How the Body Knows Its Mind_The Surprising Power of the Physical Environment to Influence How You Think and Feel
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Contents
INTRODUCTION
What’s Outside Our Head Alters What’s Inside
CHAPTER 1
The Laughter Club: The Physical Nature of Emotion
CHAPTER 2
Act Early, Think Better Later
CHAPTER 3
Learn by Doing
CHAPTER 4
Don’t Just Stand There: How Moving Sparks Creativity
CHAPTER 5
Body Language: How Our Hands Help Us Think and Communicate
CHAPTER 6
Shoes, Sex, and Sports: Using Our Body to Understand Others
CHAPTER 7
Tearjerkers: Empathizing with Others
CHAPTER 8
The Roots of Social Warmth
CHAPTER 9
Movement: How Exercise Enhances Body and Mind
CHAPTER 10
Buddha, Alexander, and Perlman: Using Our Body to Calm Our Mind
CHAPTER 11
Greening the Brain: How the Physical Environment Shapes Thinking
EPILOGUE
Using Your Body to Change Your Mind
About Sian Beilock
Notes
Index
To my family
INTRODUCTION
What’s Outside Our Head Alters What’s Inside
I was running through the woods at full speed when my right foot made contact with a large tree root jutting out of the ground in front of me. My running partner was ahead of me and, thankfully, out of sight, so he didn’t see me stumble. We were almost done; only a few more turns on the winding dirt path we’d been following for the better part of five miles and we would be at the car.
I struggled to stay upright, but I couldn’t. It was impossible to keep my feet under me. My view of the trees turned sideways and I went down. My hands landed first, followed by my right arm, and then the rest of my body with a loud thud. Everything stopped moving for a few seconds before I could manage to make sure that I was still in one piece. With only a small amount of blood trickling down my leg, I jumped to my feet and was off again. My heart beat loudly in my ears, and my labored breathing reverberated in my chest, but I was moving again and could see my running mate in the distance. A few turns later, the dark greens and browns of the woods gave way to the sun reflecting off the cement parking lot where a lone blue BMW sat parked at the far end. Rolf, my running partner, was already toweling himself off and drinking from a water bottle he had stashed in the car. I had made it. As I walked over to him, I straightened up even more in order to shake off and hide the pain I was in, put on my best smile, and tried to look as confident as possible.
It’s always a little nerve-wracking going for a run with someone you don’t know, and even more so when your running partner is deciding whether he wants to offer you a job. A week earlier I had received an email from Rolf Zwaan, a professor at Florida State University, where I was about to interview for my first big-time assistant professor position. Rolf asked whether I wanted to go for a run with him in Elinor Klapp-Phipps Park, a nearby nature preserve, the night before my interview started. My plane got in early, so it would be something to do to pass the time, he suggested. To be honest, my first thought was “Absolutely not.” Did I really want to spend any more time than I had to with someone who was going to be judging my every move for the next two days? But the more I thought about the idea, the more appealing the run became. Interviewing for a job is a rather sedentary experience—sitting in meeting after meeting all day long—so any opportunity to get in a workout seemed like something I shouldn’t pass up. Pumping up my body always seemed to do something positive for my mind, and being outdoors made me feel sharper. As the poet and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, “The health of the eye seems to demand a horizon. We are never tired, so long as we can see far enough.” And finally, I hoped during our run to learn more about the cool research Rolf had been doing.
Rolf was trying to understand how humans think. I had just read a paper of his in which he argued that we don’t “think” the way a computer does, by manipulating abstract symbols in our head. Rather, when we, say, read a story, our brain reactivates traces of previous experiences to make sense of words on a page, almost as if we are mentally simulating being in the story ourselves. In support of his ideas, Rolf and his students had conducted a set of ingenious experiments in which they had people read simple sentences, such as “The eagle was in the sky.” The sentence was followed by a picture of an eagle either with wings outstretched (as it would be when it flew in the sky) or by its side (as when perched on its nest). People were asked to indicate if the object in the picture had been mentioned in the preceding sentence. Rolf predicted that, if we understand what we read by mentally placing ourselves in the story, calling upon relevant visual, action, and even emotional information from the past, then we should automatically think about the eagle’s shape and respond faster to the eagle that matches the shape implied in the sentence: wings outstretched when we read about an eagle flying, wings down when we read about it in the nest. This is exactly what Rolf found.1
Rolf’s work points to a new way to think about thinking: it demonstrates that our thinking is embodied in that it involves re-experiencing similar bodily experiences from the past. This means that our brain might not make a clear distinction between past memories and what we experience in the present. In other words, our neural hardware might not draw a clear division between thought and action, so that we might be able to use our body and our physical environment to be sharper mentally.
The day after our run in the park, I couldn’t help but consider all the factors that would contribute to whether I was going to ace my interview. I realized that lots of influences outside my own cortex affected the thought processes that went on inside it.
This book is about the many external influences that affect the contents of our mind. The ways my brain worked in my interview, for instance, were influenced by my run the day before. Yes, the exercise made my thoughts sharper, but simply being in the woods had changed my thinking too. And holding my body as if I weren’t in pain after my fall actually made me feel better. Whatever we—babies, kids, adults, athletes, actors, CEOs, and you—do from the neck down has a striking impact on what goes on from the neck up. From our brain’s standpoint, there isn’t much of a line between the physical and the mental. This book explains how we can take advantage of that permeable line and improve our mind by using our body.
Today countless books detail how we think and reason, from Dan Ariely’s Predictably Irrational to Daniel Kahneman’s Thinking Fast and Slow. However, very few books consider the influence that our body has on our thinking and decision making, or, more important, how we can leverage our body to change our own mind and the minds of those around us. We tend not to give our body much credit for how we think and feel. But, simply put, kids learn better when they can freely use their body as a tool for acquiring information. For instance, practicing printing letters actually helps kids read. And when you relate mathematical concepts in physical terms, like “Add money to your piggy bank” or “Give away half of your coo
kies to your sister,” kids better understand numbers. The tight relationship between body and mind is also why music and mathematical talent often go hand in hand. Our ability to control our finger movements and our ability to juggle numbers in our head share common neural real estate, which scientists have argued is one reason why building finger dexterity through piano playing can help kids count more fluently in math.
As students’ test scores are emphasized more and more, administrators are cutting music, recess, and play in order to keep kids confined to their chairs. But this is a terrible policy, since children learn best through action. How we think is intimately tied to our body and our surroundings. Random hands-on activities cannot make up for our educational woes and our slipping global standing in math and reading skills, but realizing that the body shapes the mind gives us power to structure school to help children learn and think at their best. The current schooling regimen actually hinders children’s thinking and learning. In fact our current, sedentary office workplace—and our sedentary lifestyle—keeps adults from thinking and performing at their best too.
The ancient Greeks viewed the human body as a temple that houses the mind. They recognized the linked health of mind and body. By extension, it’s also important to pay attention to the environment in which you place your body. I’ll tell you the mental power that exercise gives you and show you why body-centered meditation can enhance your ability to focus at work. You will also meet a researcher who has discovered that green space in inner-city projects leads to less violence in the home. And you will learn how to use the power of nature to think more clearly and have more self-control.
Your body helps you learn, understand, and make sense of the world. It can influence and even change your mind—whether or not you are aware of its influence. Companies that make health care products, snacks, and beverages, like Johnson & Johnson and Coca-Cola, have figured this out; they use scientific information about the body’s influence to convince us to buy their products. Companies like Google, which understand how important our body is to thinking and creativity, make it easy for their employees to get up and move and to get out and exercise. When your body can move outside the box, your thinking tends to follow.
Your face does a lot more than simply express your emotions; it affects how you register those emotions inside your head and remember them. Frowning and smiling can actually create different emotions and attitudes; they’re not just the physical result of a mood. Standing in a “power pose”—a wide, assertive stance—is linked to increased feelings of power and confidence, which might get you a new client or kudos at work.
Taking Tylenol not only helps ease physical pain; it can also ease the psychological pain of loneliness and rejection. And being physically close to someone else makes us feel more psychologically connected—of one mind. In contrast, being far away sends a subtle signal that we have less common mental ground with others; this is important to know when considering our ever-increasing reliance on virtual communication and whether it is bringing us closer or pushing us farther apart. Why do we gesture when we are on the phone and no one can see us? Can physically manipulating Baoding balls—those little Chinese metal balls that some executives have on their desk—lead to more creative ideas? These are just a few of the questions you will find answers to—answers that have to do with how the body interacts with and responds to its surroundings. Our body has a surprising amount of power in shaping our mind. We just have to learn how to use it.
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A few weeks after my interview I got a call from Florida State letting me know I was their second choice; they had offered the job to someone else. I was disappointed (to put it mildly). But my experience, from my mind-clearing run to learning about striking new research on how our body influences our thinking, had convinced me that being successful isn’t just dependent on what happens in our head. I realized that what goes on outside our body has a strong influence on the contents of our mind. I had four more interviews to go, and I was determined to use my new knowledge to my advantage. Over the next several weeks I flew to Atlanta to interview at Georgia Tech, Pittsburgh to interview at Carnegie Mellon University, Cincinnati to interview at Miami University, and Greensboro to interview at the University of North Carolina. On each interview I made a point of acknowledging the power my body and my surroundings could have on how I thought and performed. Whether it was a short run the night I flew in, a walk in the park the morning before my first meeting of the day, or simply standing strong and tall during my research talk, I did everything I could to work the line between body and mind.
Of course, anyone who has ever been interviewed for a job knows how idiosyncratic hiring decisions can be; many factors that seem irrelevant to a candidate’s performance can play into the final decision. But I am convinced that part of what gave me an edge in these interviews was the fact that I used the power of my body and surroundings to my advantage. I was offered all four jobs.
I hope that, as you accompany me through the rich terrain of body-mind research, the stories I tell will help you too see ways to improve your life and work.
CHAPTER 1
The Laughter Club
THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF EMOTION
It is estimated that one in fifteen American adults, about 21 million, is living with major depression.1 Most of us feel down in the dumps from time to time, but depression is a never-ending feeling of sadness that affects how you think, how you feel, and how you behave. For people living with a major depressive disorder, everything is gray and life seems bleak, not worth living.
Despite recent headway made in understanding the inner workings of the brain, there is still no treatment for depression that works for everyone. Psychotherapy and drugs like Prozac have helped millions of people stave off depression, but these modalities haven’t worked for millions more. The sad fact is that some individuals’ depression is resistant to treatment.
Yet consider for a moment that almost all available treatments for depression (whether therapy or medication) target what’s going on inside the head. What if there were a way to alleviate depression that went beyond the cortex and altered the body? It might seem odd to focus on the body as an antidote for a disorder seemingly rooted in the mind, but striking new scientific evidence suggests that our body has a powerful influence on our psychological state.
Take the case of Laura, an intelligent, driven twenty-two-year-old. Laura had just graduated from a prestigious Ivy League university and taken her first job at a top public relations firm in Manhattan when her fiancé, Brian, was involved in a car accident and died. Laura was devastated.
Brian and Laura had been high school sweethearts. He was her third kiss and her first love. Even though they had gone off to college on different sides of the country, the two had managed to stay connected as a couple. Brian was her family, the “one,” but suddenly, in the midst of planning their late summer wedding and only three short weeks after they had moved into their first apartment together, Brian was gone.
In the several months after Brian’s unexpected death, Laura tried to put her life back together. She rented a new apartment in order to get a change of scenery and even went out on a few blind dates her concerned friends had set up for her. But her heart just wasn’t in it. While her friends were busy planning their lives, Laura spent her days contemplating the bleakness of life. She constantly broke down in tears and often had trouble getting out of bed, especially on weekends and holidays when she wasn’t expected to be anywhere in particular. Her physical energy and her ability to concentrate all but disappeared, and she became increasingly isolated from friends and family. She was noticeably different. As Elizabeth Wurtzel wrote about her own depression in Prozac Nation, that’s how depression hits: gradually, then suddenly. Laura woke up one morning afraid of what might happen that day, scared to live her life. Everything seemed dark, and she could not think of anything that would make her happy. At some point her mother suggested that she see a psychiatrist, w
ho, not surprisingly, diagnosed Laura with a major depressive disorder.
Laura initially began taking Prozac and going to weekly psychotherapy sessions. At first the drug’s effects were almost miraculously positive. Laura couldn’t believe how much better she felt. She was more energetic and motivated at work, started seeing her friends, and became interested in life again. Over time, however, she had to take higher and higher doses of Prozac to beat her depression, until the drug seemed to stop working completely. Laura’s doctor started her on another medication, but again Laura’s depression failed to lift. After a few years she gave up on both drugs and therapy. She was stuck. Then she heard that Botox had been found to help ease depression.
Depressed individuals can often be recognized by their facial expression: a frown with a furrowed brow and downturned mouth. Kurt Cavanaugh, a cosmetic surgeon, immediately picks up on this when patients like Laura walk into his office. On a cool fall day, almost two years to the day after her fiancé had been killed, Laura went to Cavanaugh for Botox treatments.
The active ingredient in Botox is a neurotoxin that paralyzes the muscles into which it’s injected. When people get Botox for their frown lines, not only do the frown lines disappear, but their ability to produce unhappy or sour expressions goes away too. Physicians believe that preventing the outward expression of negative emotions helps alter the inner experience of negativity. In other words, certain body movements (or lack thereof) help to change the mind’s experience of emotions. On several instances Cavanaugh had casually noted that the moods of his Botox patients after treatments seemed less negative than those of his patients who didn’t use Botox. Of course, such differences could easily be due to increased feelings of attractiveness after treatment.