by Lydia Pyne
Bohlin, Anders Birger, 126–28
bones, 4, 20, 137, 165, 192–93, 229, 230
in artifacts, 62
damage to, 202
interpretation of, 10, 108–9, 163, 217
mammalian, 29–30
see also fossils
Bones of Contention (Lewin), 162–63
Bonn, University of, 15, 16, 17
Boorstin, Daniel, 8–9
bouffias, use of term, 13, 20, 29
Boule, Marcellin, 12, 21, 22, 23–25, 26, 27, 28–30, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 144
Bouyssonie, Amédée, 13–14, 20, 22–23, 29–30, 36
Bouyssonie, Jean, 13–14, 20, 22–23, 29–30, 35, 36
Brain, Charles, 109, 111
brains:
evolutionary debate on, 61–62, 68, 87, 88
fossilized, 92, 113
size of, 28, 53, 60, 89, 90, 98, 100, 134, 188, 195, 200–201, 203, 209, 224, 229
breccia, 2, 89, 115, 213, 226, 230–31
Brenner, Joni, 112–13
“Brief History of Discovery” (Dawson), 56
Brilliant, Richard, 167–68
Britain-China Friendship Association, 147
British Association, 18
British Empire Exhibition (Wembley; 1925), 93–97, 95, 96, 113
British Museum (Natural History), see Natural History Museum, London
Broom, Robert, 99–102, 100, 101, 112, 221
Brown, Peter, 194, 202, 203, 204, 209
burial sites, 13–14, 20, 22, 30, 35–37
Buxton Limeworks mine, 2, 86, 95, 215
Callaway, Ewen, 193, 194
Campbell, Joseph, 242
Cape Town, South Africa, 226, 227
carbon-14 testing, 69, 79
Cassman, Vicki, 180–82
casts, 62, 77, 158, 170, 171, 182, 202, 225, 228, 231–32, 243
actual fossils vs., 65, 146–47, 173, 177–79
in democratization of science, 96–97
in original fossil damage, 202
of Peking Man, 143–47, 143, 146, 148, 151
pricing of, 92–93
scientific importance of, 142–47, 184
of Taung Child, 90, 92–97
Cave, A. J. E., 37–38
caveman, archetypical, 29, 32, 33–35, 41–43, 42, 108–9
Cave Paintings of Lascaux exhibit, 175
celebrity fossils:
cultural cache of, 4, 8–11, 40, 73–74, 80–83, 86, 97, 103–4, 114–15, 141–42, 147, 149–51, 153–54, 167, 177, 183–85, 188–89, 204–11, 216–21, 225–28, 230, 234–43
map of discovery sites of, 11
media spotlight on, 7, 10, 114, 166–67, 217
narratives of, 1, 4, 8–9, 241–43
nationalistic importance of, 54, 66, 72, 85–86, 134–35, 159, 165–66, 166, 173, 205, 226, 235
personification and humanization of, 8–10, 47, 105–8, 112–13, 134, 158, 166–67, 222–23, 241
publicity for, 31–35, 62–66, 178, 226–29, 234
see also specific individuals
Cenozoic Research Laboratory, 126, 128, 131–32, 136, 148
China, 118–51, 118, 147
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 149
Chinese medicine, 122, 138
Churchill, Steven, 230–31
Clarke, Arthur C., 109
Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 158, 173, 218
context:
archaeological, 8, 58
burial, 22, 30, 35–37
celebrity, 216–21, 234
dioramas as, 41–42
phylogenetic, 19, 29, 39, 60–61, 100, 106, 120, 129, 135, 147, 160, 163–67, 180, 188–89
use of term, 7
contingency, 238–39
Cooke, John, 60
Coppens, Yves, 155, 164
Cosmos, 30
Cradle of Humankind (World Heritage site), 223, 226, 228, 230, 233
“cradle of mankind,” 90, 94–95, 105, 173
Cretaceous, 228
CT scanning, 79, 116, 174
curation, 180–82, 201–2
Dalton, Rex, 218, 220
Damon, Robert and Robert Ferris, 144
Dart, Dora, 87–89, 113, 243
Dart, Raymond, 2–3, 84, 85–109, 91, 99–101, 100, 101, 113–15, 117, 142, 143, 154, 163, 240, 243
Darwin, Charles, 14–15, 19, 60, 90, 95, 107
dating, of fossils, 66–67, 69–71, 74, 79–81, 105–6, 150, 223–24
Davis, Herman, 139
Dawkins, William Boyd, 60, 61, 66
Dawson, Charles, 50, 51–53, 55–59, 60, 63, 72–73, 82, 83, 164
Daynes, Elizabeth, 44, 172
de Saussure, Ferdinand, 183
Dinkinesh, 165–66, 166, 177
dioramas, 40–43, 41, 109–12, 168, 169–71, 207–8
Dirir, Mohamoud, 173–74
Ditsong Museum, Pretoria, 110, 111, 112, 207
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 52, 72, 206
Dragon Bone Hill (Jigushan), 124, 128, 138
Dubois, Eugène, 54, 69, 92, 100, 121, 196–99
Duckworth, W. L. H., 90
Earliest Englishmen, The (Smith Woodward), 56–57
Early Man in Britain (Dawkins), 61
East Africa, 154–55, 164, 181, 217, 223–24
École d’Anthropologie, 24
Edwards, W. N., 70
Ethiopia:
as co-sponsor of Lucy’s U.S. tour, see Lucy’s Legacy tour
culture of, 167, 173–74, 205
fossil evidence in, 153–58, 164, 215
Obama’s visit to, 181
political climate of, 158–60
Ethiopian Herald, 156, 158, 161, 166
Ethiopian Ministry of Culture, 156, 158, 165
Ethiopian Orthodox Coptic Christianity, 176–77, 183
Europe:
archaeological sites in, 19, 23, 41–42, 85, 90, 214
extinct animals of, 17
human antiquity in, 52, 197–99
scientific community in, 135
evolutionary theory, 14–15, 17, 66, 69, 72
contingency of celebrity in, 238–43
Dart’s view of, 99, 108–9
Darwinian, 15, 32, 53, 96, 108
hominin vulnerability in, 109, 111–12, 169–70, 207–8
phylogenetic place of hominins in, 19, 29, 39, 60–61, 100, 106, 120, 129, 135, 147, 160, 163–67, 180, 188–89, 195–96, 201, 215, 223–24, 235, 242
religion vs., 107–8
success and failure in, 19, 28, 33–34, 36, 42–43, 45
unilinear, 197
Examining the Piltdown Skull (Cooke), 60
excavations, 6
covert, 58–59
expert, 30
see also specific sites
extinction, 17, 207–8
Neanderthal, 19, 28, 45, 48, 201
Falk, Dean, 200, 208
Fantasy of the Missing Link, The (“A Loyalist”), 107–8
Feldhofer grotto, 15, 18
field discoveries, 6–7, 10
in establishing legitimacy, 58–59
map of sites of, 11
see also specific sites
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 41–42, 41, 42, 109, 200
fire, mastery of, 33–35, 134, 195, 201
Flamingo’s Smile, The (Gould), 239
Flo (Homo floresiensis), 6, 10, 11, 168, 186–211, 206, 243
anatomical bone portrait of, 186
anatomical debate over, 199–203
discovery of, 187–89, 191, 192–96, 199, 203, 210
personification and popularization of, 204–11
scientific discord about, 194, 195, 199–203, 208–11, 215
scientific significance of, 194–96, 201, 203, 209
Flores, Indonesia, 187, 190, 195, 196, 199, 201, 203, 205–6
fluorine testing, 69–71, 74, 79
Fontéchevade skull, 37
Forbes’ Quarry, Gibraltar, 19
Forth, Gregory, 205–6
/>
Fossil Men (Boule), 43
fossil preservation, geological context for, 5, 6, 7, 51, 56, 57, 66–67, 72, 89, 94–95, 115, 192, 193, 213, 215, 223, 230–31
fossils:
age of, see dating
animal, 13, 58, 62, 70, 92, 99, 128, 137, 155–56, 182, 193
casts vs., 65, 171, 173, 177–79
cataloging of, 7, 125, 230
comparison of, 7, 24–25, 64, 86–87, 90, 93, 94, 98, 144, 167, 184
formation of, 4–5
of human ancestors, see hominin fossils
loss of, 98, 120–22, 126, 135–42
misinterpretation of, 17–18
status of, 242
touching of, 181
tours and loans of, 113–15, 171–83
France:
fossil evidence in, 13, 20, 58
political and religious climate in, 23–24
scientific development in, 19–20, 28, 29–30
Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries (Feder), 77
Fuhlrott, Johann Carl, 15–19, 22–23, 28
Gadjah Mada, University of, 190, 202
Geological Research and Development Centre (GRDC), 190
Geologicial Society of London, 51–52, 55–56, 59–61, 63
Quarterly Journal, 55, 56
Geological Survey:
Chinese, 126, 127, 132, 137
Swedish, 122
geology, 19, 23, 135
in establishing timeframe, 6, 105–6, 123, 128–29
preservation context in, see breccia; fossil preservation
Germany, 15–18, 31, 52, 54
Gibb, J. McGregor, 123–24
Gibbons, Ann, 173
Gibraltar, 19, 38, 45
Gould, Stephen Jay, 238–39
Gray, Tom, 153, 157
Great Britain:
colonialism of, 93, 135
importance of hominin specimen in, 54, 66, 72, 85–86, 134
political scene in, 76
scientific community in, 90, 103, 135, 142, 143
Guardian, 208
Guerre du Feu, La (Rosny), 33–35, 41, 44
Guide to the Fossil Remains of Man, A, 62, 63, 64
Gurche, John, 169–70, 207
Hadar, Ethiopia, 153, 159–60, 168, 220
Haile-Selassie, Yohannes, 218, 234
Harvey, Ronald, 180–82, 184
Heidelberg fossil (Homo heidelbergensis), 51–52, 54
Hero with a Thousand Faces, The (Campbell), 242
“Her Second Career” (Rand), 237–38
History of Hastings Castle (Dawson), 51
hobbits, see Flo
Hobbit Trap, The: How New Species Are Invented (Henneberg, Eckhardt, and Schofield), 203
Holocene, 66, 195
hominin, use of term, 1, 5
hominin fossils:
access issues for, 198, 201–2, 225–28, 231–32
age of, see dating
audience interaction with, 4, 8–10, 112–13, 115–17, 169, 171, 176–77, 208, 233, 241
authentification of, 97–98, 103
burgeoning population of, 37–38, 40, 215, 223
chronology of, 6
determining environment of, 165
determining genus and species of, 18–19, 33, 160, 162–67, 188–89, 194–96, 199–201, 203, 214
famous, see celebrity fossils
first discovery of, 6, 49
fraudulent, see Piltdown Man
historical and cultural context of, 1–12
Homo sapiens compared to, 25, 28–29, 34, 36, 38–39, 46, 48, 94, 102, 117, 184, 199, 200–201, 218
irreverent humor about, 3, 6, 8, 74–75, 104, 243
juvenile vs. adult specimens of, 102, 224
naming of, see nicknames; taxonomy
preconceptions and misinterpretations of, 10, 42–43, 170, 194
process for characterizing of, 7, 90
publicity for, 40–43, 92–96
search for, 3, 5–6
skepticism about, 17–18
sketches of, 100, 101, 112
see also specific individuals
Homme Fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints, L’ (Boule), 12, 21, 22, 24–25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 36
Homo erectus, see Java Man; Peking Man
Homo floresiensis, see Flo
Homo genus, 160, 165, 189–90, 194, 195–96, 200, 214, 223, 229, 234–35, 240
Homo habilis, 223
Homo naledi, 168, 230, 234
Homo neanderthalensis, see Neanderthals; Old Man of La Chapelle
Homo sapiens, 14, 33, 163, 189, 195
evolutionary success of, 19, 33–35, 36, 43, 45, 60, 201
hominins compared to, 25, 28–29, 34, 36, 38–39, 46, 48, 64, 94, 134, 184, 199, 200–201, 218
relationship of hominins to, 5, 11, 16, 18–19, 44, 45–48, 52, 102, 117
Houston Museum of Natural Science, 172–73, 175–76, 178, 183
humor, 3, 6, 8, 74–75, 104, 243
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 18–19
iconography, Coptic, 176–77
Illustrated London News, 31–32, 32, 41
Indonesia, 54, 187–211
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, 119, 123, 147
insurance, of fossils, 98, 142, 177
International Afar Research Expedition (IARE), 155–56, 158–60
International Association for the Study of Human Paleontology, 173
Internet, 208–9, 226–27, 234
“island dwarfing,” 200
Iziko Museum, Cape Town, 227
Jakarta, Indonesia, 190, 194, 202
Janus, Christopher, 139–41
Japan, China invaded by, 121, 127, 133, 136–39
Java, Indonesia, 58, 69, 95, 197–98
Java Man (Homo erectus), 9, 33, 54, 68, 85, 92, 121, 196–99, 223
see also Peking Man
jaw bones, 2, 52, 53, 58, 61, 65–67, 70–71, 84, 89, 102, 113, 134, 137, 145, 156, 158, 202, 213, 229
Johannesburg, South Africa, 1, 86–87, 98–99, 112, 114, 213, 222, 226, 242
Johanson, Donald, 153, 155–60, 163–64, 167, 183, 240
Kadanuumuu (Australopithecus afarensis), 216–22, 219, 224, 233–34
see also Lucy
Kalb, Jon, 155, 158–60
Karabo, see Sediba
Keith, Arthur, 62, 65, 66, 71–72, 86, 90, 94, 96–97, 102–3, 107, 143
Keystone View Company, 65, 66
King, William, 18–19
Kirtlandia, 164, 168
Kjaergaard, Peter, 122, 125
Kubrick, Stanley, 109, 112, 170, 171
Kuhn, Thomas, 232–33
Kupka, Frantisek, 31–32, 32, 41
La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France, 13, 20, 21, 22, 22, 28, 35, 36, 62
Laetoli, Tanzania, 164, 172
La Ferrassie, France, 28, 37–38
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 14
Lankester, Ray, 60
LB1 skeleton, see Flo
Leakey, Mary, 45, 155, 160, 164
Leakey, Richard, 160, 173–74, 221
Leakey family, 9, 46, 155, 160
Le Gros Clark, Wilfrid, 71, 103, 108
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 80
Lewin, Roger, 162–63
Lewton, Kristi, 114, 116, 178–79, 184
Liang Bua caves, 187, 191–94, 191, 196, 201–2
Liang Galen caves, 191
Life of Bone exhibit, 112–13
Li Jie, 126, 127–28
limestone, in fossil preservation, 5, 15, 20, 89, 124, 217, 223
literature:
archetypes of, 106
hominins popularized in, 32–35, 40, 48, 103–8, 184
on Piltdown hoax, 80
protagonists and foils in, 46–47
tropes of, 205–6
see also poetry; science fiction; specific works
Liu Wu, 119, 149
locomotion, 155, 165, 195, 218, 220, 224
Lord of the Rings (film trilogy), 188, 189, 204, 210–11
Lower Rh
ine Medical and Natural History Society, 16
Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis), 4, 10, 11, 152–85, 166, 172, 187–89, 205, 207, 224, 228, 235, 240, 243
anatomical bone portrait of, 152, 160, 167–71, 218, 220
author’s experience with, 182
discovery of, 153–62, 161, 164, 184, 220
iconic status of, 158, 167, 173, 177, 182–85, 210, 216–21
Kadanuumuu compared to, 216–21
as most complete hominin skeleton, 153, 158, 160–61, 165, 225
naming of, 157, 160, 162–67, 177
personification and personalization of, 167–71, 222, 225
popularization of, 166–71, 209
scientific significance of, 158, 160–62, 165, 167, 183
U.S. tour of, 172–83, 178, 179
Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind (Johanson), 156–57, 159
“Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds,” 157, 163
Lucy’s Child (Johanson), 183
Lucy’s Legacy (Johanson), 159, 165–67, 184
Lucy’s Legacy tour, 175–83, 178, 179, 183
Lyell, Charles, 14–15
McGregor, J., 68
Makapansgat, South Africa, 108
Malapa hominins, use of term, 222
Malapa Nature Reserve excavations, 213–15, 223–24, 225–28, 227, 230, 232–33, 234, 236
Maltese Falcon, The (film), 148–49
Mann, Alan, 144, 145
Maropeng visitors center, 226, 228
Matthew effect, 116
Mauer mandible, 52
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 174
Mayer, August, 17–18
measurement, 7, 25, 90, 98, 115–16, 145, 162, 168
Men of the Old Stone Age (Osborn), 62
microcephaly, 200, 202
migration, Pleistocene, 189–90
Miller, Gerrit Smith, Jr., 65, 69, 82
missing link, hominins perceived as, 29, 48, 53, 60, 85, 89–90, 197–99, 223, 243
Missing Links (Reader), 68
Monge, Janet, 144, 145
Morris, N. P., 74–75
Morwood, Mike, 189–94, 202, 204, 209
Moscow Museum, 93
Mousterian Man, 41, 43
Mrs. Ples (Plesianthropus transvaalensis), 9, 102, 221, 223, 242
Mummy: The Inside Story exhibit, 175
Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Sweden, 126
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 23, 25, 30, 47, 57
museums:
casts used by, 92–93, 143–44
educational function of, 94, 109, 112, 143–44, 170–71, 173
fossilized skeletal remains reevaluated by, 18–19
hominin fossils in, 3–4, 7, 10, 11, 32, 47, 75
hominins popularized by, 6, 40–44, 62, 65, 109–12, 227–28
nineteenth-century proliferation of, 15
Piltdown dilemma for, 77–78, 78, 81
see also dioramas; specific institutions
Myth and Meaning (Levi-Strauss), 80
Nabokov, Vladimir, 46–47