27. WP, May 28, 1941. For the summary of the editorial commentary, see LAT, May 28, 1941; for the Gallup poll, see WP, June 15, 1941.
28. NYT, May 28, 29, 1941; LAT, May 29, 1941; WP, May 28, 1941.
29. Press Conference, May 28, 1941, Complete Press Conferences, 17:363–370; NYT, May 29, 1941.
30. Arthur Herman, Freedom’s Forge (New York: Random House, 2012), is a spirited account of World War II economic mobilization and Knudsen’s travails in Washington; for the OPM, see 127–164.
31. NYT, June 7, 8, 10, 1941.
32. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1971), 528–535; Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 165–168.
33. The Robin Moor story is easily followed in the newspapers. For news and commentary, see, e.g., NYT, June 10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22, 1941; WP, June 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 1941.
34. Joseph P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill: The Partnership That Saved the West, 1939–1941 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1980), 357.
35. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 17.
36. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, ch. 14, quote on 322.
37. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 343. Original documents about Hopkins’s trip can be accessed online at http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/PSF/BOX3/folt32.html (directory listing).
38. The definitive account of the ensuing conference is Theodore A. Wilson, The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1941, rev. ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991).
39. Ickes, Secret Diary, III, May 12, 1940, quoted in Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 47. The quote, extant in the typescript of the Ickes Diary at the Library of Congress, was omitted from the published version. Geoffrey C. Ward, ed., Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995), 141.
40. Printed minutes, War Cabinet 84 (41), August 19, 1941, and Typed Secretary’s File, August 19, 1941 (available online at “Documents Online,” at www.nationalarchives.gov.uk).
41. Wilson, The First Summit, 230; NYT, August 13, 14 (editorial), 1941.
42. FDR, Last Will and Testament, FDR Papers, FDRL.
43. Geoffrey Ward, Before the Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882–1905 (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), describes the French press conference but misdates it as occurring in “the early spring” of 1940. For SDR’s return to the United States, see NYT, September 1, 1939.
44. FDR, “Fireside Chat 18: On the Greer Incident,” September 11, 1941, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3323.
45. For the Reuben James, see WP, October 5, 1991 (fifty-year commemorative article).
46. See LAT, November 1, 1941, for both Willkie and Aiken.
47. See the Gallup polls in WP, October 3, 5, 8, 10, 19, 24, November 22, 1941.
48. Ickes, Secret Diary, III, 655 (November 30, 1941). For the details of the modus vivendi, see Gordon Prange, Donald Goldstein, and Katherine V. Dillon, Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986), 181–184, 653–655.
49. The Roosevelt quote is in Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960), 525; Richard N. Current, “How Stimson Meant to ‘Maneuver’ the Japanese,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40 (June 1953): 67–74.
50. See Prange, Goldstein, and Dillon, Pearl Harbor, 651–652 (messages to Hawaii), 657–659 (text of Hull note); for the message to the Philippines, see D. Clayton James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 1: 1880–1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970), 615.
51. FDR, Memorandum to the Secretary of State and the Under Secretary of State, December 1, 1941, FDR Papers, President’s Secretary’s File, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/collections/franklin/?p=collections/findingaid&id=502; Waldo Heinrichs, Threshold of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 216–217.
52. See the Gallup poll in WP, November 14, 1941.
53. ER, This I Remember (New York: Harper & Row, 1949), 232–233; president’s appointment calendar, December 7, 1941, at “FDR Day by Day,” Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday.
Chapter 22: Commander in Chief of the United Nations
1. ER, see WP, December 8, 1941, for text.
2. FDR, “Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War,” December 8, 1941, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3324 (audio available).
3. WP, December 8, 1941.
4. FDR, “Fireside Chat,” December 9, 1941, American President, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16056. Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), 308–313.
5. Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962), remains the classic interpretation of its subject, which is nicely summarized in David Kaiser, No End Save Victory: How FDR Led the Nation into War (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 326–332. For MacArthur and the Manila debacle, see D. Clayton James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2: 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), 3–15.
6. FDR, “Fireside Chat,” February 23, 1942, American President, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16224 (audio available).
7. Rudy Abramson, Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891–1986 (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1992), esp. chs. 10–15; W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), chs. 8–10.
8. George McKee Elsey, An Unplanned Life (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2005), 20–21.
9. Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 1939–1945, ed. Ales Danchev and Daniel Todman (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2001), 209.
10. For the full text of all four papers, see Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, Vol. 1: Alliance Emerging, October 1933–November 1942 [hereafter Churchill and Roosevelt, I] (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 294–308.
11. The military aspects of the ARCADIA conference are well summarized in Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941–1945 (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), ch. 2.
12. A copy of the declaration can be found in about any major newspaper of the period for January 2, 1942, or at “Declaration by United Nations (Subscribing to the Principles of the Atlantic Charter, January 1, 1942),” ibiblio, http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942.
13. Alonzo Fields, My 24 Years in the White House (New York: Coward-McCann, 1961), 81–91.
14. Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: A Life (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991), 714–715.
15. Louis Adamic, Dinner at the White House (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946), 64, 68.
16. Gilbert, Winston Churchill, 715; FDR to WC, January 31, March 18, 1942, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 336–337, 420–422.
17. FDR to WC, March 18, 1942, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 420–422.
18. Richard E. Cole, in a television discussion, “A Conversation with Veterans of World War II,” hosted by the author, WOUB-TV, November 9, 2000.
19. NYT, April 21, 1942.
20. Evans Carlson to FDR, April 29, 1942, and Eleanor Morehouse Herrick to ER, September 24, 1943, both in Roosevelt Papers (General Family Correspondence), FDRL.
21. Mary E. Glantz, FDR and the Soviet Union: The President’s Battles over Foreign Policy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), chs. 4–5.
22. Glantz, FDR and the Soviet Union, 102; Hopkins, notes on FDR conversation with Cordell Hull and Anthony Eden, March 22, 1943, in Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt
and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950), 715.
23. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 561.
24. George C. Herring Jr., Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), esp. ch. 2; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 563; Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002), 13.
25. FDR to WC, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 503; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 577.
26. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 508 (editorial note); Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, ch. 25; for Mountbatten’s memorandum of the conversation, see 582–583.
27. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 589–590; Gilbert, Winston Churchill, 722.
28. Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 269.
29. Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 268–269; Gilbert, Winston Churchill, 723.
30. FDR, handwritten draft to Marshall with copies to King and Arnold (July 1942), John L. McCrea Papers, FDRL, online in the “Franklin D. Roosevelt Significant Documents” collection, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu; Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1942 (New York: Viking Press, 1966), 340–341; Nigel Hamilton, The Mantle of Command: FDR at War, 1941–1942 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), chs. 22–26.
31. Larry I. Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, Vol. 3: The “Right Man for the Job,” December 7, 1941–May 31, 1943 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 269–278; FDR to Harry Hopkins, George Marshall, and Ernest King, July 16, 1942, in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 603–605. This is a revised version of a memorandum written a day earlier (available online at http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box3/a39e01.html).
32. Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 285 (July 24, 1942).
33. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 602–603.
34. Bland, Papers of George Catlett Marshall, 3:278; Pogue, George C. Marshall, 330.
35. Albert Einstein to FDR, August 2, 1939, FDR Papers (available online at http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/sign/fdr_24.pdf).
36. Gilbert, Winston Churchill, 726–729; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, ch. 7.
37. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 421.
38. Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The War President, 1940–1943 (New York: Random House, 2000), 757.
39. Raymond Copson, “President Franklin D. Roosevelt Flew to Meet British Prime Minister Winston Churchill for a Summit in Casablanca,” American History 37 (April 2002), http://www.historynet.com/franklin-d-roosevelt.
40. For FDR’s trip diary, see Geoffrey Ward, ed., Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995), 196–200.
41. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, 333–334; see ch. 12 for a good survey of the Casablanca conference.
42. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, 310–311, 344.
43. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1948), 136–137.
44. Mark Perry, Partners in Command: George Marshall and Dwight D. Eisenhower in War and Peace (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), 150; Atkinson, An Army at Dawn, 286, 329.
45. Butcher Diary manuscript, February 16, 1943, Dwight D. Eisenhower Papers—Pre-Presidential, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. The author gratefully acknowledges Robert Davis’s kindness in sharing this material, omitted from the published version of the Butcher Diary.
46. FDR to Stalin, December 2, 8, 1942; Stalin to FDR, December 6, 14, 1942, in My Dear Mr. Stalin, ed. Susan Butler (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 101–104.
47. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), 75–76, 109–112. Harry Hopkins’s account of the dinner, however, fails to mention any such exchange. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 689–690.
48. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 76–77, 115–116.
49. See, e.g., James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 590–591.
50. Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt, intro. Jonathan Daniels (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), 21:88–89; Roberts, Masters and Commanders, 343.
51. See, e.g., WP, January 27, 1943.
Chapter 23: Dr. New Deal at Bay
1. Two excellent general sources on the “home front” are Richard Pollenberg, War and Society: The United States, 1941–1945 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1972), and John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976).
2. Eliot Janeway, The Struggle for Survival (rpt.; New York: Weybright and Talley, 1976), remains a classic account of the machinery and politics of mobilization.
3. Arthur Herman, Freedom’s Forge (New York: Random House, 2012), is a spirited and sympathetic survey of the industrial leaders and their accomplishments.
4. FDR to Thomas Corcoran, January 20, 1941, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1905–1928, ed. Elliott Roosevelt, assisted by James N. Rosenau (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948), 1110–1111.
5. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 339, 352.
6. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography, abr. ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), ch. 18.
7. FDR, “Fireside Chat 24: On the Coal Crisis,” May 2, 1943, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3330.
8. NYT, April 28, 1944.
9. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 498; Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1944 (roundup of editorial opinion); NYT, April 30, 1944 (L. S. Hourne summary of midwestern criticism); WP, May 11, 1944 (editorial and Walter Lippmann column).
10. FDR, “State of the Union Radio Address to the Nation,” January 11, 1944, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=599.
11. Greg Robinson, By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese-Americans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), is a good recent survey.
12. Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1962), 233–243.
13. For “The Price of Free World Victory” and, more generally, for Wallace in World War II, John Morton Blum, ed., The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942–1946 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973), is indispensable. The speech itself is at 635–640. I have expressed my own thoughts on Wallace and New Deal liberalism during World War II in Alonzo L. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), chs. 1–2, and “Sixty Million Jobs and the People’s Revolution,” Historian 30 (August 1968): 578–598.
14. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950), 740.
15. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 10–12.
16. Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt, intro. Jonathan Daniels (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), 22:245–252.
17. FDR, “Fireside Chat 28: On the State of the Union,” January 11, 1944, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3955.
18. For this and the following paragraph, see John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 73–78, and contemporary news articles and commentary in WP, February 23–28, 1944.
19. David Roll, The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 334–337.
20. Bernard Asbell, ed., Mother and Daughter: The Letters of Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt (New York: International Publishing Corporation, 1988),
177.
21. Joseph E. Persico, Franklin and Lucy (New York: Random House, 2008), chs. 28–32; White House logs accessed online via “FDR Day by Day,” Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday.
22. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946 (New York: Viking Press, 2001), 117.
23. David Brinkley, Washington Goes to War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), 252–253.
24. Steven Lomazow and Eric Fettmann, FDR’s Deadly Secret (New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 51–56. This is, despite a tenuous hypothesis that FDR suffered from cancer, the best survey of the state of his health as president. But see also Harry S. Goldsmith, MD, A Conspiracy of Silence: The Health and Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: iUniverse, 2007), which is of special interest because of its reproduction of Dr. Frank Leahy’s memorandum on Roosevelt’s health.
25. Lomazow and Fettmann, FDR’s Deadly Secret, ch. 6, quote on 65.
26. Asbell, Mother and Daughter, 131–132 (ER to Anna, May 15, 1941), 133 (ER to Anna, June 22, 1941); Howard G. Bruenn, MD, “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Annals of Internal Medicine 72 (April 1970): 579–591, summarizes relevant information from FDR’s medical chart at the time of Bruenn’s first examination of the president on March 27, 1944.
27. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 671–673.
28. Grace Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949), 273–274. On FDR after the return from Casablanca, see also Geoffrey C. Ward, ed., Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995), 201–204.
29. Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss, 272–273.
30. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973), 149–150.
31. For this and the following paragraphs, see Bruenn, “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” 579–584.
32. NYT, April 11, 1944; for Lindley, see WP, May 3, 1944.
Man of Destiny: FDR and the Making of the American Century Page 66