7. Ward, Before the Trumpet, 30, 31n.
8. This and other business ventures are neatly summarized in Frank B. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1952), 9–12. On Scott’s designs and their larger role in national politics, see C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1956), esp. 73–80.
9. Lawrence A. Clayton, “The Nicaragua Canal in the Nineteenth Century: Prelude to American Empire in the Caribbean,” Journal of Latin American Studies 19 (November 1987): 323–352, provides an excellent scholarly overview of the canal issue.
10. Ward, Before the Trumpet, 155–156.
11. Ward, Before the Trumpet, chs. 4–5; see esp. photos opposite p. 80.
12. Ward, Before the Trumpet, 66.
13. Ward, Before the Trumpet, 111–112.
14. SDR, My Boy Franklin, 139–140, 252–254.
15. SDR, My Boy Franklin, 139–140, 252–254.
16. SDR, My Boy Franklin, 11–13, 33; FDR to “Papa,” June 7, 1890, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 16; Ward, Before the Trumpet, 120–122.
17. Clara and Hardy Steeholm, The House at Hyde Park (New York: Viking Press, 1950), 86–87.
18. This story is a staple of Roosevelt biographies, e.g., Davis, FDR, I, 63.
19. For FDR’s private teachers, Ward, Before the Trumpet, 150–153, 171–174.
20. FDR to Muriel and Warren Delano, May 30, 1891, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 19–20.
21. SDR, Diary, October 15–31, 1890, SDR Papers, FDRL.
22. Ward, Before the Trumpet, 153; SDR, Diary, February 27, 1893.
23. SDR, My Boy Franklin, 18.
24. Ward, Before the Trumpet, 128, 152–153; FDR to “Mumsy & Pupsy,” December 7, 1893, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 24; SDR, Diary, September 1, 1890; SDR, My Boy Franklin, 5–6.
25. SDR, My Boy Franklin, 17, 27–29. SDR, Diary, June 14, 1895, July 11, 1896. I have been unable to find independent corroboration for the South Kensington Museum episode. The story, which appears in My Boy Franklin, may have been related by FDR to Sara’s ghostwriter.
26. SDR, My Boy Franklin, 35–36.
Chapter 2: Young Gentleman
1. SDR, as told to Isabel Leighton and Gabrielle Forbush, My Boy Franklin (New York: Ray Long & Richard R. Smith, 1933), 39.
2. John W. Tyler, “Peabody, Endicott,” American National Biography Online (June 2000 Update), http://www.anb.org, provides a shrewd, brief interpretive sketch of Peabody. Frank D. Ashburn, Peabody of Groton: A Portrait (New York: Coward-McCann, 1944), is an admiring and detailed survey.
3. Endicott Peabody, “Academic Influence,” in The Education of the Modern Boy, ed. Alfred E. Stearns et al. (Boston: Small, Maynard & Company, 1925), 107–138, quote at 113.
4. Harriman quoted in Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), 47. Jerome Karabel, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005), 23–38.
5. Geoffrey Ward, Before the Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882–1905 (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 179–180; Frank B. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship [hereafter FDR, I] (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1952), ch. 3.
6. Peabody, “Academic Influence,” 134; “Football Good for Boys,” New York Times [hereafter NYT], October 1, 1898.
7. Endicott Peabody, “School Patriotism,” School Review (October 1895): 498–506, quotes at 502–503.
8. Elliott Roosevelt, ed., F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, Early Years [hereafter Personal Letters, I] (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947), 33.
9. FDR to his parents, September 18, 1896, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 35.
10. Ward, Before the Trumpet, 182.
11. FDR to his parents, September 20, 1896 (football), May 7, 1897 (baseball), January 9, 12, March 3, 1898 (boxing), April 19, 20, 21, 1899, April 22, 26, May 27, 1900 (baseball), in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 36–37, 92–98, 155–157, 183–184, 289–291, 394–395, 400–401.
12. FDR to his parents, March 24, 1897, March 13, 1898, March 23, 1899, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 78–79, 186–187, 282–283.
13. FDR to his parents, March 21, 1897, May 14, 1897, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 76–77, 96–98.
14. Eleanor Roosevelt [hereafter ER], This I Remember (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949), 43.
15. Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 160–164.
16. FDR to his parents, June 24, 25, 1900, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 410–413.
17. Billings to FDR, n.d., Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL, quoted in Geoffrey Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 90n.
18. FDR to his parents, May 28, June 11, 1897, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 105, 114–115.
19. FDR to his parents, April 10, 1900, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 393, 430–431; Ward, Before the Trumpet, 195; Freidel, FDR, I, 56.
20. SDR, My Boy Franklin, 49–52.
21. Last Will and Testament of James Roosevelt, copy in Henry T. Hackett Papers (Box 21), FDRL (available online at http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box21/A902at01.html). For valuation of assets, see NYT, April 22, 1901.
22. SDR to FDR, January 5, 1901, Family Papers (Children), Section II, FDRL.
23. One gets some tangible sense of this process in SDR to FDR, October 11, November 28, 1901, Family Papers (Children), FDRL.
24. On the Harvard of Roosevelt’s era, see Karabel, The Chosen, 13–23; Bernard Bailyn et al., Glimpses of the Harvard Past (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), esp. 79 (statistics about Jews), 123 (scholarship program); John T. Bethell, “Frank Roosevelt at Harvard,” Harvard Magazine (November–December, 1996), http://harvardmagazine.com/1996/11/frank-roosevelt-at-harvard; Ward, Before the Trumpet, ch. 6.
25. FDR to his parents, January 9, September 28, October 5, 1900, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 370–372, 423, 425.
26. FDR to his parents, October 5, 19, 23, 31, 1900; FDR to SDR, January 21, February 3, 11, 16, 22, March 29, April 20, 27, October 30, November 12, 18, 1901, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 425–465. On Harvard football, see also Craig Lambert and John T. Bethell, “First and 100,” Harvard Magazine (September–October 2003), http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/09/first-and-100.html.
27. FDR to SDR, April 7, 20, 30, May 24, 1901, and accompanying editor’s notes, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 453–458.
28. FDR to his parents, October 31, 1900, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 430–431; Ward, Before the Trumpet, 229–230. See also Ward, A First Class Temperament, 92–93.
29. FDR to SDR, April 30, May 24, 1901, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 456–458; SDR, My Boy Franklin, 58–59.
30. FDR to SDR, November 12, 1901, October 8, 26, November 2, 1902, and accompanying editor’s notes, refer to work on the Crimson. Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 453–458, 463–464, 476–479, 481–483.
31. Ward, Before the Trumpet, 240.
32. Roosevelt’s frenetic activities are well summarized in Ward, Before the Trumpet, 237–238, and in numerous letters reproduced in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I.
33. NYT, January 3, 1902; FDR to SDR, January 6, 1902, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 467–468.
34. FDR to SDR, November 18, 1901, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 464–465; Ward, Before the Trumpet, 230–231.
35. FDR to SDR, October 26, 1902, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 481–482.
36. FDR to SDR, July 24, 1903, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 489–490; Ward, Before the Trumpet, 246–247.
37. FDR to SDR, August 3, 5, 12 (two communications), 1903, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 494–502.
38.
Ward, Before the Trumpet, 239–242. See also Freidel, FDR, I, 60–66. FDR quote from Crimson editorial, September 30, 1903. See this and other editorials he wrote in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, I, 502–503, 506–507 (October 6, 1903), 509 (October 8, 1903), 512–513 (November 2, 1903), 522 (January 9, 1904), and 524–525 (January 26, 1904).
39. Corrine Robinson quoted in Joseph Alsop, FDR: A Centenary Remembrance (New York: Viking Press, 1982), 36.
Chapter 3: Eleanor and Franklin
1. Geoffrey Ward, Before the Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882–1905 (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 252–255.
2. Joseph Alsop, FDR: A Centenary Remembrance (New York: Viking Press, 1982), 39.
3. D. A. Steel, “Marie Souvestre,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), accessed online at http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/53/101053508; ER, This Is My Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937), ch. 3; Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1971), ch. 8; Blanche Wiesen Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. 1: 1884–1933 [hereafter Eleanor Roosevelt, I] (New York: Viking Penguin, 1992), ch. 5.
4. M. Souvestre to ER, July 7, 1902 [English translation], Roosevelt Family Papers (Donated by the Children), Alphabetical File, FDRL; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, I, 124; ER, This Is My Story, 132; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 147.
5. ER, This Is My Story, 100–101, is the major primary source for the next several paragraphs, supplemented by Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, chs. 9–13; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, I, ch. 6; Ward, Before the Trumpet, 303–338.
6. ER, This Is My Story, 109–111.
7. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 106–108, 113, 120; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, I, 154.
8. SDR to FDR, October 8, 1902, Family Papers (Children), Section II.
9. ER, This Is My Story, 108–109; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 135.
10. In addition to the sources already cited, see NYT, March 18, 1905, for an account of the wedding.
11. FDR to SDR, June 16, 1905, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1905–1928 [hereafter Personal Letters, II], ed. Elliott Roosevelt, assisted by James N. Rosenau (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948), 10–11; Geoffrey Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), ch. 1 (see 15n for the hotel bill).
12. For Cortina, see FDR to SDR, July 12, 15, 1905, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II, 32–37, and ER, This Is My Story, 130. (However Eleanor felt about Miss Gandy at the time, the two later, by her own account and that of her son Elliott [in a textual note to the July 15 letter cited above], became good friends.) See also Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 20–22.
13. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 146.
14. ER, This Is My Story, 127, 162.
15. ER, This Is My Story, 142, 151, 157–158, 162–163.
16. Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 97–98.
17. ER, This Is My Story, 165; Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 102.
18. Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 98–99.
19. FDR to SDR, September 6, 1907, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II, 136–138. For full and useful accounts of FDR’s law practice, see Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972), 208–214, and Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 70–79.
20. Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 70 and n23.
21. Gerald T. Dunne, Grenville Clark: Public Citizen (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1986), 21.
22. Dunne, Grenville Clark, 21.
Chapter 4: Insurgent Progressive
1. Geoffrey Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 81–82.
2. FDR to ER, June 12, 15 (two letters), 1908, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1905–1928 [hereafter Personal Letters, II], ed. Elliott Roosevelt, assisted by James N. Rosenau (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948), 140–145; Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 264–267; Frank B. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship [hereafter Roosevelt, I] (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1952), 80–81.
3. Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 390.
4. Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 116.
5. Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 93.
6. Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 91–93; Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II, 154–158, contains notes and speech material from the campaign.
7. ER, This Is My Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937), 107; Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 122n30.
8. Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 94; see NYT, November 9, 1910, for voting results and analysis.
9. NYT, January 1, 1911; ER, This Is My Story, 170–171; SDR quote from Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 129; SDR to FDR and ER, n.d., Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
10. FDR, Diary, January 2, 1911, FDR Papers, FDRL; Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 100.
11. Twenty-five years later, Eleanor wrote fondly of Grady and Sullivan. One must doubt that her attitude at the time was so benign. See ER, This Is My Story, 172. For a quick summary of Murphy’s career, see his obituary in NYT, April 26, 1924; Nancy Joan Weiss, Charles Francis Murphy, 1858–1924: Respectability and Responsibility in Tammany Politics (Northampton, MA: Smith College, 1968).
12. Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928 [hereafter FDR, I] (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972), 248. [From Ernest K. Lindley, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Career in Progressive Democracy (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1931), 78.] One is tempted to write this off as a good but apocryphal story. However, it was talked about at the time. See remarks by Thomas Mott Osborne in NYT, April 7, 1911 (“Urge College Men to Enter Politics”).
13. FDR, Diary, January 3, 1911, FDRL, quoted in J. Joseph Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism (New York: Atheneum, 1968), 23.
14. Alfred B. Rollins Jr., Roosevelt and Howe (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 23–25.
15. Diary, January 1, 1911, FDRL, quoted in Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 247. The routine of the insurgency is vividly described in Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 134. FDR’s quote is from the feature article on him in NYT, January 22, 1911.
16. Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 104–106; Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 137–139.
17. New York Globe, February 6, 1911, quoted in Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 104.
18. NYT, January 22, 1911.
19. Theodore Roosevelt [hereafter TR] to FDR, January 29, 1911, FDRL, in Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 108n.
20. Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 114–115.
21. NYT, April 1, 1911.
22. NYT, April 2, 1911.
23. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking Press, 1946), 11, 12.
24. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, 14; George Martin, Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976), 98–99, 495–496.
25. Freidel, Roosevelt, I, ch. 7; Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 153–170; for rejection of appropriations, see NYT, June 8, 1911, and clippings in state senator scrapbooks, FDRL, cited in Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 814–815; on divorce standards, see NYT, September 9, 1911 (editorial).
26. Original speech at FDRL; Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 132–133.
27. Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 134–135; Davis, FDR, I, 270–271.
28. Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 136–138.
29. ER, This Is My Story, 187–189.
30. FDR to ER, July 2, 1912, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II, 192.
31. NYT, July 13, 18, 30, September 20, October 5, 1912; Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe, 53–55.
32. FDR to ER, July 27, August 24, 1912, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II, 192–196 (including copy of article from NYT, August 25, 1912).
33. Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe, pt. 1; ER, This Is My Story, 192–193.
34. Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe, 55–61; Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 195.
<
br /> 35. Josephus Daniels, The Wilson Era: Years of Peace, 1910–1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), 69, 124–126; E. David Cronon, ed., The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels, 1913–1921 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 4; Freidel, Roosevelt, I, 155, and interview with Michael Doyle, October 24, 1947, Freidel Oral History Interviews, FDRL.
Chapter 5: Riding in Front
1. E. David Cronon, ed., The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels, 1913–1921 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 4.
2. “World War 1 at Sea: Rise of the Dreadnought Battleship, 1906 to 1914,” Naval-History.Net, http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavalDreadnoughts.htm.
3. Geoffrey Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 221–222.
4. On Daniels, the best source is Jonathan Daniels, The End of Innocence (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1954); see 54, for “hillbilly” quote. For the characterization of Southern progressivism, see C. Vann Woodward’s great work, Origins of the New South, 1877–1914 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), ch. 9; specific mentions of Daniels at 54, 146, 334–335, 349, 381–382, 475, 480.
5. Michael Kazin, A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006); esp. ch. 10.
6. FDR quoted in NYT, April 13, 1921. Roosevelt subsequently told versions of this story on several occasions. Frank B. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship [hereafter FDR, I] (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1952), 237n.
7. Daniels, End of Innocence, 129.
8. Carroll Kilpatrick, Roosevelt and Daniels: A Friendship in Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952), 11; Cronon, Cabinet Diaries, vi, 212–213.
9. FDR to SDR, March 17, 1913, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1905–1928 [hereafter Personal Letters, II], ed. Elliott Roosevelt, assisted by James N. Rosenau (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948), 199. The reference to a vaccination was not flippant. Washington was in the midst of a smallpox outbreak; both Franklin and Eleanor were inoculated against the disease. NYT, March 14, 1913; ER, This Is My Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937), 195.
Man of Destiny: FDR and the Making of the American Century Page 60