36 The Windlesham/Rampton Report, pp. 45–7, 81–2, 86–8. The World in Action team, reliance on a mistaken version of Spanish surveillance given them by some of the Spanish authorities.
37 Transcript of ‘Death on the Rock’, 28 April 1988; The Windlesham/Rampton Report, pp. 47–8.
38 See, e.g., Taylor, Brits, p. 282. Among other errors of fact in ‘Death on the Rock’ was the assertion (for which no evidence was given) that ‘Mary Parkin’ (Siobhan O’Hanlon), wrongly described as the ‘fourth member’ of a three-person ASU, returned to the Rock on 1 March, only five days before the shootings and several days after she had in fact returned to Ireland. Transcript of ‘Death on the Rock’, 28 April 1988; The Windlesham/Rampton Report, p. 41.
39 Security Service Archives.
40 Security Service Archives.
41 Bolton, Death on the Rock, p. 300.
42 Security Service Archives.
43 Security Service Archives.
44 Security Service Archives.
45 See below, pp. 772, 773–4.
46 Security Service Archives.
47 Security Service Archives.
48 Security Service Archives.
49 Security Service Archives; additional information from Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller.
50 Security Service Archives.
51 Security Service Archives. The Scottish Lord Advocate, Lord Fraser of Carmyllie, who had ultimate responsibility for the Lockerbie investigation, recalls that evidence that the clothing had been bought in Malta by Al Megrahi laid the foundation of the Crown case: ‘For me that was the most significant breakthrough.’ Interview with Lord Fraser, The Times, 19 Dec. 2008.
52 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
53 Naftali, Blind Spot, p. 220.
54 A first appeal by Al Megrahi was unsuccessful. He later abandoned a second appeal. In August 2009 he was freed from prison in Scotland on compassionate grounds and returned to Libya.
55 Security Service Archives.
56 Security Service Archives.
57 Rimington, Open Secret, p. 216.
58 Bew and Gillespie, Northern Ireland, p. 236.
59 Security Service Archives.
60 On the less successful operations of the early 1980s, see above, pp. 697–8.
61 Security Service Archives. Peter Eamon Maguire, a senior, long-standing member of PIRA’s Engineering Department based in Dublin who worked as a technician for Aer Lingus, escaped arrest and went on the run before being extradited to the USA five years later. Maguire was convicted in 1995.
62 Security Service Archives. This retrospective 1989 report wrongly gives 1985 as the date when the attempt began to trace the order for the fifty switches. The FBI’s bid to question Johnson about them in 1984 demonstrates that the attempt began a year earlier.
63 Security Service Archives.
64 Security Service Archives.
65 Security Service Archives. The main reason for the arrest may have been more prosaic. Since Johnson had discovered he was under close surveillance, failure to arrest him at once would have allowed him to warn his PIRA associates. Arrest warrants were rapidly issued for his associates.
66 Security Service Archives.
67 Security Service Archives.
68 Security Service Archives.
69 Security Service Archives.
70 Thatcher, Downing Street Years, pp. 414–15.
71 Security Service Archives.
72 Security Service Archives.
73 Security Service Archives.
74 Security Service Archives.
75 Security Service Archives.
76 Security Service Archives.
77 Security Service Archives.
78 Security Service Archives.
79 Security Service Archives.
80 Security Service Archives.
Chapter 11: The Origins of the Security Service Act
1 Parl. Deb. (Commons), 15 Dec. 1924, col. 674.
2 Andrew, ‘British View of Security and Intelligence’, p. 11.
3 See above, pp. 634–41.
4 Wilson, Governance of Britain, ch. 9.
5 On Callaghan’s dissatisfaction with Service management, see above, pp. 552, 554.
6 Parl. Deb. (Commons), 28 July 1977, col. 1223.
7 Andrew, ‘British View of Security and Intelligence’.
8 Security Service Archives.
9 Andrew, ‘British View of Security and Intelligence’. In January 1983 Philip Aldridge was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment. He admitted at his trial that as a twenty-year-old lance corporal in military intelligence he had tried to contact the Soviet embassy in the previous year.
10 Lustgarten and Leigh, In from the Cold, p. 69.
11 Parl. Deb. (Commons), 12 March 1985, col. 170.
12 Ibid., col. 151. Wood, ‘Construction of Parliamentary Accountability for the British Intelligence Community’.
13 Hooper, Official Secrets, pp. 174–9.
14 Ibid., pp. 179–81.
15 See above, p. 675.
16 Parl. Deb. (Commons), 12 March 1985, cols 168, 169, 203, 227; cited by Wood, ‘Construction of Parliamentary Accountability for the British Intelligence Community’.
17 Security Service Archives.
18 Rimington, Open Secret, pp. 194–5.
19 Recollections of former and current members of the Security Service.
20 European Court of Human Rights, Leander Case (10/1985/96/144), 26 March 1987, para. 50. Wood, ‘Construction of Parliamentary Accountability for the British Intelligence Community’.
21 European Court of Human Rights, Leander Case (10/1985/96/144), 26 March 1987, para. 51.
22 Ibid., para. 60.
23 Rose, Elusive Rothschild, pp. 241–58.
24 Security Service Archives.
25 Security Service Archives. The Legal Adviser reported that the Service was ‘reasonably satisfied’ that Wright was Pincher’s ‘main and possibly sole source’.
26 Security Service Archives.
27 Security Service Archives.
28 Security Service Archives.
29 Press reports, 2 Aug. 1984; Security Service Archives.
30 Security Service Archives.
31 Security Service Archives.
32 Security Service Archives. Commonwealth of Australia v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd (1980) 147 CLR 39.
33 Rimington, Open Secret, p. 188.
34 Hooper, Official Secrets, pp. 305–7, 314–15. On Hollis’s role in the founding of ASIO, see above, pp. 370–71.
35 Hooper, Official Secrets, pp. 305–8.
36 Turnbull, Spycatcher Trial.
37 A former Security Service officer, who said that he had taken part in training Wright, gave evidence on affidavit. The government’s only other witness was the Australian cabinet secretary, Michael Codd. Hooper, Official Secrets, pp. 323–4.
38 Rimington, Open Secret, pp. 188–9.
39 Turnbull, Spycatcher Trial. Rose, Elusive Rothschild, pp. 260–61.
40 Hooper, Official Secrets, pp. 320–23.
41 Parl. Deb. (Commons), 9 November 1987, cols 13–14.
42 Lustgarten and Leigh, In from the Cold, pp. 280–82.
43 Rimington, Open Secret, p. 188.
44 See above, p. 642.
45 Rose, Elusive Rothschild, p. 268.
46 Parl. Deb. (Commons), 3, 6, 17 Dec. 1989. Smith, New Cloak, Old Dagger, p. 69.
47 See above, pp. 589–91.
48 Security Service Archives.
49 Hurd, Memoirs, pp. 323–4.
50 Lustgarten and Leigh, In from the Cold, pp. 151–2.
51 Security Service Archives.
52 Parl. Deb. (Commons), 22 Nov. 1988, col. 4.
53 Security Service Archives.
54 Lustgarten and Leigh, In from the Cold, pp. 77, 438. The first four annual reports of the Commissioner were published as Cm 1480 (1991), Cm 1946 (1992), Cm 2174 (1993) and Cm 2523 (1994). During the first three years of the Act’s
operation, 102 people complained. The Commissioner concluded that in ninety-nine cases no such inquiries were made and that in three cases, where inquiries were made, the Security Service had ‘reasonable grounds’ for doing so.
55 Andrew, ‘British View of Security and Intelligence’.
56 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
57 Andrew, ‘British View of Security and Intelligence’. Christopher Andrew took part in the Ditchley Conference.
SECTION F: AFTER THE COLD WAR
Chapter 1: The Transformation of the Security Service
1 Security Service Archives.
2 Major, Autobiography, p. 432.
3 ‘Lord Butler, the man who will investigate’, Guardian, 4 Feb. 2004.
4 Security Service Archives.
5 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.
6 Rimington, Open Secret, p. 220.
7 Security Service Archives.
8 Security Service Archives.
9 Security Service Archives.
10 Security Service Archives.
11 Rimington, Open Secret, p. 223.
12 Security Service Archives.
13 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander. Security Service Archives.
14 Security Service Archives.
15 Security Service Archives.
16 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
17 Security Service Archives.
18 Security Service Archives.
19 Security Service Archives.
20 Security Service Archives.
21 From 1985 to 1996 the Service had two DDGs: for Administration (DDG(A)) and for Operations (DDG(O)).
22 Rimington, Open Secret, p. 241. Rimington remembers Walker telling her she was to be DG ‘shortly before Christmas’ 1991. However, Walker must have passed on the news a few weeks earlier since in late November he informed the Home Office PUS, Sir Clive Whitmore, that he had discussed with Rimington who was to replace her as DDG(A). On 3 December Walker told Whitmore that he had told the DDG(O) of Rimington’s appointment as DG and ‘he had taken it well’. Security Service Archives; Home Office Archives.
23 Home Office Archives.
24 Recollections of Dame Stella Rimington.
25 See below, p. 776.
26 Rimington, Open Secret, pp. 222–3.
27 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
28 Recollections of Dame Stella Rimington.
29 Rimington, Open Secret, pp. 241–3.
30 Christopher Andrew, interview with Dame Stella Rimington, The Times, 17 Sept. 2001.
31 Ibid. Rimington, Open Secret, pp. 245–6.
32 Lowri Turner, ‘Success and the Dowdy Englishwoman’, Evening Standard, 6 Jan. 1993.
33 Christopher Andrew, interview with Dame Stella Rimington, The Times, 17 Sept. 2001.
34 Undated cutting from the Sun. Home Office Archives.
35 Security Service Archives.
36 Security Service Archives.
37 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
38 Security Service Archives.
39 Security Service Archives.
40 Home Office Archives.
41 Security Service Archives.
42 In her Annual Report a year later, Rimington claimed that ‘The launch of the booklet about the Security Service in July 1993 marked a substantial, and I believe successful, development in our strategy to gain greater public understanding of and support for the Service and its work.’ Security Service Archives.
43 Rimington, Open Secret, pp. 254–5.
44 Security Service Annual Report 1993–94. See below, p. 777.
45 Rimington, Open Secret, p. 256.
46 Security Service Archives. By agreement with the Home Office, however, Rimington did not set up a public press department.
47 Rimington, Open Secret, p. 257 and illustrations.
48 Richard Norton-Taylor, ‘The Slick Spymaster’, Guardian, 20 June 1994.
49 Interview with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007. On the origins of the ISC, see above, pp. 755, 768.
50 Security Service Archives.
51 Security Service Archives.
52 Interview by Christopher Andrew with Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller, 3 April 2007.
53 See above, p. 483.
54 Security Service Archives.
55 Security Service Archives.
56 Security Service Archives.
57 Recollections of Jonathan Evans.
58 Security Service Archives.
59 Security Service Archives.
60 Security Service Archives.
61 When William Waldegrave became chief secretary of the Treasury in 1995 (a post he continued to hold until the Labour election victory two years later), budget negotiation became less confrontational. Rimington found him interested and well informed about the intelligence community. Rimington, Open Secret, pp. 226–7.
62 H Branch in 1994 took over the former responsibilities of the Registry and information management of S Branch, which was wound up. See Appendix 3. It was abolished in 1997, a year after Lander became DG.
63 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
64 Security Service Archives.
65 Interview with Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller, 3 April 2007.
66 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
67 Security Service Archives.
68 Security Service Archives.
69 The 68 per cent response rate was rated ‘unusually high for a staff survey of this kind’; 40 per cent, it reported, was ‘common for organisational surveys’. Security Service Archives.
70 Security Service Archives.
71 Security Service Archives.
72 Security Service Archives.
73 Security Service Archives.
74 Anderson, Cahill, p. 379.
75 Taylor, Provos, p. 331.
76 Security Service Archives.
77 Taylor, Brits, pp. 178–9. See above, pp. 625, 646.
78 Major, Autobiography, pp. 444–7.
79 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
80 Security Service Archives.
81 Security Service Archives.
82 Security Service Archives.
83 Security Service Archives.
84 Security Service Archives.
85 Security Service Archives.
86 Security Service Archives.
87 Security Service Archives.
88 Security Service Archives.
89 Security Service Archives.
90 Security Service Archives.
91 Security Service Archives.
92 Security Service Archives.
93 Security Service Archives.
94 Security Service Archives.
95 Security Service Archives.
96 See above, pp. 684, 700, 708.
97 Security Service Archives.
98 Security Service Archives.
99 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander. On 13 July 1995 Director D noted that the Home Secretary had accepted that the Service has ‘a significant role . . . in working with the law enforcement agencies on organised crime: drugs are the key issue and the Service’s role must include this subject.’ Security Service Archives.
100 Security Service Archives.
101 Interview by Christopher Andrew with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007.
102 Interview with Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller, 3 April 2007.
103 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
104 Interview with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007.
105 Security Service Archives.
106 Recollections of Sir Stephen Lander.
107 Security Service Archives.
108 Security Service Archives.
109 Ferris, Ferris Conspiracy, p. 234.
110 Security Service Archives.
111 Security Service Archives.
112 Ferris, Ferris Conspiracy, p. 234.
113 Security Service Archives.
114 Ferris was released on parole in January 2002 after servin
g four years of his jail term. He was sent back to jail four months later for breaching the terms of his parole. ‘From crime fact to crime fiction’, BBC News, 18 April 2002. ‘Ferris heads back to jail’, BBC News, 3 May 2002.
115 Security Service Archives.
116 Security Service Archives.
117 See above, p. 784.
118 Security Service Archives.
119 Security Service Archives. What most shocked management was that 12 per cent of respondents reported incidents of harassment and bullying. Though informed that the average figure in staff surveys was of the order of 15 per cent, management regarded 12 per cent as unacceptable. (Security Service Archives. Recollections of a former Security Service officer.) A series of initiatives followed to address the complaints made by staff. The next survey three years later showed both a significant improvement in morale and a drop of over 50 per cent in reports of harassment and bullying. (See below, p. 808.)
120 Security Service Archives.
121 See above, p. 562.
122 Security Service Archives.
123 Security Service Archives.
124 Security Service Archives.
125 Security Service Archives.
126 Security Service Archives.
127 Security Service Archives. In 1994–5, admittedly a period of low recruitment, because of budget cutbacks, of eighty-one new entrants almost half (thirty-nine) were personally recommended by existing staff members. Security Service Archives.
128 Security Service Archives.
129 Interview with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007.
130 Security Service Annual Report 1997–8.
131 On this attack, see above, p. 783.
132 Security Service Archives.
133 Campbell, Blair Years, pp. 230–31.
134 Memo by Sir Stephen Lander, 30 Aug. 2007.
135 Interview with Lord Wilson of Dinton, Jan. 2007.
136 Security Service Archives.
137 Recollections of a senior civil servant.
138 Security Service Archives.
139 Security Service Archives.
140 Taylor, Provos, p. 352.
141 Security Service Archives.
142 Security Service Archives. In her final meeting with the Home Secretary on 20 March 1996, Rimington reported that ‘we thought that there were about 20 Active Service Unit (ASU) members on the mainland at present; that we had identified 10 of these and knew broadly where they were. We were working on the others.’ Security Service Archives.
143 Security Service Archives.
144 Security Service Archives.
145 Security Service Archives.
The Defence of the Realm Page 138