30. Giambattista Vico, Scienza nuova, in T. G. Bergin and M. H. Frisch, eds. and trans., The New Science of Giambattista Vico (New York, 1968), p. 331.
31. Ibid., pp. 141–42.
32. Isaiah Berlin, Against the Current (London, 1980), p. 109.
33. Vico, Scienza nuova, p. 122.
34. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Second Discourse, in Roger D. Masters and Judith R. Masters, trans., The First and Second Discourses (New York, 1964), pp. 95, 132–33.
35. Joshua Mitchell, Not by Reason Alone: Religion, History and Identity in Early Modern Political Thought (Chicago, 1993), p. 124.
36. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile, trans. Allan Bloom (New York, 1979), p. 444.
37. Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianity and the American People (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), pp. 218–26.
38. Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756-1800 (Cambridge, U.K., 1985), pp. 81–88.
39. For example, Timothy Dwight, A Valedictory Address to the Young Gentlemen Who Commenced the Bachelor of Arts, July 27, 1776 (New Haven, Conn., 1776).
40. David S. Lovejoy, Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1985), p. 226.
41. Thomas Paine, Common Sense and the Crisis (New York, 1975), p. 59.
42. Roger Hahn, “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” in Lindberg and Numbers, God and Nature, pp. 261–62.
43. Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Man, a Machine, trans. Gertrude Carmen Bussey (La Salle, Ill., 1943), p. 122.
44. Ibid., pp. 123–25.
45. Buckley, Origins of Modern Atheism, pp. 216–22.
46. Denis Diderot, Letter on the Blind, in Margaret Jourdain, trans., Diderot’s Early Philosophical Works (Chicago, 1916), p. 111.
47. Ibid., pp. 111–12.
48. Ibid., p. 110.
49. Denis Diderot to Voltaire, 11 June 1749, in Buckley, Origins of Modern Atheism, p. 225.
50. Paul Heinrich Dietrich, Baron d’Holbach, The System of Nature: or, Laws of the Moral and Physical World, with notes by Diderot, trans. H. D. Robinson (New York, 1835), p. 232.
51. Ibid., p. 12.
52. Ibid., p. 181.
53. Ibid., p. 192.
54. Ibid., pp. 226–27.
55. Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier, Examen de materialisme, ou refutation du systéme de la nature (Paris, 1771); translations cited in Buckley, Origins of Modern Atheism, p. 253.
56. Tarnas, Passion of the Western Mind, pp. 33–34; Hahn, “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” pp. 264–68.
57. Hahn, “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” p. 265.
58. Ibid., p. 268.
59. Albert C. Outler, “Pietism and Enlightenment: Alternatives to Tradition,” in Dupré and Saliers, Christian Spirituality, p. 245.
60. Hahn, “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” pp. 267–73.
61. Ibid., p. 257; Buckley, Origins of Modern Atheism, p. 325.
62. Jacob, “Christianity and the Newtonian Worldview,” p. 253; David V. Erdman, Blake: Prophet Against Empire (New York, 1969), pp. 224, 367, 484.
63. William Blake, “Introduction,” Songs of Experience, in William Blake: A Selection of Poems and Letters, ed. with an intro. by J. Brownowski (Harmondsworth, U.K., 1958).
64. Blake, “The Tyger,” lines 4–5.
65. Blake, Jerusalem 33, lines 1–24.
66. Blake, Jerusalem 96, lines 23–28.
67. Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,” lines 1–4, in The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (Oxford, 1921).
68. William Wordsworth, “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour. July 13, 1798,” lines 37–49.
69. Wordsworth, “Expostulation and Reply;” “The Tables Turned.”
70. Wordsworth, The Prelude 1.586–88.
71. Wordsworth, “Tintern Abbey,” lines 37–49.
72. Wordsworth, The Prelude 2, lines 258–59.
73. John Keats to George and Georgiana Keats, 21 December 1817. Quotations from Keats’s letters are taken from H. E. Rollins, ed., The Letters of John Keats, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1958); author’s italics.
74. Keats to George and Georgiana Keats, 19 March 1819.
75. Keats to Richard Woodhouse, 27 October 1818.
76. Ibid.
77. Keats to J. H. Reynolds, 3 February 1818.
78. Keats to Benjamin Bailey, 22 November 1817.
79. Michael J. Buckley, “God as the Anti-Human,” in Denying and Disclosing God: The Ambiguous Progress of Modern Atheism (New Haven, Conn., and London, 2004), pp. 79–83; Buckley, At the Origins of Modern Atheism, pp. 330–32; John MacQuarrie, Thinking About God (London, 1975), pp. 157–65.
80. Friedrich Schleiermacher, On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers, trans. John Oman (New York, 1958), p. 12.
81. Ibid., p. 87.
82. Schleiermacher, The Christian Faith, trans. H. R. Mackintosh and J. S. Stewart (Edinburgh, 1928), p. 12.
83. Ibid., p. 16.
84. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Phenomenology of Mind (London, 1931), p. 86.
TEN Atheism
1. James Turner, Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America (Baltimore, 1985), pp. 73–97.
2. Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1989), pp. 138–39.
3. Ibid., pp. 9, 68–157.
4. Ibid., p. 71.
5. Lyman Beecher, Lectures on Scepticism (Cincinnati, 1835), p. 132.
6. Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianity and the American People (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), p. 216.
7. Ibid., p. 219.
8. Lyman Beecher, Autobiography (1864), 2 vols., ed. Barbara M. Cross (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), 2:146.
9. Turner, Without God, pp. 100–101.
10. James McCosh, The Method of the Divine Government; Physical and Moral, 4th ed. (New York, 1855), p. 17.
11. Daniel Walker Howe, “Religion and Politics in the Antebellum North,” in Mark A. Noll, ed., Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980s (Oxford and New York, 1990), pp. 132–33; George M. Marsden, Afterword to ibid., pp. 382–83; Turner, Without God, pp. 78–79.
12. Turner, Without God, pp. 86–96.
13. Ibid., p. 125; Howe, “Religion and Politics in the Antebellum North,” pp. 125–28.
14. Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 270.
15. Alister McGrath, The Twilight of Atheism: The Rise and Fall of Disbelief in the Modern World (London and New York, 2005), pp. 52–55.
16. Patrick Masterson, Atheism and Alienation: A Study of the Philosophic Sources of Contemporary Atheism (Dublin, 1871), 76–93; Michael J. Buckley, “God as the Anti-human,” in Denying and Disclosing God: The Ambiguous Progress of Modern Atheism (New Haven, Conn., and London, 2001), pp. 86–89; Richard Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View (London and New York, 1991), pp. 329–32; McGrath, Twilight of Atheism, pp. 60–66; Gary Hyman, “Atheism in Modern History,” in Michael Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism (Cambridge, U.K., 2007) pp. 36–37.
17. Masterson, Atheism and Alienation, pp. 62–76; Buckley, “God as Antihuman,” pp. 83–89, 97–98; Buckley, “The Radical Finitude of Religious Ideas: Atheism and Contemplation,” in Denying and Disclosing God, pp. 100–105; Michael J. Buckley, At the Origins of Modern Atheism (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1985), pp. 332–33; McGrath, Twilight of Atheism, pp. 51–59.
18. Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity, trans. Marion Evans (New York, 1957), p. 284.
19. Ibid., p. 5.
20. Ibid., p. 33.
21. Ibid., p. 283; Feuerbach’s italics.
22. Karl Marx, “Theses on Feuerbach,” in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, On Religion, intro. Reinhold Niebuhr (New York, 1964), p. 72; Marx’s italics.
&nbs
p; 23. Karl Marx, “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, 1843–44,” in Jaroslav Pelikan, ed., Modern Religious Thought (Boston, 1990), p. 80; Marx’s italics.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., p. 81; Marx’s italics.
26. Martin J. S. Rudwick, “The Shape and Meaning of Earth History,” in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science (New York, 1986), pp. 313–14; James R. Moore, “Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis in the Nineteenth Century,” ibid., pp. 322–30.
27. Martin J. S. Rudwick, “Charles Lyell Speaks in the Lecture Theatre,” British Journal of the History of Science 9 (1976).
28. Charles Lyell, review of Memoir on the Geology of Central France, by G. P. Scopes, Quarterly Review, 30 October 1827.
29. Turner, Without God, pp. 185–86, 193–95.
30. Quoted in Patricia James, Population Malthus: His Life and Times (London, 1979), p. 446.
31. Rudwick, “Shape and Meaning,” pp. 314–15.
32. Louis Agassiz, Essay on Classification (1859), ed. Edward Lurie (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), p. 12.
33. Alfred Tennyson, In Memoriam lv, line 20, in Tennyson: Poems and Plays, ed., Sir Thomas Herbert Warren (Oxford, 1954).
34. Ibid., liv, lines 5–8.
35. Ibid., lvi, line 25.
36. Ibid., liv, lines 13–20.
37. Horace Bushnell, God in Christ (Hartford, Conn., 1849), pp. 40–42, 74.
38. Ibid., p. 55.
39. Ibid., p. 72.
40. Stephen Jay Gould, The Flamingo’s Smile (New York, 1985), p. 397; Daniel C. Dennett, “Atheism and Evolution,” in Martin, Companion to Atheism, pp. 135–39.
41. A. Hunter Dupree, “Christianity and the Scientific Community in the Age of Darwin,” in Lindberg and Numbers, God and Nature, pp. 356–62.
42. Charles Darwin, 9 May 1879, in Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, 2 vols. (London, 1966), 2:20.
43. Turner, Without God, p. 186.
44. Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J., 1973), 11:16; 2:15–16.
45. Charles Hodge, What Is Darwinism? (Princeton, N.J., 1874), p. 142.
46. Ibid., p. 60.
47. Moore, “Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis,” pp. 329–34.
48. Ibid., p. 341.
49. Ibid., pp. 333–34.
50. Ward, Robert Elsmere (Lincoln, Neb., 1969), p. 414.
51. Moore, “Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis,” p. 341.
52. James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America (Cambridge, U.K., 1979), 95; Frank M. Turner, “The Victorian Conflict Between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension,” Isis 69 (1978).
53. Moore, “Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis,” pp. 342–43.
54. Archibald Hodge and B. B. Warfield, “Inspiration,” Princeton Review 2, 11 April 1881.
55. New York Times, 5 April 1894.
56. New York Times, 18 April 1899.
57. Union Seminary Magazine 19 (1907–8).
58. Buckley, Origins of Modern Atheism, p. 10; Owen Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, U.K., 1975), pp. 90–91.
59. Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, Charles Bradlaugh: A Record of His Life and Work by His Daughter (London, 1908), p. 337.
60. Adrian Desmond, Huxley: The Devil’s Disciple (London, 1994), p. 373.
61. Thomas H. Huxley, Science and Christian Tradition: Essays (New York, 1898), pp. 245–46.
62. Quoted in Peter Gay, A Godless Jew: Freud, Atheism and the Making of Psychoanalysis (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1975), pp. 6–7.
63. Ibid., p. 240.
64. Robert G. Ingersoll, “Individuality” (1873), in The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, 3 vols. (New York, 1909), 1:192.
65. Charles Eliot Norton to Godwin Smith, 14 June 1997, in Sara Norton and M. A. DeWolfe, eds., Letters of Charles Eliot Norton with Biographical Comment, 2 vols. (Boston, 1913), 2:248.
66. Joel Moody, “Science of Evil,” excerpted in The Iconoclast 2, no. 16 (1871); Turner, Without God, p. 218.
67. Ingersoll, “The Great Infidels” (1881), in Works, 3:309.
68. John William Draper, History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science (New York, 1874), p. 367.
69. Andrew Dixon White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, 2 vols. (New York, 1896), 1:8; White’s italics.
70. Ibid., 1:325.
71. J. R. Lucas, “Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter,” The Historical Journal 22 (1979).
72. Turner, Without God, pp. 219–20.
73. J. S. Mill, “Theism,” in Three Essays on Religion (London, 1975), p. 204.
74. Ingersoll, “The Gods” (1872), in Works, 1:22.
75. Chadwick, Secularization of the European Mind, p. 168.
76. Ibid., pp. 168–80.
77. Ibid., p. 179.
78. Arnold, “Dover Beach,” lines 25, 14, 32–37, in Arnold: Poetical Works, ed. C. B. Tinker and H. F. Lowry (Oxford, 1945).
79. Hyman, “Atheism in Modern History,” pp. 37–38; John D. Caputo, “Atheism, A/theology, and the Postmodern Condition,” in Martin, Companion to Atheism, pp. 270–71; Buckley, Origins of Modern Atheism, pp. 28–30; Buckley, “God as the Anti-human,” pp. 89–94; Tarnas, Passion of the Western Mind, pp. 317, 367–71; McGrath, Twilight of Atheism, pp. 149–51.
80. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, trans. Walter Kaufman (New York, 1974), p. 181.
81. Ibid., p. 279.
82. Ibid., p. 181.
83. Gay, Godless Jew, passim; Tarnas, Passion of the Western Mind, pp. 328–29; Buckley, “God as the Anti-human,” pp. 92–93; “The Radical Finitude,” pp. 105–7; McGrath, Twilight of Atheism, pp. 67–77.
84. Gay, Godless Jew, pp. 37–50.
85. Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, trans. and ed. James Strachey (New York, 1961), p. 53.
86. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. and ed. James Strachey (New York, 1961), p. 21.
87. McGrath, Twilight of Atheism, p. 75.
88. Ingersoll, “The Gods,” 1:58.
89. Ibid., pp. 57–58.
90. Speech of L. T. Brown, M.D., quoted in Turner, Without God, p. 237.
91. Mill, “Theism,” pp. 256–57.
92. I. F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, 1763-3749. 2nd ed. (Oxford and New York, 1992), pp. 37–88.
93. Thomas Hardy, “The Darkling Thrush,” lines 25–32, in John Wain, ed., Selected Shorter Poems of Thomas Hardy (London, 1966).
ELEVEN Unknowing
1. Richard Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas
2. That Have Shaped Our World View (London, 1991) p. 356. 2. Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times (New York, 1971), p. 343.
3. Arthur F. Smethurst, Modern Science and Christian Beliefs (New York, 1955), p. 81.
4. An unnamed theologian quoted in Philipp Frank, Einstein, His Life and Times (New York, 1947), p. 264.
5. Robert Jastrow, God and the Astronomers (New York, 1978).
6. William G. Pollard, Chance and Providence: God’s Action Is a World Governed by Scientific Law (London, 1959), pp. 69, 72.
7. Quoted in Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (New York, 1971), pp. 82–83.
8. Quoted in Huston Smith, Beyond the Post-Modern Mind, rev. ed. (Wheaton, Ill., 1989), p. 8.
9. Alister McGrath, The Twilight of Atheism: The Rise and Fall of Disbelief in the Modern World (London, 2004), pp. 96–97.
10. Bryan Magee, Confessions of a Philosopher: A Journey Through Western Philosophy (London, 1997), p. 561.
11. Karl R. Popper, Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography (London, 1992), p. 145; Mark Vernon, After Atheism: Science, Religion and the Meaning of Life (Basingstoke, U.K., 2007), p. 160.
12. Albert Einstein, “Strange Is Our Situation Here on Earth,” in Jaroslav Pelikan, ed., Modern Religious Thought (Boston, 1990), p. 225.
13. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus logico-philosophicus, trans. C. K. Ogden (London, 1962), p. 189.
14. A. J. Ayer, The Central Questions of Philosophy (London, 1973), passim.
15. A. J Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (Harmondsworth, U.K., 1974), pp. 152–53.
16. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Belief and History (Charlottesville, Va., 1977), pp. 20–32.
17. Acts of the Apostles 2:1–6.
18. Harvey Cox, Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-first Century (New York, 1995), pp. 48–74.
19. Romans 8:26.
20. Cox, Fire from Heaven, pp. 57, 69–71.
21. Denys Turner, The Darkness of God: Negativity in Christian Mysticism (Cambridge, U.K., 1995), pp. 260–62.
22. A. C. Dixon, The King’s Business 40 (1922).
23. Robert C. Fuller, Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession (Oxford and New York, 1995), pp. 115–17; Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1992); George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925 (Oxford and New York, 1980), pp. 141–44, 150, 157, 207–10.
24. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, pp. 90–92.
25. Ferenc Morton Szasz, The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880-1930 (University, Ala., 1982), p. 85.
26. See my book The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism (London and New York, 2000).
27. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, pp. 147–48.
28. Szasz, Divided Mind, p. 86.
29. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, pp. 147–48.
30. Dixon, The King’s Business 19 (1918).
31. The Watchtower Examiner, July 1920; Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, p. 120.
32. Nancy T. Ammerman, “North American Protestant Fundamentalism,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), p. 26; Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, pp. 169–83; Ronald E. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1992), pp. 41–44; Szasz, Divided Mind, pp. 107–8.
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