by Griff Hosker
I have changed the dates but the events happened roughly at the times I indicated.
An artist’s impression of the Roman Bridge and fort at Newcastle upon Tyne.
Wikipedia
Posset- From medieval times to the 19th century, in Britain, it was a hot drink of milk curdled with wine or ale, often spiced, which was popular and used as a cold and flu remedy or as a catch all for being unwell.
Thomas Becket
The incident with William FitzEmpress and Thomas Becket happened the way I wrote it. The new Archbishop of Canterbury chose to deny William his happiness. He fled England for France when King Henry brought him to book for his refusal to confirm Henry’s choice of priests. I made up his collusion with France. However, I am not a fan of Becket. In my view he was self-serving and sought power. I have no evidence that he wished to be Pope but it suits my story.
William FitzEmpress
Similarly, I have given what I believe is a plausible answer to William FitzEmpress’ early death at the age of 27. History records that he died a year after Becket refused his request to marry Isabel. William died suddenly shortly thereafter, it was said of a broken heart, and was buried in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Rouen. I find poison a more realistic fate and, once again, it suits my plot line. His brother Henry blamed Becket for William's death, and this might well have been the beginning of the great conflict between them. When Becket was murdered 29 December 1170, one of the assailants was Richard le Breton who had been a knight in William's employ. When Breton delivered his fatal blow he shouted, "Take that, for the love of my lord William, the king's brother!"
Duchy of Brittany
Henry had appointed Conan as Duke but he was weak. The Breton leaders did as they liked and so Henry took on the challenge and defeated them. Henry then forced Conan to abdicate as duke and to give Brittany to his five-year-old daughter, Constance, who was handed over and betrothed to Henry's son Geoffrey. This arrangement was quite unusual in terms of medieval law, as Conan might have had sons who could have legitimately inherited the duchy. They eventually married in July 1181. For those who have read my Border Knight series, this is the same Constance who is mother of Prince Arthur and Eleanor Fair Maid of Brittany.
Empress Matilda
This is the last book in which the Empress, the love of the Warlord’s life will appear. Matilda died on 10 September 1167, and her remaining wealth was given to the Church. She was buried under the high altar at the abbey of Bec-Hellouin in a service led by Rotrou, the Archbishop of Rouen. Her tomb's epitaph included the lines "Great by birth, greater by marriage, greatest in her offspring: here lies Matilda, the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry", which became a famous phrase among her contemporaries. This tomb was damaged in a fire in 1263 and later restored in 1282, before finally being destroyed by an English army in 1421. In 1684 the Congregation of St. Maur identified some of her remaining bones and reburied them at Bec-Hellouin in a new coffin. Her remains were lost again after the destruction of Bec-Hellouin's church by Napoleon, but were found once more in 1846 and this time reburied at Rouen Cathedral, where they remain. Contemporary chroniclers in England, France, Germany and Italy documented many aspects of Matilda's life, although the only biography of her, apparently written by Arnulf of Lisieux, has been lost. The chroniclers took a range of perspectives on her. In Germany, the chroniclers praised Matilda extensively and her reputation as the "good Matilda" remained positive. During the years of the Anarchy, works such as the Gesta Stephani took a much more negative tone, praising Stephen and condemning Matilda. Once Henry II assumed the throne, the tone of the chroniclers towards Matilda became more positive. Legends spread in the years after Matilda's death, including the suggestion that her first husband, Henry, had not died but had in fact secretly become a hermit – making Matilda's second marriage illegitimate – and a tale that Matilda had an affair with Stephen, resulting in the conception of Henry II.
Malcolm IV and William (the Lion)
Malcolm was not only King of Scots, but also inherited the Earldom of Northumbria, which his father and grandfather had gained during the wars between Stephen and Empress Matilda. Malcolm granted Northumbria to his brother William, keeping Cumbria for himself. Cumbria was, like the earldoms of Northumbria and Huntingdon, and later Chester, a fief of the English crown. While Malcolm delayed doing homage to Henry II of England for his possessions in Henry's kingdom, he did so in 1157 at Peveril Castle in Derbyshire and later at Chester. Henry II refused to allow Malcolm to keep Cumbria, or William to keep Northumbria, but instead granted the Earldom of Huntingdon to Malcolm, for which Malcolm did homage.
Malcolm IV died on 9 December 1165 at Jedburgh, aged twenty-four. His premature death may have been hastened by Paget's disease (a chronic disorder that typically results in enlarged and deformed bones). While his contemporaries were in no doubt that Malcolm had some of the qualities of a great king, later writers were less convinced. The compiler of the Annals of Ulster, writing soon after 1165, praises Malcolm:
‘Máel Coluim Cenn Mór, son of Henry, high king of Scotland, the best Christian that was of the Gaidhil [who dwell] by the sea on the east for alms, deeds, hospitality and piety, died.’
Likewise, William of Newburgh praises Malcolm, "the most Christian king of the Scots", highly in his Historia Rerum Anglicarum.
Nonetheless, Malcolm was not well regarded in all quarters. The Gesta Annalia remarks ‘[Malcolm] quite neglected the care, as well as governance, of his kingdom. Wherefore he was so hated by all the common people that William, the elder of his brothers - who had always been on bad terms with the English, and their lasting foe, forasmuch as they had taken away his patrimony, the earldom of Northumbria, to wit - was by them appointed warden of the whole kingdom, against the king's will.’
In contrast to his deeply religious, frail brother, William was powerfully built, redheaded, and headstrong. He was an effective monarch whose reign was marred by his ill-fated attempts to regain control of Northumbria from the Normans.
He was not known as "The Lion" during his own lifetime, and the title did not relate to his tenacious character or his military prowess. It was attached to him because of his flag or standard, a red lion rampant with a forked tail on a yellow background. This went on to become the Royal Banner of Scotland, still used today but quartered with those of England and of Ireland. It became attached to him because the chronicler John of Fordun called him the "Lion of Justice".
William was grandson of David I of Scotland. He also inherited the title of Earl of Northumbria in 1152 from his father, Henry of Scotland. However, he had to give up this title to King Henry II of England in 1157. This caused trouble after William became king, since he spent a lot of effort trying to regain Northumbria.
Wikipedia.
I have changed some of the dates to fit in with my story line. Malcolm did die at Jedburgh and his brother tried to take Northumbria. His campaign and the first siege of Prudhoe did happen. William gave up the siege and went back to Scotland. History does not give us the reason. I have suggested the Warlord. The story will continue. Thomas Becket will return to England. King William will try to take Northumbria again. King Henry will face a revolt from his sons. The Warlord’s work is not finished yet!
Books used in the research:
The Varangian Guard- 988-1453 Raffael D’Amato
Saxon Viking and Norman- Terence Wise
The Walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453-Stephen Turnbull
Byzantine Armies- 886-1118- Ian Heath
The Age of Charlemagne-David Nicolle
The Normans- David Nicolle
Norman Knight AD 950-1204- Christopher Gravett
The Norman Conquest of the North- William A Kappelle
The Knight in History- Francis Gies
The Norman Achievement- Richard F Cassady
Knights- Constance Brittain Bouchard
Knight Templar 1120-1312 -Helen Nicholson
Feudal England: Historical Studies on th
e Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries- J. H. Round
Armies of the Crusades- Helen Nicholson
Knight of Outremer 1187- 1344 - David Nicholle
Crusader Castles in the Holy Land- David Nicholle
The Crusades- David Nicholle
Bamburgh Castle Heritage group
Warkworth Castle- English Heritage Guide
The Times Atlas of World History
Old Series Ordnance Survey Maps #93 Middlesbrough
Old Series Ordnance Survey Maps #81 Alnwick and Morpeth
Old Series Ordnance Survey Maps #92 Barnard Castle
For those who like authentic maps the last two maps are part of a series now available. They are the first Government produced maps of the British Isles. Great Britain, apart from the larger conurbations, was the same as it had been 800 years earlier.
I also discovered a good website http://orbis.stanford.edu/. This allows a reader to plot any two places in the Roman world and if you input the mode of transport you wish to use and the time of year it will calculate how long it would take you to travel the route. I have used it for all of my books up to the eighteenth century as the transportation system was roughly the same. The Romans would have been quicker! I used it in this book and according to Orbis the journey from London to Rouen would have taken 2.7 days! In summer it would have been 3.1! it is an impressive resource.
Griff Hosker
January 2018
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The King is Dead
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1914
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From Arctic Snow to Desert Sand
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Table of Contents
Part One
Alfraed,
Your friend,
Part Two
The End
Glossary
Maps and Illustrations
Historical Notes
Griff Hosker
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