28. See NYT, April 14, 17, 1932, for Smith speech and reaction.
29. NYT, April 17, 18, 1932; Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 627–639.
30. NYT, April 20, 28, 29, 30, 1932.
31. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 646.
32. NYT, May 1, 1932.
33. James Farley to E. M. House, May 13, 1932, FDR Papers (Donated by the Children), Correspondence as Governor, FDRL. See the somewhat speculative but mostly accurate vote map in NYT, June 26, 1932.
34. Donald A. Ritchie, Electing FDR: The New Deal Campaign of 1932 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 97; NYT, June 26, 27, 28, 1932.
35. NYT, June 29, 1932.
36. NYT, June 30, 1932.
37. Ritchie, Electing FDR, 102.
38. Farley, Behind the Ballots, 144.
39. Ritchie, Electing FDR, 106.
40. Alfred B. Rollins Jr., Roosevelt and Howe (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 345–346.
41. NYT, July 3, 1932.
42. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 647–659.
Chapter 12: Much to Fear
1. This and the following paragraphs on the White House dinner are based on ER, This I Remember (New York: Harper & Row, 1949), 61–62; Donald A. Ritchie, Electing FDR: The New Deal Campaign of 1932 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 92–94 (photo of FDR and ER at 93); NYT, April 27, 28, 29, 1932; Alonzo Fields, Oral History Interview, Hoover Presidential Library (accessed online), 6–9.
2. NYT, July 30, 1932; WP, July 30, 1932.
3. R. G. Tugwell, The Brains Trust (New York: Viking Press, 1968), 357–359.
4. NYT, August 17, 1932; NYT, September 2, 1932.
5. NYT, August 17, 18, 1932.
6. Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 1: The Genesis of the New Deal, 1928–1932 [hereafter Public Papers, I] (New York: Random House, 1938), 659–669; NYT, July 31, 1932; Tugwell, The Brains Trust, ch. 32.
7. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 659–684; NYT, August 21, 1932.
8. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 684–692.
9. Ritchie, Electing FDR, 127.
10. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 693–711. For Sioux City, see Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 756–770.
11. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 742–756; NYT, September 24, 1952.
12. Lippmann column, New York Herald-Tribune, October 7, 1932, copy in FDR Papers (Governor of New York).
13. NYT, October 18, 20, 25, 27, 29, November 5, 1932.
14. For FDR on the bonus, see, e.g., stories in NYT, October 15, 18, 1932, and Wayne Westman to the editor, NYT, October 27, 1932; for the Hoover comment, see NYT, October 29, 1932.
15. Ritchie, Electing FDR, 134–148; NYT, October 5, 23, 29, November 1, 1932.
16. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 842–855; NYT, November 1, 1932.
17. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1957), 438–439.
18. NYT, February 17, 1933.
19. Raymond Moley, After Seven Years (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939), 138–139.
20. NYT, February 14, 1933. See also NYT, January 24, 25, February 7, 1933 (articles by James A. Hagerty).
21. Reaction to the cabinet picks is surveyed in NYT, February 23 (James A. Hagerty), 26 (Arthur Krock), 1933.
22. NYT, January 26, 1933 (James A. Hagerty).
23. NYT, December 18, 1932.
24. Linda Lear, “Ickes, Harold LeClair,” in Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times, an Encyclopedic View, ed. Otis L. Graham Jr. and Meghan Robinson Wander (Boston: G. K. Hall & Company, 1985), 199–201.
25. Herbert Hoover, “Letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt,” February 18, 1933, TeachingAmericanHistory.org, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/letter-to-franklin-d-roosevelt.
26. Grace Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949), 64.
27. Samuel I. Rosenman, The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Year of Crisis, 1933 (New York: Random House, 1938), 368; Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking Press, 1946), ch. 11 and p. 330; FDR to Philip Slomovitz, “Letter on the President’s Ancestors,” American Presidency Project, March 7, 1935, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15016.
28. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1957), 396.
29. Tugwell, The Brains Trust, 493.
30. Lewis Gould, The Modern Presidency (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003), 33.
Chapter 13: Nothing to Fear
1. FDR, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1933, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14473. The standard published edition of Roosevelt’s public papers remains Samuel I. Rosenman’s thirteen-volume The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Random House, 1938–1950). For Roosevelt’s presidential years, I have chosen to cite from three rich online depositories: the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu), the American Presidency Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara (http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu), and American President at the Miller Center, University of Virginia (millercenter.org). All three provide more comprehensive access to the printed word and in addition have audio of some of FDR’s important addresses.
2. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1971), 360.
3. Rexford G. Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1957), 270–271.
4. The best account of this event is in Geoffrey Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), xi–xiii.
5. Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2007), 311.
6. NYT, March 9, 1935. Transcripts of this and other FDR press conferences can be found online at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu), the American Presidency Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara (http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu), and American President at the Miller Center, University of Virginia (millercenter.org).
7. For this and subsequent White House conferences, see the White House Usher’s Diary, “FDR Day by Day,” Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday.
8. Adam Cohen, Nothing to Fear: FDR’s Inner Circle and the Hundred Days That Created Modern America (New York: Penguin Press, 2009), 77–80; White House Usher’s Diary, March 9, 1933, FDRL.
9. Frank B. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal [hereafter FDR, IV] (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973), ch. 13.
10. For the political use of radio by Baldwin, see Philip Williamson, Stanley Baldwin: Conservative Leadership and National Values (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 83–85. There is no evidence that Roosevelt was aware of Baldwin’s skill as a radio speaker. Baldwin himself knew of Roosevelt and met his mother at a Downing Street reception in mid-1928.
11. Text and audio are available online at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu), the American Presidency Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara (http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu), and American President at the Miller Center, University of Virginia (millercenter.org).
12. Public Papers of the Presidents, 1933, no. 12 (March 10, 1933), online at www.ucsb.edu.
13. The following history of Roosevelt’s first months in office draws heavily on the following classic works: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1959); Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The New Deal Years, 1933–1937 (New York: Random House, 1986), and Frank B. Freidel, FDR: Launching the New Deal (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 19
73).
14. John A. Salmond, “Civilian Conservation Corps,” in Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times, an Encyclopedic View, ed. Otis L. Graham and Meghan Robinson Wander (Boston: G. K. Hall & Company, 1985), 62–24; John A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967).
15. Eric F. Goldman, Rendezvous with Destiny, rev. ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 257.
16. Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 268–269.
17. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1950), remains the best work on Hopkins, but for the early New Deal, see also Searle R. Charles, Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1963). Henry W. Adams, Harry Hopkins: A Biography (New York: Putnam Company, 1977), is a sound narrative.
18. Michael J. McDonald, “Tennessee Valley Authority,” in Graham and Wander, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 420–423, provides an excellent introduction. Among the many works on the TVA, these stand out: Phillip Selznick, TVA and the Grass Roots (New York: Harper, 1966); Thomas McCraw, Morgan versus Lilienthal: A Feud Within the TVA (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1970); Thomas McCraw, TVA and the Power Fight (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1971), and Erwin Hargrove and Paul K. Conkin, eds., Fifty Years of Grass-Roots Bureaucracy (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984).
19. Richard S. Kirkendall, “Agriculture,” in Graham and Wander, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 3–4.
20. Shelley Bookspan, “Mortgage Financing,” in Graham and Wander, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 267–268.
21. William E. Leuchtenburg, “The New Deal and the Analogue of War,” in The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and His Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 35–75.
22. Freidel, FDR, IV, 337.
23. FDR, “Fireside Chat 2: On Progress During the First Two Months,” May 7, 1933, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3299 (audio available).
24. Linda J. Lear, “Public Works Administration,” in Graham and Wander, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 336–338.
25. Press conference, March 8, 1933, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
26. Text at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
27. Herbert Feis, 1933: Characters in Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1966), 189.
28. Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929–1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 222–223.
29. Davis, FDR, III, 160–162; Freidel, FDR, IV, ch. 28; Patricia Clavin, The Great Depression in Europe, 1929–1939 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 157–166.
30. NYT, July 4, 1933.
31. Keynes article in Donald Moggridge, ed., The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), 21:273–277.
Chapter 14: Unlimited Ambitions, Limited Achievement
1. On naval construction, see NYT, August 14, 1933, April 26, 1934, and WP, December 30, 1933 (F. Britten); for railroad loans, see NYT, January 2, 5, 11, February 27, 1934.
2. NYT, July 18, 1934 (Arthur Krock).
3. T. H. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874–1952 (New York: Henry Holt, 1990), is the standard biography of its subject. See also Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, 3 vols. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953–1954).
4. Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. 1: The First Thousand Days, 1933–1936 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953), 129–130, 152, 154, 162, 207, 218, 227; FDR, “Address at Arthurdale, West Virginia,” May 27, 1938, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15647.
5. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1959), 372.
6. Aubrey Williams, “The Gigantic Relief Task,” NYT Magazine, August 26, 1934, 3.
7. NYT, August 6, 1934.
8. John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000), 136.
9. Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 34; “Unofficial Observer” [John Franklin Carter], The New Dealers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1934), 91–92; WP, June 12, 1934; “The Cabinet: Tugwell Upped,” Time, June 25, 1934, http://www.time.com.
10. WP, April 27, 1934 (Raymond Clapper).
11. WP, June 12, 1934.
12. Max Freedman, ed., Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1928–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967), 7.
13. Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, 126.
14. “Unofficial Observer,” The New Dealers, 145–148; NYT, December 7, 10 (Arthur Krock), 12, 1933.
15. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking Press, 1946), 200–201.
16. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, 206; “Unofficial Observer,” The New Dealers, 57.
17. Harold Ickes, “Ickes Hails National Planning,” NYT Magazine, October 14, 1934, 1–2, 17.
18. “Unofficial Observer,” The New Dealers, 36.
19. NYT, September 13, 14, 1933.
20. NYT, August 27, 28, 30, September 6, 1933, January 11, 1934.
21. Alonzo L. Hamby, For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s (New York: Free Press, 2004), 170–171.
22. NYT, February 28, 1934.
23. Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 133–135.
24. Ellis W. Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), chs. 5–6.
25. Richard Vedder and Lowell Gallaway, Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1993), 77.
26. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, 240–247; George Martin, Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976), 331–338; “Recovery: Man of the Year 1933,” Time, January 1, 1933, www.time.com; Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, 156. I have arrived at the date for the August 20 meeting by consulting the Day by Day White House appointment calendars online at http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday. For subsequent developments, see NYT, September 10, 11, 1934, and Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The New Deal Years, 1933–1937 (New York: Random House, 1986), 412–413.
Chapter 15: Presidential Government
1. Dean Acheson, Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1965), is the main source’s for its author’s early life. For the paragraph above, see chs. 1–8.
2. Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. 1: The First Thousand Days, 1933–1936 [hereafter Secret Diary, I] (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953), 106–107; John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928–1938 [hereafter Morgenthau Diaries, I] (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1959), 57–77, quote at 68.
3. FDR, “Fireside Chat 4: On Economic Progress,” October 22, 1933, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3301.
4. Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, I, 70.
5. Acheson, Morning and Noon, 193.
6. Max Freedman, ed., Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1928–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967), 184; Acheson to Harry S. Truman, August 21, 1956, in Affection and Trust: The Personal Correspondence of Harry S. Truman and Dean Acheson, 1953–1971, ed. Raymond H. Geselbracht and David Acheson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 149–150.
7. Acheson, Morning and Noon, 165.
8. Acheson, Morning and Noon, 211–227.
9. John Maynard Keynes, Open letter to FDR, NYT, December 31, 1934; Rexford G. Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1957), 325.
10. William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 82–84; Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1959), 248–252.
11. Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929–1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 236–238; Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt, 325; “Reciprocal Trade Agreements,” in Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times, an Encyclopedic View, ed. Otis L. Graham and Meghan Robinson Wander (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985), 347–348.
12. William E. Leuchtenburg, The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), ch. 3.
13. Martha Gellhorn to Harry Hopkins, November 11, 1934, Harry Hopkins Papers, FDRL, online at http://newdeal.feri.org/texts/154.htm.
14. WP, April 14, 1935; Lyle W. Dorsett, The Pendergast Machine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968); Lyle W. Dorsett, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the City Bosses (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1977).
15. Ickes, Secret Diary, I, 108–109.
16. John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000), 153.
17. FDR, Annual Message to Congress, January 3, 1934, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
18. Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, I, 323–337.
19. Jackson, a talented attorney, would later succeed Cummings as attorney general, then serve thirteen years on the US Supreme Court. He was a devoted follower of Roosevelt and a formidable advocate.
20. NYT, March 12, 1934.
21. NYT, February 18, March 21, May 25, 1934.
22. Herbert Hoover, The Challenge to Liberty (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934). See the perceptive review by Arthur Krock in NYT Book Review, September 30, 1934, 1.
23. NYT, August 25, 26, 1934.
24. FDR, “Fireside Chat 6: On Government and Capitalism,” September 30, 1934, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3303.
25. Anne O’Hare McCormick, “This America: A Re-discovery,” NYT Magazine, September 9, 1934, 1–2.
26. NYT, November 7, 1934.
27. NYT, August 24, 1934.
28. NYT, November 11, 1934.
Chapter 16: Toward “A New Order of Things”
1. A classic contemporary assessment of the Townsend movement and other fringe challenges to the New Deal is “Unofficial Observer” [John Franklin Carter], American Messiahs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1935), serialized in WP, May 19–June 10, 1935.
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