by Chris DeRose
57 Ibid., 16.
58 Madison 1:319.
CHAPTER 3
1 Madison 2:3.
2 Ketcham, 88.
3 Madison 2:3.
4 Ibid., 6.
5 Papers of James Monroe 2:17.
6 Ibid., 19.
7 Madison 2:5.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid., 8–9.
10 Ibid., 13, 15.
11 Ibid., 14.
12 Ibid., 16.
13 Papers of James Monroe 2:18, footnotes.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., 22–23.
16 Ibid., 30.
17 Ibid., 26.
18 Ibid.
19 Madison 2:92, and editorial notes.
20 Ibid., 127.
21 Ibid., 158.
22 Ibid., 161.
23 Ibid., 175.
24 Burnet, 478.
25 Madison 2:202–4.
26 Ibid., 219.
27 Ibid., 265.
28 Ibid., 289.
29 Ibid., 293.
30 Ibid. 3:26.
31 Ibid. 2:273.
32 Ibid., 302.
33 Ibid., 303.
34 Ibid. 3:17–18.
35 Ibid., 71.
36 Ibid., 29.
37 Ibid., 17–18.
38 Ibid., 78.
39 Ibid., 90.
40 Papers of James Monroe, 2:118.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid., 120, footnotes.
43 Ibid., 121
44 Ibid., 40.
45 Ibid., 31.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid.
48 Madison 3:292.
49 Monroe, Autobiography, 40.
CHAPTER 4
1 Madison 4:15 1.
2 Papers of James Monroe 2:44.
3 Ibid., 46.
4 Madison 4:169.
5 Ibid., 189.
6 Ibid., 188.
7 Ibid., 254–55 and editorial notes.
8 Ibid., 288.
9 Ibid., 275.
10 Ibid., 255–56.
11 Papers of James Monroe 2:37.
12 Ibid.
13 Thomas Nelson’s successor, Speaker of the House of Delegates, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
14 Papers of James Monroe 2:40.
15 Ibid., 43.
16 Ibid., 45.
17 Len Barcousky, “Eyewitness 1782: While Fort Pitt is spared, Hanna’s Town burns,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08013/848634-426.stm (accessed December 24, 2010).
18 Ibid.
19 Papers of James Monroe 2:48.
20 Ibid., 51.
21 Ibid., 43.
22 Ibid., 56.
23 Madison 4:344.
24 Ibid. 5:127.
25 Ibid., 44.
26 Charles Grove Haines, The American Doctrine of Judicial Supremacy (New York: MacMillan, 1914), 84–85.
27 Madison 5:415.
28 Evarts Greene, American Population Before the Census of 1790 (New York: Columbia University 1932), 7.
29 William R. Staples, Rhode Island in the Continental Congress (Providence, RI: Providence Press Company, 1870), 412.
30 Madison 5:441.
31 Ibid. 5:449.
32 Ibid. 6:32.
33 Ibid., 121.
34 Ibid., 123, and editorial notes.
35 Ibid., 156.
36 Ibid., 161.
37 Ibid., 163.
38 Ibid., 223.
39 Ibid.
40 Records of the Columbia Historical Society 14:108.
41 Ibid., 109.
42 Madison 6:333–36.
43 Ibid., 348.
44 Papers of James Monroe 2:57.
45 Gaillard Hunt, The Life of James Madison (New York: Doubleday Page and Company 1902), 68.
46 Madison 6:459.
47 Sydney Howard Gay, James Madison (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1884), 43.
48 Madison 7:25.
49 Ibid. 6:459.
50 Ibid., 486.
51 Ibid., 491.
52 Ibid., 498.
53 Ibid. 7:18.
54 Ibid.
55 Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 9:72.
56 Madison 7:108.
57 Selections for Congress were often made well in advance, travel time was significant, and a congressman would normally have many affairs to put in order before commencing service.
58 Madison 7:119.
59 Ibid., 165.
60 Ibid., 177.
61 Ibid., 202.
62 Ibid. 6:447.
63 Ibid. 7:151.
64 Ibid., 216.
65 Ibid., 315.
66 Ibid., 255.
CHAPTER 5
1 Sydney Howard Gay, James Madison, 45.
2 Ibid.
3 Madison 7:268.
4 Ibid., 298–99.
5 Papers of James Monroe 2:61.
6 Ibid., 64.
7 Madison 7:304.
8 Ibid., 314.
9 Ibid., 379.
10 Papers of James Monroe 7:304.
11 Madison 7:411.
12 Ibid., 402.
13 Ibid., 404, and editorial notes.
14 Ibid., 401.
15 Harlow G. Ungar, The Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nation’s Call to Greatness (Da Capo Press, 2009), 49.
16 Madison 7:406.
17 The Maryland State House is in use to the present day, the oldest such state capitol.
18 W. Hickey, The Constitution of the United States of America (Philadelphia: T.K. & P.G. Collins, 1847), 208.
19 Ibid., 209
20 Monroe, Autobiography, 34.
21 Papers of James Monroe 2:76.
22 Don Higginbotham, ed., George Washington Reconsidered (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 2001), 316.
23 Madison, 418, 421.
24 Ibid. 7:422.
25 Ibid., 423.
26 Monroe, Autobiography, 34.
27 Madison 7:426.
28 Monroe, Autobiography, 35.
29 Ibid., 37.
30 Papers of James Monroe 2:98.
31 Madison 7:427.
32 Ibid. 8:18.
33 Johann David Schoepf, “Travels in the Confederation,” http://www.archive.org/stream/travelsinconfede02schp/travelsinconfede02schp_djvu.txt (accessed November 25, 2010).
34 Ibid., 49.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid., 56–57.
37 Madison 8:38.
38 Ibid., 48.
39 Ibid., 81.
40 Ibid., 93–94.
41 Ibid., 32.
42 Annual Report of the American Historical Association 1:153.
43 Madison 8:157.
44 Papers of James Monroe 2:117.
45 Ibid., 118
46 Ibid., 120, editorial notes.
47 Ibid., 121.
48 Ibid., 40.
49 Monroe, Autobiography, 40.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Madison 8:115.
55 Ibid., 117–18.
56 Ibid., 134.
57 Papers of James Monroe 2:126.
58 Ibid., 146.
59 Madison 8:134.
60 Ibid., 135.
61 Ibid., 114.
62 Ibid., 124–25.
63 Ibid., 142–43.
64 For one example, see James Madison’s letter to Thomas Jefferson, January 9, 1785 (Papers of James Madison, Library of Congress).
CHAPTER 6
1 Papers of James Monroe 2:108–10.
2 Madison 8:125.
3 Ibid., 140–42.
4 Papers of James Monroe 2:159.
5 Madison 8:136–37.
6 Ibid., 156.
7 Ibid., 157.
8 George Ticknor Curtis, The History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1854) 1:334.
9 Ibid., 336.
10 Madison 8:152.
11 Ibid. 9:116.
12 Ibid. 8:185–86.
> 13 Papers of James Monroe 2:156–57.
14 Madison 8:220–21.
15 Ibid., 176.
16 Papers of James Monroe 2:210–12.
17 Ibid., 197.
18 Madison 8:238.
19 Ibid., 245–46.
20 Papers of James Monroe 2:193.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid., 175.
23 Madison 8:206.
24 Ibid., 261.
25 Son of Thunder, 33.
26 Ibid., 34.
27 Ibid., 34–35.
28 Robert Semple, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists of Virginia (Published by the author, 1810), 14.
29 Ibid., 18.
30 Ibid., 23.
31 Madison 8:195–99.
32 Ibid., 289–90, 300, and editorial notes.
33 Ibid., 301.
34 Ibid., 302.
35 William Cabell Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970) 1:606 (hereafter cited as Rives).
36 Ibid., 608.
37 Madison 8:268.
38 Ibid., 272–73.
39 Ibid., 278–81.
40 Papers of James Monroe 2:163.
41 Ibid., 207–8.
42 Ibid., 215.
43 Ibid.
44 Madison 8:317–19.
45 Monroe, Autobiography, 46.
46 Ibid., 43.
47 Madison 8:374.
CHAPTER 7
1 Madison 8:474.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid., 429.
4 Ibid., 439.
5 Ibid., 446.
6 Ibid., 448.
7 Ibid., 465–66.
8 Ibid.
9 Gaillard Hunt, The Life of James Madison, 92.
10 Madison 8:471.
11 Ibid., 483.
12 Monroe, Autobiography 2:271.
13 Ibid., 49.
14 Madison 8:492.
15 Ibid., 493.
16 Papers of James Monroe 8:493.
17 Madison 8:504–5.
18 Monroe, Autobiography 2:270
19 Papers of James Monroe 2:278.
20 Madison 8:493.
21 Ibid., 497–98.
22 Ibid., 504–5.
23 Ibid. 9:59.
24 Ibid. 9:105–7.
25 Ibid. 9:25–26.
26 Papers of James Monroe 2:291.
27 Madison 9:55.
28 Papers of James Monroe 2:293.
29 Madison 9:88.
30 Papers of James Monroe 2:324.
31 Ibid., 333.
32 Walter Stahr, John Jay: Founding Father (New York: Hambledon & Continuum, 2006), 215.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Papers of James Monroe 2:333.
36 Walter Stahr, John Jay, 216.
37 Madison 9:104.
38 Ibid., 108.
39 Papers of James Monroe 2:340.
40 Ibid., 343.
41 Ammon, 58.
42 Ibid.
CHAPTER 8
1 Madison 8:497–98.
2 Ibid. 9:3.
3 For all references from “Notes on Ancient and Modern Confederacies,” see Madison 9:3–24.
4 Papers of James Monroe 2:338.
5 Monroe would go on to clobber Rufus King for the Presidency in 1816, cruising to re-election with 183 electoral votes to King’s 34, and nearly 70 percent of the popular vote.
6 Madison 9:113.
7 Ibid., 120.
8 Ibid., 121.
9 Ibid., 146.
10 Papers of James Monroe 2:364.
11 Madison 9:155.
12 Ibid., 162.
13 Ibid., 163–64.
14 Ibid., 164.
15 Ibid., 166.
16 Ibid., 170.
17 Ibid., 199.
18 Journal of the Virginia House of Delegates, October 1786, 85–86.
19 Madison 9:224.
20 Ibid., 218.
21 Ibid., 256.
22 Ibid., 260.
23 Ibid., 298.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid., 284.
26 Ibid., 299.
27 Ibid., 304, editorial notes.
28 Ibid., 359.
29 Ibid., 315–16.
30 Ibid., 364.
31 Ibid., 369.
32 Ibid., 370.
33 Ibid., 345.
34 Ibid., 380.
35 Walter Stahr, John Jay: Founding Father, 217.
36 Ibid.
37 Papers of James Monroe 2:378.
38 Madison 9:391.
CHAPTER 9
1 James Monroe in Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898), 171.
2 Madison 10:10.
3 Ibid., 12.
4 Ibid., 31.
5 He also took copious and detailed notes on the debates. (James Madison, “Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention.”) Unless otherwise noted, all information about the proceedings of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention is drawn from Madison’s notes.
6 Alfred B. Street, The Council of Revision of the State of New York (Albany: William Gould, 1859), 5–6.
7 Robert J. Spitzer, The Presidential Veto: Touchstone of the American Presidency (State University of New York Press, 1988), 8–9.
8 James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 (New York: W.W. Norton 1966).
9 Papers of James Monroe 2:386.
10 1790 Federal Census, http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1790m-02.pdf (accessed December 30, 2010).
11 Papers of James Monroe 2:378.
12 Ibid.
13 Legislative override might be a solution to out-of-control judicial review. Judicial review was well understood by the delegates at Philadelphia. Starting with Commonwealth v. Caton in 1782, state courts had already exercised this power. In the first Congress under the Constitution, Madison specifically noted that judges would exercise judicial review at the national level. But in the years that followed, this judicial review would have increasingly wider scope. The ability to interpret the Constitution in a particular manner became the de facto power to amend the Constitution. Increasingly, matters of great national importance are removed from the consideration of the representative branches of government, and therefore from the influence of the people—locked away by the smallest, least accountable, least representative branch of government. The only real check on judicial review is a constitutional amendment, and that option has been exercised only once, when the Eleventh Amendment overruled Chisholm v. Georgia.
CHAPTER 10
1 William George Carr, The Oldest Delegate: Franklin in the Constitutional Convention (DE: University of Delaware, 1990), 74.
2 Papers of James Monroe 2:396.
3 Richard H. Lee (grandson), Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee, and His Correspondence with the Most Distinguished Men in America and Europe, Illustrative of Their Characters, and of the Events of the American Revolution (Philadelphia: William Brown, 1825) 2:78.
4 Rives 2:478.
5 Ibid., 479.
6 Madison 10:173.
7 Papers of James Monroe 2:398.
8 Ibid., 401.
9 Ibid., 403.
10 Son of Thunder, 12.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid., 13.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid., 14.
15 Ibid.
16 Madison 11:4.
17 The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, ed. Merrill Jensen (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin) 8:601–2.
18 Madison 11:5.
19 Ibid., 12.
20 Ibid., 13.
21 Ibid., 15.
22 Papers of James Monroe 11:16.
23 Madison 11:20.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid., 31.
27 Papers of James Monroe 2:405.
28 Madison 11:28.
29 Ibid., 36.
30 Ibid., 54.
31 Papers of James
Monroe 2:405.
32 Ibid., 408–27.
CHAPTER 11
1 Madison 11:76–77.
2 Herbert Baxter Adams, Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888), 21.
3 Ibid., 29.
4 Unless otherwise noted, all information in this chapter appears in the transcript of the ratification convention found in Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution vol. 8, as cited above.
5 Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, 8:917.
6 Ibid., 929–30.
7 Ibid., 932–36
8 Ibid., 946.
9 Ibid., 951.
10 Ibid., debates of June 5.
11 Madison 11:99–100.
12 Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 1052.
13 Madison 11:101, and editorial notes.
14 Papers of James Monroe 2:333.
15 Monroe, Autobiography, 50.
16 Ibid.
CHAPTER 12
1 Unless otherwise noted, all information in this chapter appears in the transcript of the ratification convention found in Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution vol. 8, as cited above.
2 Madison 11:133.
3 Ibid. 11:179.
4 The Southern Literary Messenger (Richmond: T. W. White 1834–1835), 332.
5 Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Penguin 2004), 327.
6 Ibid., 268.
7 Rives 2:610.
CHAPTER 13
1 Madison 11:227–28.
2 Ibid., 237.
3 Rives 2:629.
4 Ibid., 630.
5 Madison 11:249.
6 Monroe to Madison, September 24, 1788.
7 Madison 11:246.
8 Ibid., 267.
9 Ibid., 297.
10 Journal of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1786–1790, 3.
11 Son of Thunder, 443.
12 Journal of the Virginia House of Delegates, 5.
13 Ibid., 7.
14 Papers of James Monroe 2:457.
15 Journal of the Virginia House of Delegates, 42.
16 Alexander White to Mary Wood, November 5, 178 8.
17 Virginia Centinel, Winchester, VA, November 19, 1788.
18 Henry Lee to James Madison, November 19, 1788.
19 Edward Carrington to James Madison, November 9, 1788.
20 Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New Hampshire, and Connecticut elected their first congressmen on a statewide ticket.
21 Moses Coit Tyler, Patrick Henry (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1894), 313.
22 The U.S. Marshal for the District of Virginia in 1790 was none other than Edward Carrington.
23 Tyler, Patrick Henry, 190.
24 Madison 8:268.
25 Madison 8:435.
26 Ibid.