2005. For CIA programs, see Dana Priest, “Covert CIA Program Withstands New Furor,” Washington Post, December 30, 2005.
36. Letter, February 2, 2006, http://www.eff.org/files/filenode/nsaspying/ FISA_AUMF_replyto DOJ.pdf.
37. “Wiretap Mystery: Spooks React,” Defensetech.org, December 20, 2005, http://www.defensetech.org/archives/ 002032.html.
38. Confidential interview.
39. Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, Report to the President of the United States (Washington, DC: GPO, March 31, 2005), p. 375.
The Secret Sentry Page 60