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by Napoleon's Buttons: How 17 Molecules Changed History


  Caventou, Joseph

  Cellophane

  Celluloid

  Cellulose

  Central nervous system

  CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)

  Challenger space shuttle

  Chardonnet, Hilaire de

  Charles I, king of England

  Chemical compounds

  Chemical dye industry

  Chemical reactions, explosive

  Chemical structures

  Chewing gum

  Chicle

  Childbed fever

  Childbirth, anesthesia for

  Children, labor of

  Chile saltpeter

  Chili peppers

  China

  male contraceptive tests

  and opium

  silk from

  Chinchona (quinine)(illus.)

  Chitin

  Chloracne

  Chlorine

  Chlorocarbon compounds

  chloroquine

  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

  Chloroform

  Chloroquine

  Chocolate

  Cholesterol Christianity

  and witchcraft

  Cinchona species

  Cis double bonds

  Cities, salt and

  Civilization olive oil and See also Ancient civilizations

  Claviceps purpurea (ergot)

  Clostridium botulinum

  Cloves

  Cloxacillin

  Coal

  Coal tar

  Coca tree

  Cocaine

  Coccus ilicis (kermes insect)

  Cochineal

  Cochrane, Archibald

  Cockburn, William, Sea Diseases

  Cocoa

  Cod, depletion of

  Codeine

  Coffea arabica (coffee plant)

  Coffee

  Collagen, vitamin C and

  Collodion

  Colonialism

  quinine and

  rubber and

  Color of dyes

  Columbus, Christopher

  Compounds of elements See also Chemical structures

  Condensation polymers

  Conductivity of salt solutions

  Coniine

  Conium maculatum (hemlock)

  Conjugated double bonds

  Contraceptives male

  Cook, James

  Cortés, Hernán

  Cortisone

  Cosmetic uses of olive oil

  Cotton(illus.)

  Crime, opium and

  Crocetin

  Crocus sativus (saffron)

  Cromwell, Oliver

  Cross, Charles

  Culture, sugar and

  Cyclamate

  Cyclic compounds

  Cyclohexane

  Dactylopius coccus (cochineal beetle)

  Dandelions

  Datura (thorn apple)

  DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane)

  and malaria

  Deadly nightshade

  Deforestation of Europe

  Deliquescence

  Demerol (meperidine)

  Democracy, olive oil and

  Democritus

  Depression, scurvy and

  Desoxycholic acid

  Diacetylmorphine (Heroin)

  Dianabol

  Diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr)

  Dibromoindigo

  Diet

  on ocean voyages

  Digitalis

  Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)

  Digitoxin

  Digoxin

  Dinosaur extinction theories

  Dioscorea (wild yam)

  Diosgenin

  Dioxin

  Disaccharides

  Djerassi, Carl

  Doering, William

  Dogmak, Gerhard

  Double bonds

  conjugated

  four-membered

  isoprene

  rubber

  sex hormones

  unsaturated fatty acids

  Du Pont Fibersilk Company

  Dunedin (refrigerator ship)

  Dutch East India Company

  Dutch government

  Dyes

  and sulfa drugs

  Dynamite

  East India Company

  Eastman, George

  Ebola virus

  Ebonite

  Echinochrome

  Economic influences

  cellulose

  coffee

  cotton

  DDT

  refrigeration

  sickle-cell anemia

  silk

  sugar

  Ecstasy (hallucinogen)

  Egyptians, ancient

  Ehrlich, Paul

  Electrical insulators

  Electrolysis

  Electrolytic dissociation

  Electrons

  Elements

  Elemicin

  Elephants(illus.)

  Endeavor (Cook’s ship)

  Endorphins

  England. See Britain

  English Civil War

  Enovid

  Environmental degradation

  coffee cultivation and

  DDT and

  olive cultivation and

  rubber and

  salt and

  Ephedra sinica (ma huang)

  Ephedrine

  Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (green tea)

  Erasers

  Ergot/ergotism

  Ergotamine

  Ergovine

  Erythroxylon (coca tree)

  Estradiol

  Estrogens

  Estrone

  Ethene (ethylene)

  Ether

  Ethylene glycol

  Eugenia aromatica (clove tree)

  Eugénie, empress of France

  Eugenol

  Euphorbia (spurge)

  Europe

  silk production

  Execution of witches

  Exothermic reactions

  Explosives

  Fabric, rubber-coated

  Factories, labor in

  Falciparum malaria

  Family, breakdown of

  Family planning

  Fansidar

  Faraday, Michael

  Fats

  Fatty acids

  Feminism

  Fertilizers

  Ficus elastica (rubber plant)

  Fijian Islands

  Firearms

  Fire extinguishers

  Fischer, Emil

  Fischer projection formulas

  Fish, salted

  Fleming, Alexander

  Fluorine

  Flying, by witches

  Folic acid

  Folk medicine

  Food additives

  Food preservatives

  refrigeration

  salt

  Forced labor

  Formaldehyde

  Fosberg, Raymond

  Foxglove

  French Revolution salt tax and

  Freons

  Freud, Sigmund

  Frigorifique (refrigerator ship)

  Frozen food industry

  Fructose

  Furchgott, Robert

  Furneaux, Tobias

  Gabelle (French salt tax)

  Galactose

  Gandhi, Mahatma

  Gangrene

  Gases

  Gas lighting

  Gas warfare, World War I

  Genetic engineering

  German chemical industry

  Germ theory

  Gin and tonic

  Ginger

  Glucosamine

  Glucose

  Glutamic acid

  Glycerin

  Glycerol

  Glycine

  Glycogen

  Glycosides, toxic

  Glycosidic compounds

  Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)

  Gold

  Goldberger, Joseph

  Golf balls

  Goodyear, Charles

  Goodyear, Nelson

>   Gossypium species (cotton)

  Gossypol

  Graebe, Carl

  Greece, ancient spices

  Green pepper

  Green tea

  Grenada

  Guayule

  Gulonic acid

  Guncotton

  Gunpowder

  Gutta-percha

  Haber, Fritz

  Haiti, coffee trade

  Halite (rock salt)

  Hallucinogens

  Hancock, Thomas

  Hannibal

  Hanseatic League

  Hardtack

  Harrison, James

  Hasskarl, Justus

  Hawkins, Richard

  Haworth, Norman

  Haworth formulas

  Heart disease

  Hemlock

  Hemoglobin

  Henbane

  Henne, Albert

  Henry the Navigator

  Herbalists, witches as

  Herbs

  poisonous

  Hercules

  Herodotus

  Heroin

  Hevea brasiliensis

  Hexachlorophene

  Hexuronic acid

  Hexylresorcinol

  High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

  Hippocrates

  History, chemical influences

  Hoechst Dyeworks

  Hofmann, Albert

  Hofmann, August

  Hofmann, Felix

  Homer

  Honey

  Honeybees(illus.)

  Hong Kong

  Hooker, Joseph

  Hospitals

  Hotel, made from salt(illus.)

  “Hot” molecules

  Hudson, Henry

  Humans, and vitamin C

  Hydrochloric acid

  Hydrofluorocarbon

  Hyoscine/hyoscyamine

  Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)

  Ice, cooling with

  IG Farben

  Ignarro, Louis

  Immunities

  Indentured labor

  India

  Indican

  Indigo

  Indonesia, Spice Islands

  Indoxol

  Industrial Revolution

  and salt tax

  Infant mortality, soap and

  Influenza

  Inoculations

  Inorganic compounds

  Inquisition

  Insecticides

  natural

  Insulin

  Ions

  Isatis tinctoria (woad)

  Isis

  Islam, spread of

  Isoeugenol

  Isomers

  Isoprene

  Ivory(illus.)

  Jabir ibn Hayyan

  James I, king of England

  James II, king of England

  Java, cinchona estates

  Javanese fern

  Jenner, Edward

  Jesuits, and quinine

  Juglone

  Jussieu, Joseph de

  Kermesic acid

  Kidney stones

  Kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth)

  Kodak film

  Kyushu, Japan, PCB poisoning

  Labor laws

  Laccifer lacca beetle

  La Condamine, Charles-Marie de Lactase

  Lactone

  Lactose

  Lancashire, England Lancaster, James

  Latex

  Laudanum

  Lauric acid

  Laveran, Charles-Louis-Alphonse

  Laws:

  labor-related

  olive tree protection

  restricting birth control

  Lawsone

  Lead acetate

  Lead poisoning

  Leary, Timothy

  Leblanc, Nicolas

  Ledger, Charles

  Leopold II, king of Belgium Lidocaine

  Liebermann, Carl

  Life expectancy

  Lignin

  Lind, James, A Treatise on Scurvy

  Linoleic/linolenic acid

  Lipoproteins

  Lippia dulcis (verbena)

  Liquidamber orientalis (sweetgum)

  Lister, Joseph

  Livingstone, David

  Lloyd’s of London

  London coffeehouses

  Louis Philippe, king of France

  Louis XI, king of France

  Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

  LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

  Lysergic acid

  Ma huang

  McCormick, Katherine

  Mace

  Macintosh, Charles

  Madder plants

  Magellan, Ferdinand

  “Magic bullet” approach

  Magnesium chloride

  Malaria

  Malaysia, rubber plantations

  Manaus, Brazil

  Manchester, England

  Mandragora officinarum (mandrake)

  Manhattan Island

  Maple syrup

  Marco Polo

  Marijuana

  Marker, Russell(illus.)

  Marker degradation

  Mauve dye

  MDMA (Ecstasy, hallucinogen)

  Meat, transport of

  Mechanization

  Mefloquine

  Men, and oral contraception

  Meperidine (Demerol)

  Mercury, syphilis treatment

  Mescaline

  Methadone

  Methane

  Methanol

  Methyl chloride

  Miasma theory

  Middle Ages

  Middle passage

  Midgley, Thomas, Jr.

  Milk, digestion of

  Milk sugar (lactose)

  Minerva

  Mining, explosives used in

  Molds, curative properties

  Molecules, and human events

  Molina, Mario

  Moluccas (Spice Islands)

  Monkshood

  Monosaccarides

  Monounsturated fatty acids

  Montreal Protocol

  Mordant dyes

  Morphine

  Mortality rates

  Morton, William

  Morus alba (mulberry)

  Mosquitoes

  Motion picture film

  Mulberry

  Mules, and contraception

  Murad, Ferid

  Murex (snail)

  Mustard gas

  Myristic acid

  Myristica fragrans (nutmeg)

  Myristicin

  N-acetyl glucosamine

  Naming of vitamins

  Naphtha

  Naphthoquinone

  Napoleon’s army

  Narcotics

  Natta, Giulio

  Nerve gases, atropine and

  Neurotransmitter, nicotine

  Niacin (nicotinic acid)

  Nicot, Jean

  Nicotiana species

  Nicotine

  Nicotinic acid (niacin)

  Nitrates

  Nitric acid

  Nitric oxide

  Nitrocellulose artificial silk from

  Nitrogen

  Nitroglycerin

  Nobel, Alfred Bernard

  Nobel Prizes

  Norethindrone

  Norethynodrel

  Novocaine

  Nutmeg

  Nylon(illus.)

  Ocean voyages, and scurvy

  Oil (petroleum)

  Oils

  See also Olive oil

  Olea europaea (olive)(illus.)

  Oleic acid

  Olive oil

  Opium

  Oral contraceptives

  Orange dyes

  Organic chemistry industry

  Organic compounds

  Organophosphate insecticides

  Ortho

  Ostia, Italy

  Oxalic acid

  Oxidation reaction

  Oxygen

  Ozone layer

  PABA

  Palaquium tree

  Palmitic acid

  Palm
itoleic acid

  p-Aminobenzoic acid

  Papaver somniferum (poppy)

  Paper manufacture

  Paprika

  Paraguay (refrigerator ship)

  Parathion

  Parke-Davis, drug company

  Parsley

  Parthenium argentatum (guayule)

  Pasteur, Louis

  Pauling, Linus

  PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)

  Pellagra

  Pelletier, Joseph

  Penicillins

  Pentapeptides

  Peppers

  Peptide bonds

  Performance-enhancing drugs

  Perkin, William Henry

  Peru, cochineal production

  Pesticides

  natural

  PETN (pentaerythritoltetranitrate)

  Pharmaceutical industry and progesterone

  Phenols antiseptic

  Phosgene gas

  Photographic film

  Photographic paper

  Pickles, Samuel Shrowder

  Picric acid

  Pigments

  Pincus, Gregory

  Piper nigrum (pepper)

  Piperine

  PKU (phenylketonuria)

  Plague (Black Death)

  Plants:

  chemical protections

  cleansing power of

  dyes from

  latex-producing

  medicinal

  poisonous

  Plasmodium parasites

  Plastic explosives (PETN)

  Plastics

  Pliny

  Pneumonia

  Poisonous plants

  Polyamides, nylon

  Polymerization, in rubber

  Polymers

  cellulose-based

  hemoglobin

  isoprene

  rubber

  silk

  Polypeptides

  Polyphenols

  Polysaccharides

  Polystyrene

  Polyunsaturated fatty acids

  Poppies

  Portugal, spice trade

  Potassium nitrate

  Potassium soaps

  Preservatives. See Food preservatives

  Price of molecules

  Priestley, Joseph

  Primates, and vitamin C

  Progesterone

  synthetic

  Progestins

  Prontosil red

  Propellants, aerosol

  Proteins, in animal fibers

  Prozac

  Puerto Rico, contraceptive field test

  Purple dyes

  Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

  Quinidine

  Quinine

  Quinoline

  Rauwolfia serpentina (snakeroot)

  Rayons

  Red dyes

  Red wine

  Reduction, chemical process

  Reform movements

  Refrigerants

  Refrigeration

  and spice trade

  Reserpine

  Rhizopus nigricans mold

  Rhubarb

  Rice, genetically engineered

  Rock, John

  Rockefeller Institute

  Rock salt (halite)

  Rome, ancient

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

  Ross, Ronald

  Rowland, Sherwood

  Rubber

  Rubiaceae family

  Rum

  Run Island

  Russia

  Saccharin

  Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)

  Saffron

 

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